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546

Digital System Design with VHDL

Lecture 1
Introduction to digital system design Start the session with an introduction to DIGITAL ELECTRONICS. Announcement: Review of Binary system and Boolean algebra Review of Logic gates, Multiplexer (combinational circuits), Flip Flop, Registers, Counters (sequential circuits), etc. Discrete components Digital ICs Fab devices Microprocessor (CPU) Wrist watch to satellite vehicle Microcontrollers (SoC) (Interactive questions related to De Morgan's Law, Universal gates, Digital circuits, Digital ICs etc.) Programmable Logic Devices (PLD) Announcement: To build reconfigurable digital circuits Field devices General purpose chip for implementing logic circuits Developed by Rone Cline from Signetics (Later Philips, now Xilinx) Different types (ASIC and Non-ASIC): ROM Not as memory m input lines (address lines), n output lines (data lines) 2m Boolean functions allows 2n logic functions produced at output

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08.546 Notes Basic ROM Structure

Digital System Design with VHDL

The logic array are of mask, fusible wires or special charge-storage mechanism Along with flip flops sequential logic can be implemented Announcement Programmable Logic Array (PLA) More flexible than ROM Internal decoder is replaced with AND array Notes Basic PLA structure

Announcement

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08.546 Programmable Array Logic (PAL) Economical and easy to program

Digital System Design with VHDL

Same as PLA, but AND array is only programmable All these PLDs are available with Flip flops Lattice Semiconductors, Cypress Semiconductors, Atmel , Xilinx, Altera, Texas Instruments are some vendors of PLDs Complex PLD (CPLD) ROM, PLA and PAL are not flexible for sequential and more complicated combinational digital circuit design Upto 10,000 logic Contains many PAL blocks called macro cells

Notes

Typical structure of macro cells

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08.546 Structure of typical CPLD

Digital System Design with VHDL

Typical CPLD consists 2 to few 100 PAL blocks

Some CPLD vendors and the devices are: Altera MAX 7000 Family AMD Mach Family Lattice Family Cypress Flash 370 Family Xilinx XC9500 Family Announcement Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) For large number of logic circuits Page 4

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08.546 Notes More than 10,000 logic

Digital System Design with VHDL

General structure of FPGA

Contains logic blocks (instead of AND and OR plane), IO block and interconnection switches Some vendors are: Xilinx Atmel Altera Actel Lattice Quick Logic

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08.546 Applications:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Announcement

Electronic Design Automation (EDA) Tools: Software tools for designing electronic system like PCBs, ICs, PLDs, CPLDs, FPGAs, etc. Simulation, analysis and verification, manufacturing Some vendors of EDA softwares are: Page 6

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Digital System Design with VHDL Cadence Design System Cadsoft Impulse Accelerated Technologies Labcenter Mentor Graphics National Instruments Electronics Workbench Group Synopsys Visionics

Announcement Hardware Description Language (HDL) Programming language used to model the intended operation of a piece of hardware To describe the architecture and behavior of digital electronic system Various softwares: ABEL (Advanced Boolean Expression Language) AHDL (Altera HDL) C to Verilog Impulse C JHDL (Java HDL) RHDL (Ruby HDL) System C System Verilog Verilog VHDL

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08.546 Announcement Syllabus Module 1

Digital System Design with VHDL

Design flow of digital system Introduction to EDA and HDL, Simulation etc Basics of VHDL Module 2

VHDL syntax and statements VHDL models for basic combinational and sequential circuits Module 3 VHDL model for digital circuits State machines and its VHDL model Synthesis Designing of CPLD and FPGA

Quiz 1. Find the odd one: a) Microcontrollers b) Micrprocessors c) FPGA d) IC 7400 2. PAL stands for ---------------. 3. Sort the followings in ascending order based on its flexibility for complex digital system design : a) CPLD b) ROM c) PAL d) PLA e) FPGA 4. VHDL is ------- a) PLD b) Language for hardware description c) EDA software d) Microcontrollers 5. Xilinx is ---------a) Microprocessor b) EDA software c) PLD vendor d) Programming Language

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08.546

Digital System Design with VHDL

Lecture 2
Digital system design Process: Announcement: Steps to design a digital system:

