THE MODES OF HUMAN INQUIRY By Intuition

- Higher that the first two methods;

Authoritarian Mode involves reason and not just blind
- man seeks knowledge by acceptance
referring to persons whom he - An individual accepts knowledge
considered qualified sources or because “it agrees with reason, it
producers of knowledge seems reasonable” and “it
- Authorities are sought as sources appears to be true”
of knowledge about different By Science
phenomena - The method of science, or
Mystical Mode scientific method, is by far the
- A person gets knowledge, gods most reliable method of knowing
and other persons considered to and fixing belief because it
have knowledge and involves the use of logic in
supernatural powers. arriving at the “truth”
Rationalistic Mode - Follows an objective,
- Based on rationalism as a school self-correcting and orderly
of thought; the knowledge-seeker process of searching and arriving
uses his reasoning power and at answers to specific questions
does not just accept or depend
on another source. CONFLICT IN THE SOURCES OF
KNOWLEDGE: THE GALILEO STORY
THE FOUR METHODS OF KNOWING - Galileo stands as a symbol of the
AND BELIEVING battle against authority for
freedom of inquiry
By Tenacity - Branded a heretic and prohibited
- “Sticking to the truth” by Catholic Church to write and
- An individual seeks knowledge publish his findings
and believes it because it is - Galileo’s struggle to free scientific
commonly considered truth inquiry from restriction by
By Authority philosophical and theological
- Same as “authoritarian” mode interference is also remembered
- Superior to the method of as a major contribution to
tenacity because it helps in the development of science
attainment of human progress
- Sometimes becomes unsound in
certain circumstances:
argumentum ad verecundiam vs.
argumentum ad populum
SCIENCE AND THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
APPROACH “Research is a systematic, controlled,
Two views of science dynamic and static empirical and critical investigation of
hypothetical propositions on relations
DYNAMIC: science as a process involving natural phenomena”
- Objective and orderly
investigation of empirical THE RESEARCH PROCESS
phenomena - Consist of 6 principal stages:
- Problem identification
STATIC: science as a product - Hypothesis formulation
- Body of systematically arranged - Research design
knowledge based on facts - Measurement and
collection
ASSUMPTION OF SCIENCE - Data analysis
- Nature is regular and orderly - Generalization
- We can know nature Depositario’s F-F Theory
- Knowledge is superior to ◆ Four F’s which can be
ignorance used as a mnemonic
- All natural phenomena have device about research
natural causes process
- Nothing is self evident
- Knowledge is derived from the FOCUS FACTS
acquisition of experience

