Data Types:

In C, data types specify the type of data that a variable can hold. The basic data types in C are:

int: Integer data type, used for whole numbers.

int age = 25;
short int: Typically 16 bits.
int: Minimum 16 bits, usually 32 bits.
long int: Minimum 32 bits.
long long int: Minimum 64 bits.
long long int bigNumber = 1234567890123456LL;

float: Floa ng-point data type, used for numbers with decimal points.
float price = 19.99;
double: Double-precision floa ng-point data type, provides more precision than float.
double pi = 3.14159265359;
float: 32-bit floa ng-point.
double: 64-bit double-precision floa ng-point.
long double: Extended precision.
double price = 99.99;

char: Character data type, used for single characters.

char grade = 'A';
char: Typically 8 bits.
signed char: Can represent both posi ve and nega ve values.
unsigned char: Represents only non-nega ve values.

_Bool: Boolean data type, represents true or false values.

_Bool isPassed = 1; // true

void: Represents the absence of a type or no value.

void func onWithoutReturnValue() {
// Some code here

Variables:
Variables are used to store and manipulate data in a program. They must be declared before
use, specifying their data type.
int main() {
int x; // Declara on

x = 10; // Ini aliza on

return 0;
}

Constants:
Constants are values that do not change during the execu on of a program. They can be
defined using the const keyword.
const float PI = 3.1415;

Literals:
Literals are constant values that are used directly in the program. For example:
Integer literals: 10, 20
Floa ng-point literals: 3.14, 2.0
Character literals: 'A', 'b'

Storage Classes:
Storage classes in C determine the scope and life me of variables. The main storage classes
are:
auto: The default storage class for local variables. The variable is automa cally created and
destroyed.
register: Similar to auto, but suggests the compiler to store the variable in a register for faster
access.
sta c: The variable retains its value between func on calls. It has a file scope if declared
outside a func on.
extern: Informs the compiler that the variable is defined elsewhere. Used for global variables.

Operators:
Operators in C are symbols that perform opera ons on variables and values. They can be
categorized as:

Arithme c Operators: +, -, *, /, %
int result = 10 + 5; // result is 15

Rela onal Operators: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=

int x = 5, y = 10;
if (x < y) {
// Code executes if x is less than y
}

Logical Operators: && (AND), || (OR), ! (NOT)

int a = 1, b = 0;
if (a && b) {

// Code executes if both a and b are true

}

Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=

x += 5; // Equivalent to x = x + 5

Increment/Decrement Operators: ++, --

int count = 10;
count++; // Increment by 1
Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, <<, >>
int a = 5, b = 3;
int result = a & b; // Bitwise AND

Condi onal (Ternary) Operator: condi on ? expr1 : expr2

int max = (a > b) ? a : b; // If a is greater than b, max is a; otherwise, max is b.

sizeof Operator: Returns the size of a data type or object.

int size = sizeof(int); // size is the size of an integer in bytes

Programming ques ons:

1. Write a program to swap the values of two variables without using a third variable.
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int a = 5, b = 10;
prin ("Before Swap: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;

prin ("A er Swap: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b);

return 0;
}

2. Write a program to check if a given integer is even or odd

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num;
prin ("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

if (num % 2 == 0)
prin ("%d is even.\n", num);
else
prin ("%d is odd.\n", num);
 return 0;
}

3. Write a program to calculate the area of a circle using the radius.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
float radius, area;
prin ("Enter the radius of the circle: ");
scanf("%f", &radius);

area = 3.14 * radius * radius;

prin ("Area of the circle: %f\n", area);

return 0;
}

4. Declare a constant named PI and a variable named radius. Calculate the circumference
using the formula: circumference = 2 * PI * radius.
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
const float PI = 3.14;
float radius, circumference;

prin ("Enter the radius of the circle: ");

scanf("%f", &radius);

circumference = 2 * PI * radius;

prin ("Circumference of the circle: %f\n", circumference);

return 0;
}

5. Write a program to perform bitwise AND, OR, and XOR opera ons on two integers.
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int a = 12, b = 25;

prin ("Bitwise AND: %d\n", a & b);

prin ("Bitwise OR: %d\n", a | b);
prin ("Bitwise XOR: %d\n", a ^ b);
 return 0;
}

6. Write a program to check whether a given year is a leap year or not.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int year;
prin ("Enter a year: ");
scanf("%d", &year);

if ((year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0) || (year % 400 == 0))

prin ("%d is a leap year.\n", year);
else
prin ("%d is not a leap year.\n", year);

return 0;
}

7. Write a program to calculate the sum of digits of a posi ve integer.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num, sum = 0;
prin ("Enter a posi ve integer: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

while (num > 0) {

sum += num % 10;
num /= 10;
}

prin ("Sum of digits: %d\n", sum);

return 0;
}

8. Write a program to calculate the factorial of a given number.

#include <stdio.h>

int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0 || n == 1)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n - 1);
 }

int main() {
int num;
prin ("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);

prin ("Factorial of %d: %d\n", num, factorial(num));

return 0;
}

9. Write a program that ini alizes an array of integers and finds the sum and average of
its elements.
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int numbers[] = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10};
int sum = 0, size = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]);

for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {

sum += numbers[i];
}

float average = (float)sum / size;

prin ("Sum: %d\n", sum);

prin ("Average: %f\n", average);

return 0;
}

10. Write a program to simulate a basic login system using logical operators.
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
char username[] = "user123";
char password[] = "pass456";

char inputUsername[20];
char inputPassword[20];

prin ("Enter username: ");

scanf("%s", inputUsername);
 prin ("Enter password: ");
scanf("%s", inputPassword);

if (strcmp(username, inputUsername) == 0 && strcmp(password, inputPassword) ==

0)
prin ("Login successful!\n");
else
prin ("Login failed!\n");

return 0;
}

11. Write a program to find the maximum of two numbers using the condi onal (ternary)
operator.
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int a, b;
prin ("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

prin ("Maximum: %d\n", max);

return 0;
}

12. Write a program to find the length of a string without using the `strlen` func on.
#include <stdio.h>

int stringLength(char str[]) {

int length = 0;
while (str[length] != '\0') {
length++;
}
return length;
}

int main() {
char text[] = "Hello, World!";
prin ("Length of the string: %d\n", stringLength(text));
return 0;
}
13. Write a program to le -shi and right-shi an integer by a specified number of
posi ons.
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num, shi ;

prin ("Enter an integer: ");

scanf("%d", &num);

prin ("Enter the number of posi ons to shi : ");

scanf("%d", &shi );

prin ("Le -shi ed result: %d\n", num << shi );

prin ("Right-shi ed result: %d\n", num >> shi );

return 0;
}

14. Define a structure called `Person` with a ributes `name` and `age`. Create an array of
persons and print their details.
#include <stdio.h>

struct Person {
char name[50];
int age;
};

int main() {
struct Person people[3] = {{"Alice", 25}, {"Bob", 30}, {"Charlie", 22}};

for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {

prin ("Person %d: %s, %d years old\n", i + 1, people[i].name, people[i].age);
}

return 0;
}

15. Create a union called `Value` that can store either an integer or a float. Write a
program to demonstrate its usage.
#include <stdio.h>

union Value {
int intValue;
 float floatValue;
};

int main() {
union Value data;
data.intValue = 10;

prin ("Integer Value: %d\n", data.intValue);

data.floatValue = 3.14;
prin ("Float Value: %f\n", data.floatValue);

return 0;
}