Notes

Between each steps designer check the result of last transformation and more information according to the result and passes to the next step Behavioral definition may be a flow chart, pseudo code etc.. and specify all function and IO mapping without the details of hardware or the system under design. Designer must specify the registers and logic units for the system by the data path Page 9

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08.546 Data path:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Design Automation: Announcement:

Path may be unidirectional or bidirectional buses Logic design involves the use of primitive gates and flip flops of registers, buses, logic units, control unit etc. The result of the logic design is net list of gates and flip flops Net list is transformed into transistor list or layout (by library cells) Manufacturing is the final step, burn fuses of a field-programmable device or to generate masks for IC fabrication

Paper-and-pencil design methodology is replaced with CAD tools, due to the size and complication of digital system Designer's idea is transformed int data path description and rest of the routine can do faster by machine than a talented engineer The machine is programmed to transform on form of design into another and the process is called design automation (DA) DA helps with design entry, hardware generation, test sequence generation, documentation, verification and design management. DA helps to generate tests for register transfer fault, can be used to process system level description and to produce tests that can be used by test equipment. Page 10

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Digital System Design with VHDL DA tools include synthesizer, that automatically generate net list from the register and bus structure of the system under design or generate architectural layout from behavioral description of the system.

Assignment 1. i) List out various EDA software. Give the advantages and limitations of EDA softwares.

Hardware Modeling Announcement Modeling depends on the purpose for which the model is intended Model may be an abstract behavioral-level model or detailed description level. Model should be an imitation of actual hardware component as close as accurate Modeling tools include paper-and-pencil, schematic capture program, bread boarding facilities and hardware description language Level of modeling vary from one language to other Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools are used for modeling Hardware Description Language (HDL) Announcement HDLs are used to describe hardware for simulation, modeling, testing, design and documentation of digital system. HDL provides hierarchical representation of functional and wiring details of digital systems. HDL consists set of symbols, notations etc HDL program execution is concurrent, so closer to programming languages for parallel computers Software for HDLs includes simulators, test and testability applications and hardware synthesis programs Simulators are used for design verification, synthesizer are for automatic hardware generation and test generation provide net list format, test application test bench and fault injection Notes Department of ECE, VKCET Page 11

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Digital System Design with VHDL

Three HDLs: 1. Language for behavioral descriptions: Instruction Set Processor Specification (ISPS) is an eg. For HDL using behavioral description Designed for hardware simulation,design automation and automatic generation of machine-relative software Software like programming language, but includes constructs for data movement between registers and buses

ISPS Script for a simple processor: mark1 := BEGIN ** memory.state ** m[0:8191]<31:0>, ** processor.state ** pi\present.instruction<15:0>' f\function<0:2> := pi<15:13>, s<0:12> := pi<12:0>, cr\control.register<12:0>, acc\accumulator<31:0>, ** instruction.execution ** {tc} MAIN i.cycle := BEGIN pi = m[cr]<15:0> NEXT DECODE f => BEGIN 0\jmp := cr = m[s], 1\jrp := cr = cr + m[s], 2\ldn := acc = - m[s], 3\sto := m[s] = acc, 4:5\sub := acc = acc - m[s], 6\cmp := IF acc LSS 0 => cr = cr + 1, 7\stp := STOP(), END NEXT cr = cr + 1 NEXT RESTART i.cycle This is most appropriate for representing output of the behavioral design step in a design process.

2. Language for describing flow of data:

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Digital System Design with VHDL A Hardware Programming Language (AHPL) is an example for this type HDL Uses set of notations for the representation of hardware

AHPL script for sequential multiplier: AHPLMODULE: multiplier. MEMORY: ac1[4]; ac2[4]; count[2]; extra[4]; busy. EXINPUTS: dataready. EXBUSES: inputbus[8]. OUTPUTS: result[8]; done. CLUNITS: INC[2](count); ADD[5](extra; ac2); 1 ac1 <= inputbus[0:5]; ac2 <= inputbus[4:7]; extra <= 4$0; => ( ^dataready, dataready ) / (1, 2). 2 busy <= \1\; => ( ^ac1[3], ac1[3] ) / (4, 3). 3 extra <= ADD[1:4] (extra; ac2). 4 extra, ac1 <= \0\, extra, ac1[0:2]; count <= INC(count); => ( ^(&/count), (&/count) ) / (2, 5). 5 result = extra, ac1; done = \1\; busy <= \0\; => (1). ENDSEQUENCE CONTROLRESET(1).