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FIND FACTS

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

- Research for truth is DONE FILTER FACTS

through RESEARCH and the
utilization or application of result
for the improvement or upliftment FINALIZE FACTS
of the living conditions of people
is termed DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
- Empirical
- Based on direct
observation; researcher
can work on a problem
that can be addressed
through observation
 - Logical - It is also referred as investigation
- Involves; reasoning and or research project
valid procedures; - People who are being studied are
researchers have referred to subjects/study
confidence on their participants
findings because they are
based on orderly Contd…
procedures Researcher/Investigator
- Cyclical - Person who undertakes the
- Researcher who research
completes a study Phenomena
presents his findings and - Are concepts/abstractions
suggests further studies formulated by generalizing about
on aspects of the problem particular manifestations of
that we are not addressed human behavior and
by his research characteristics
- Analytical Theory
- Applies analytic - Is systematic abstract
procedures in gathering explanation
and analyzing data Concepts
- Critical - Are building blocks of theories
- Requires careful and Conceptual model
precise judgment in - Virtual representation of concepts
analysis and making Variables
generalizations - Something that varies. E.G.
- Methodical weight, B.P., temperature varies
- Conducted using methods and differ person to person. E.g.
and techniques that are smoking causes lung cancer
appropriate to the Continuous Variable
research proms or - Variable that can take a wide
objectives range of different values
- Replicable - E.g. when looking at height, one
can assume height of 178,
THE NURSING RESEARCH PROCESS 178.1,178.2…178.9
Discrete Variable
Study: - That has finite number of values
- When researchers address a between any two points
prom or answer a question-it is a - E.g. # of children. Value is
called study discrete
Dependent VS Independent Variable Hypothesis
Presumed cause - Is a prediction about the
- independent variable relationship between two or more
Presumed effect variables
- Dependent variable - Simple hypothesis: expected
E.g. smoking causes lung cancer relationship between one
Attitude of nurses towards abortion independent and one dependent
Multiple independent & dependent variable
variables - Complex hypothesis: prediction
- 2 or more dependent & of relationship between two/more
independent variables IV and/or two/more DV
E.g. comparing effectiveness of two Research/alternative hypothesis
methods of nursing care delivery for - research/substantive/declarativ
children with e/scientific hypothesis
Heterogeneity - Statements of expected
- When an attribute is extremely relationship between
varied in the group under variables
investigation, the group is said to - null/statistical hypothesis
be heterogeneous with respect to - Expressed as an expected
that variable absence of relationship
Homogeneous - State that there is no
- If amount of variability is limited, relationship between IV
the group is described as and DV
E.g. variable height od 2 years children Directional Hypothesis
likely to be more homogeneous than - Specifies not only the existence
group of 18 years adolescents but also expected direction of
Operational definition relationship between variables
- Research clarifies and defines Non directional hypothesis
the variables under investigation. - Does not stipulate the direction of
Definition specifies how the the relationship
variable will be observed and E.g. older pt’s are more risk for fall than
measured in the actual research younger pt’s
situation Hypothesis testing
Data - Are formally tested through
- Are the pieces of information statistical procedures to
obtained in the course of determine whether their
investigation hypothesis have high probability
- Quantitative data - numeric form of being correct
- using scoring/scale - Hypothesis are never proved but
- Qualitative data - narrative form they are accepted or supported
PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS be tested through
I. The Conceptual Phase empirical research
1. Formulating & delimiting 4. Formulating hypothesis
the prob a. Hypothesis is a
a. Develop a good statement of
research question researcher's
b. The RQ should expectations about
have good clinical relationship
significance, between the
practicability, & variables of
satisfy the ethical investigation
dimensions b. Hypothesis predicts
c. A good RQ should the outcomes
satisfy the II. Design & Planning Phase
requisites of the A. Selecting research
methodological design
dimension 1. Research design is
2. ROL the overall plan to
a. Quanti R is typically obtain answers to
conducted within RQ
the context of the 2. The design
previous knowledge specifies the
b. The ROL provides various types of R
the foundation upon approaches that will
which to base the adopted
new knowledge 3. There are two
c. Sometimes major types of
precedes the research -
delineation of the experimental &
problem non experimental
3. Defining theoretical B. Identification of the
framework population to be studied
a. When research is 1. Researcher
carried out on the a) must know
context of the
theoretical characteristic
framework, it can s of the study
be used as a basis participants
for generating b) Identifis the
predictions that can population
 during approved by
planning special
phase committees
C. Specification of maternal as to ensure
& methods of research that the plan
variables does not
1. Researcher must violate
develop a method ethical
to observe and principle
measure research F. Pilot study
variable as 1. To assess the
accurately as adequacy of the
possible data collection plan
2. Data collection 2. Tool for data
methods vary collection is
depending on the validated & is
RQ & methodology termed as
D. Designing the sampling pre-testing
plan 3. Should be carried
1. Entire population out with care as
cannot be studied major study
researcher uses a 4. Subjects should be
small fraction of the chosen from the
population same population as
E. Finalizing & reviewing the main study
research plan III. The empirical Phase
1. Researchers A. Collection of data
a) must finalize 1. Researchers
the research a) establish
plan plans and
individuals, specify the
groups procedure for
before the data
actual collection
implementati (when,
on where, how,
b) Must have from whom,
their consent,
research etc.)
plan
 b) Ensures 1. Before
confidentialit communicating
y of the data results, they must
collected be organized and
2. Collection of data interpreted
involves clerical and 2. Helps examine
administrative implications of
works finding
B. Tabulation of data for V. The Dissemination Phase
analysis A. Communicating the
1. Investigator findings
transforms the data 1. Research results
collected into findings will not use
manageable form if not communicated
(coding) and B. Utilization of the study
categorize the findings
collection data into 1. Conduct of step of a
meaningful high quality study is
categories to plan for utilization
2. Above said may be in the real world
done manually or
transferring the
information on to
computer file
IV. The Analytical Phase
A. Analyzing the data
1. Data collected do
not answer the
research question
2. The data needs to
be processed and
analyses in orderly
and coherent
fashion
3. Involves usage of
broad usage
techniques (ex.
Descriptive and
analytic statistics
B. Interpreting the results