3. Language for describing netlists Full adder : Inputs a, b and c. Outputs sum, s=a bc and carry out, co=ab+ac+bc Specifies interconnections of the components VHDL is an example

Logic diagram :

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Digital System Design with VHDL

Verilog description : `timescale 1 ns / 1 ns // A 6-gate full adder; this is a comment module fulladder (s, co, a, b, c); // Port declarations output s, co; input a, b, c; // Intermediate wires wire w1, w2, w3, w4; // Net list description xor #(16, 12) g1 (w1, a, b); xor #(16, 12) g5 (s, w1, c); and #(12, 10) g2 (w2, c, b); and #(12, 10) g3 (w3, c, a); and #(12, 10) g4 (w4, b, a); or #(12, 10) g6 (co, w2, w3, w4); endmodule Comparing three descriptions: Behavioral description Well suited for modeling overall functionality of a final product Data flow descriptions Well suited for describing a circuit for design and construction Net list descriptions Well suited for detailed analysis or manufacturing of a circuit Quiz Department of ECE, VKCET Page 14

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Digital System Design with VHDL 1. What is the second step to design a digital system using HDL? a) Manufacturing b) Logic design c) Behavioral design d) Physical design 2. What is the advantage of HDL over normal programming language? 3. HDL is a --------- a) Net list description language b) Behavioral description language c) EDA tool d) data flow description language e) all of the above

Lecture 3
Announcement Hardware Simulation: Notes HDLs are modeling tools to create hardware model Simulation is an act of exercising a model of an actual component in order to analyze under a given set of conditions and/or stimuli HDL uses component model and definitions from simulation library to form a hardware model.

Hardware simulation model:

The results obtained from the simulator depends on the level of detail of a model Simulation engine may be capable of producing detailed timing, analog voltages, high level function information Simulation engine will produce results based on the complete details of the input model

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Digital System Design with VHDL Simulator based on HDL can process hardware details supported by its input HDL Test bench provides stimuli an relative time of data application to a simulation engine, simulator applies these data at the specified times and generates responses of the circuit Results of the simulator may be waveforms, timing diagram or time-value tabular listing Designer can determine the results are satisfactory, otherwise repeat the simulation

Verification of each stage of design:

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08.546 Announcement:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Classification of digital system simulators: 1. Oblivious simulators 2. Event-driven simulators Notes

Oblivious Simulators: Illustration: Each circuit component is evaluated at fixed time points

EX-OR gate using primitive gates and is simulate with the data provided the signal shown In first phase of this simulation program converts the input circuit description to a machine-readable tabular form

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Digital System Design with VHDL

Simulator read input values at fixed time intervals and apply them to internal tabular representation of the circuit At time tp input values of a and b are read from an input file, and replaces the old values and output values of all circuit components will be reevaluated A change in any value column indicates the circuit has not stabilized, and more reevaluation of table necessary

Event-driven Simulation: A component is evaluated only when one of its input changes More complex, but more efficient simulation

Data structure suitable for EX-OR gate using primitive gates:

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In first phase simulator converts the circuit description to a linked list of data structure In second phase, a change on an input triggers only those nodes of the linked list for which an input changes For a complex circuit, speed of this simulation is more Page 18

08.546 Announcement Hardware Synthesis Notes

Digital System Design with VHDL

Design aid that automatically transform a design description from one form to another. Move the level of design to one step higher toward its final implementation HDL is a useful media for input and output of hardware synthesizers First step to hardware designer's

Categories of synthesis tools in a design process:

Typical synthesis process:

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Hardware description and directives are tool inputs Page 19

08.546 Resource sharing: Three synthesis stages Result is layout or netlist

Digital System Design with VHDL

Announcement

Input description affects results Explicit specification of resource sharing Sharing without and with extra overhead

Levels of Abstraction: Three levels of abstraction for HDL in digital design technique: Dataflow Structural Behavioral

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08.546 Behavioral description

Digital System Design with VHDL

Behavioral description is functional Most appropriate for fast simulation Present an input-output mapping for the design Accessible to non-engineers as well as end users of hardware component

Dataflow description Concurrent representation of flow of control and movement of data Cannot serve as a end-user or non-technical document Technically oriented and describe the components to be synthesized Slower than input-output mapping of behavioral description

Structural description Quiz Lowest and most detailed level Simplest to synthesize Have the list of interconnections concurrent active components and their

Gate level description with detailed timing simulation

1. Compare oblivious and event-driven simulation 2. Logic optimization is -----------a) Type of Hardware simulation b) Level of abstraction for HDL c) A step in digital system design process d) Hardware Synthesizer tool

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Digital System Design with VHDL

Lecture 4
Announcement VHDL Background Very high speed integrated ciruits (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language Design and documentation tool for VHSIC program Initiation of State Department of Defense (DoD) in 1981 at Woods Hole, Massachusetts as a part workshop on HDLs 1983: DoD: Requirements were established Contract was awarded to IBM, TI, Intermetrics ITAR restrictions removed from language 1984 : IBM, TI, Intermetrics : VHDL 2.0 was defined December 1984: VHDL 6.0 was released Software development started 1985: VHDL 7.2 was released to IEEE ITAR removed from software May 1985: Standard VHDL 1076/A December 1987 : VHDL 1076-1987 became IEEE standard

1993 : VHDL 1076-1993 was approved HD Languages: AHPL : A Hardware Programming Language Datafow level of abstraction Uses implicit clock for synchronized registers and flip flops Consists concurrent models Fixed data types Restriction on functions Design hierarchy not supported

CDL : Computer Design Language Datafow level of abstraction Design hierarchy not supported Uses microstatement for data transfer between registers

CONLAN : CONsensus LANguage

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Digital System Design with VHDL Various level of abstraction Hierarchical description of hardware, but some limitation

IDL : Interactive Design Language Internal IBM language Automatic generation of PLA structures Hierarchical description of hardware

ISPS : Instruction Set Processor Specification High level behavioral language To create an enviornment for designing software based on a given hardware Limited timing control

TEGAS : TEst Generation And Simulation For test generation and simulation of digital circuits Strctural and Behavioral features

TI-HDL : TI Hardware Description Language Multilevel language Supports sequential as well as combinational circuits Fixed data types

ZEUS : An HDL by GE corpration Announcement Nonprocedural language Clock level timing Timing is limited, so asynchronous circuits cannot be described

Design Methodology Based on VHDL:

Elements of VHDL: Department of ECE, VKCET Describing hardware components Packaging parts and utilities Libraries and binding Page 23

08.546 Notes

Digital System Design with VHDL

Describing components: To describe hardware components and systems Consists an interface specification and an architectural specification

ENTITY contains input-output ports, external characteristics like time and temperature dependencies ARCHITECTURE describes the functionality of of the component Functionality depends on input-output signals and other specified interface description Several architectural specifications with different identifiers can exist for one component

Multiple architectural specifications:

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08.546 Packages:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Group components and utilities for description of components Type of definitions and subprogram

Package decleration contains components and utilities to become visible by ENTITIES and ARCHITECTURES Package body contains subprogram definitions and utilities used by subprograms

Libraries and binding: Use of libraries and binding of subcomponents of a design to elements of various libraries Include a library statement and configurations

Announcement:

Top-Down Design: Divide-and-conquer strategy Recursive partitioning of a system into its subcomponents unti all subcomponents become manageble design parts (available as a part of library)

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08.546 Notes

Digital System Design with VHDL

Recursive partition procedure

Mapping to hardware depends on target technology (eg. CMOS VLSI layout), available libraries and available tools (eg. Good synthesis tool, routing etc) After partition a partition tree and hardware implementation of terminals of the tree become available

Top-down design and bottom-up implementation:

Verification: Each and every step of a top-down design process multilevel simulation tool perform verification and is an important role in system designe Page 26

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Digital System Design with VHDL Behavioral description of SUD is simulated to verify the understanding of the problem After first level of partitioning, behavioral description of SSCs is wired to form a structural hardware model of the SUD and simulated, the result is compared with the original CUD for verification

Verifying first level of partitioning

Verifying hardware implementation.

Verifying the final design.

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08.546 For large design such verification is too low Verifying hardware implementation of SSC3.

Digital System Design with VHDL

This behavioral model of SSC3 can be used in all simulation runs for verification An alternate verification of the final design

SSC3 behavioral and hardware model may be functionally equivalent, but timing and other physical parameters may be different.Such cases behavioral model of subcomponent can be adjusted to mimic such properties.

Quiz 1. Name some HD Languages. 2. In VHDL, ENTITY and ARCHITECTURE are to ..................

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Digital System Design with VHDL a) describe hardware components b) to packaging parts and utilities c) to libraries and binding 3. After recursive partition procedure in top down design approach results ... a) behavioral model b) libraries c) partition tree and hardware implementation of terminals of the tree d) packages 4. Why verification is essential in top down design?

Lecture 5
Announcement Top down design with VHDL: How to describe hardware at various level of abstraction using VHDL How to form a top-level, mixed level model How various simulation model can be simulated Finally how a synthesize tool can help a hardware designer.

Example choosed for designing should be complex to show the real power of VHDL and VHDL based tools and should be small enough to be able to illustrate the design steps. Notes Design to perform: Consider serial adder

Operation: Two data inputs (For eg: 8 bits) a and b, a start input and clock signal for synchronization, since the circuit is a sychronous sequential circuit. Serial data inputs are synchronized with clock and it will appear on a and b after the sychronous pulse start. The order of the bits is from least to most After 8 clock pulses the result output will have the add result of the serial data input and the ready output becomes 1 indicates the data output is ready. This status remains 1 until another sychronous start pulse is observed. Page 29

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08.546 Announcement Setting the stage:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Design partition process continues until a design is partitioned into a manageable parts Generally available tools for a designer are: Synthesis tools, complex library elements and a set of configurable parts, usually previous designs

Notes

Available synthesis tools: Capable to translate high-level discription language into interconnection of logic cell or FPGA layouts To synthesize logic expressions to generate nonfeedback, memoryless combinational circuits

Available libraries: Libraries consists predesigned and tested commonly used functional units At board level 74XX series libraries are very common, because many designers are familiar with these parts, IC and in particular ASIC

Our case: Library contains a multiplexer and a D type flipflop. Generic symbols:

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Digital System Design with VHDL VHDL model of 2:1 multiplexer library element is shown below:

Library element terminal node of partition tree Indicates the multiplexer library element with hardware-level characteristics

Interface description: At top level, input and ouput ports as well as physical parameters of the system are specified ENTITY is the interface description and is mux2_1 in the upper part and is the name of components GENERIC is the keyword indicate the model timing parameters, where dz_delay parameter of type TIME and has a default value 6ns PORT is the keyword indicate the names of ports, where sel, data1 and data0 are three inputs ot type BIT and z is the output of type BIT for the component mux2_1 The keywords IN and OUT specify the mode of the port signal and a signal declared as IN cannot be assigned a value from within the component and an OUT signal cannot be used on the right hand side of a signal assignment.

Architecture description: Functionality of the component Functionality of mux2_1 is specified by flow of data from input to output Begins with ARCHITECTURE keyword followed by an identifier dataflow of the entity mux2_1 to which the architecture belongs BEGIN keyword starts the body of description in which the conditional signal assignment selects data1 or data0 based on Page 31

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08.546 the value of sel

Digital System Design with VHDL

The mux2_1 architecture dataflow also specifies the delay value for assigning input signals to the output Conditional signal assignment is concurrent statement

Discription of the hardware components shows the data flow through busses, logic units and registers. For an eg. The data flow between a logic unit, two registers and a register file connected by two busses is shown below;

VHDL model of flipflop library element is shown below:

flop is the ENTITY has two timing parameters td_reset and td_in Page 32

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Digital System Design with VHDL reset, din and clk are input of type BIT and qout is BUFFER output of type BIT assigned with 0 Description of flop begins with PROCESS keyword, which is for bodying sequential statement Assigning appropriate values, neither the structure nor the details of hardware (so behavioral)

Graphical behavioral description:

Parts from previous designs: Hardware designer have his/her own library of parts

A pre-design VHDL model for counter used for stage setting:

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08.546 Design stage setting

Digital System Design with VHDL

Announcement:

Design Scenario: Steps to top down design for serial adder: Analyszing the requirements

Notes

VHDL model of serial adder

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08.546 VHDL simulation results:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Recursive partitioning

First circle : counter (divide by 8) Second circle: full adder Inside second circle: flipflop to hold carry Third circle: serial shifter General layout of the design

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08.546 First level of partitioning

Digital System Design with VHDL

We have flipflop and counter models VHDL descriptions for fulladder and shifter are:

Fulladder maybe described at behavioral or dataflow level of abstraction, since it is combinational circuit and its synthesis tool is available in stage setting Shift register shifter is described at data flow level, it cannot be synthesized with the synthesize tool in stage setting, so further patitioning is required

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08.546 Completed parts of first patitioning

Digital System Design with VHDL

Shaded areas have models of libraries or completed parts and bold boxes indicate that behavioral description is available. Verification is done by forming a model by wiring fulladder, flop, shifter and counter and comparing the simulation of this model with the behavioral description of serial_adder

Structural description of serial_adder

Consists interconnection of its four components Structural description has declarative part and statement part Four components are instantiated Signals a, b, clock, ready and result appears in the interface description of the serial adder, other signals are used for interconnections Page 37

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08.546 Signal mapping for fulladder instantiation

Digital System Design with VHDL

carry_in signal connects to the cin input of fulladder, at the same time this signal is used in the port map of flop

Partial code with intercoonections

Complete code of serial_adder is simulatable. Second level of partitioning (shifter)

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Digital System Design with VHDL To eight flipflop with synchronous reset and clock

Behavioral model of der_flop

Not as the libraries, to serve i) as a description for verifying the partitioning and ii) for studying it for purpose of designing it

Structural description of shifter

After simulation and verification, der_flop must be designed Hardware of flipflop (deduced form of behavioral description)

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08.546 Partitioning of der_flop

Digital System Design with VHDL

The units are available in libraries

Structural description of der_flop

Satisfies the behavioral description requirements

Complete design of serial-adder

All terminals have hardware corresponding set in stage setting

Design implementation:

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Digital System Design with VHDL Bottom up implementation consists of wiring mux2_1 and flop to build der_flops to build shifter and wiring fulladder, flop, shifter and counter to build serial_adder

Final circuit description

Announcement:

Can be simulated along with original behavioral description Two models have same function, but different timing properties To develop test bench model for describing any functional differences

Final act: Final design results 19 hardware components from libraries or generated by syhthesis tools For large design size and complexity of libraries, toolss and VHDL descriptions may different

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08.546 Real world:

Digital System Design with VHDL

With a commercial synthesis tool, the VHDL description for serial_adder (with a sligth modification) is:

Partial layout of the serial_adder sysnthesized to an FPGA target

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08.546 Assignment

Digital System Design with VHDL

1. ii) Assuming that the only available part is a two-input NAND gate, show the partition tree for a two-bit magnitude comparator. (Hint: Form the Karnaugh maps and generate the complete gate list using the output maps.) iii) Assuming that the only available parts are a D-type flip-flop and a twoinput NAND gate, show the partition tree for a Moore 1011 sequence detector. (Hint: From the state diagram and all design steps must be carried out.) iv) Write a dataflow description for a 1-bit comparator. The output of the comparator becomes 1 when its 2-input bits are equal.

Lecture 6
Review Announcement What is partition tree? Steps to design a model using top down design approach. Subprograms: Notes Similar to any other high-level languages, VHDL allows functions an procedures (subprograms) They can be declared, defined and invoked same as any other languages Procedure can be useful for type conversions

byte_to_integer procedure for converting 8-bit binary data to integer:

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08.546 fadd function for full adder operation:

Digital System Design with VHDL

fulladder using fadd:

Announcement

Controller description: For a complete design data unit and a controller is must

Questions

Define state machine. Differentiate Moore machine and Mealy machine

Notes

General outline of a controller

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State machine State transition decisions are based on the values of control Page 44

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Digital System Design with VHDL inputs and are synchronized with a system clock Simple form of a controller is sequence detector

VHDL description for a simple sequence detector (Moore machine):

The state machine for the above sequence detector:

VHDL behavioral description for the state machine:

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Interface includes x and clk inputs and z output Page 45

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Digital System Design with VHDL In architecture description, type state is declared to include the elements in the state machine There is a case statement and is responsible for state transitions based on the input values and setting output

Partial code of this transition and its state diagram:

Announcement

VHDL operators: Common type to describe hardware are logical operators Others are: relational, shifting, adding, sign, multiplying etc.

Notes

Operators operates on BIT or BOLEAN are used describe logic gates or for general logic operations Page 46

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Digital System Design with VHDL Relational operators are for comparing scalar and arrays Shift operations are for shifting BIT and BOOLEAN vectors and the specified numbers of positions Adding operators consists add, subtract and concantenation operators In addition to multiplying operators, MOD and REM operators return the reminder of their left operand and the difference in the operators is in handling of negative numbers

Announcement

Conventions and syntax: VHDL keywords are not case sensitive, except some characters

Syntax of VHDL code (typical):

Quiz 1. Procedure is a _______________________ a) State machine b) data flow description c) subprogram d) VHDL operator 2. Name two VHDL operators. 3. The controllers can be implemented by _________________ 5. a) combinational circuits b) state machines c) entities

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Digital System Design with VHDL

Lecture 7
Review 1. What are the VHDL operators? 2. VHDL is a case sensitive language?

Announcement

Basic concepts in VHDL: Different features from those in software languages Features to represent special characteristics of hardware components

Characterizing hardware languages Two characteristics of HDL: Timing Concurrency at Notes They are instrumental in correct description of hardware components various level of abstraction Timing: Wires or busses are used for transfering values between hardware components or within the components Signals inVHDL represents real wires

Value transfer through wires:

Gate outputs are connected to two gate inputs through long capacitive wires Wiring capacitance and pull-up or pull-down resistances cause propogation delay through wires

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Digital System Design with VHDL Simple VHDL assignment statement for the above hardwre:

Here timing is not considered

More accurate VHDL assignment statement:

Concurrency: Essential feature in HDLs Software task is in sequential manner, but a hardware is not always like that, so hardware description is achived by concurrently active components through their input and output ports VHDL is a language for which simulators have been developed on single processor platforms and true concurrency in execution of thousands of components cannot exist VHDL simulator makes the users the execution is being done concurrently Describing subcomponents:

Cocurrent body consists three concurrent structures, each component may be described by concurrent construct or by sequential program

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Digital System Design with VHDL Interconnection of subsystem A (structural) , B (data flow) and C (sequential) is specified as concurrent body The architecture of components is concurrent body, and component instantiation and wiring, concurrent processes, and concurrent signal assignments can appear this part

The block representation of a VHDL concurrent body:

VHDL simulator simulates this body concurrently, by executing each statement only when an event occurs on a signal that statement is sensitive to it

The block representation of VHDL sequential body:

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Digital System Design with VHDL Similar to other programming languages

Modeling hardware: Illustration of concepts of concurrency and timing in hardware modeling of actual circuits

A gate circuit to illustrate timing and concurrency

All components in the circuit are always active and there is a timing assosiated with every event in the circuit Assume all gates has a delay of 12ns and all inputs are initially high

Gates reaction to change in input:

Timing diagram:

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08.546 Announcement

Digital System Design with VHDL For gates with unequal delay values or the circuit is not stable, these type analysis become more complicated

Objects and classes: Entity has a value of a given type is a VHDL object Objects may be explicitly declared or implicitly created in the language Port signals, loop index variables, signals for interconnecting components, temporary variables and files are some objects

Notes Object may be of one of the four classes: Signals Variables Constants Files Objects and classes in sequential and concurrent bodies:

Objects of the signal class represent wires and timing assosiated with them Objects of the variable class are for storage of temporary values and have no hardware significance Page 52

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Digital System Design with VHDL Objects of constant class are for constant values of a given type Files are used in concurrent and sequential bodies

Summary of objects in VHDL bodies:

Quiz 1. Providing delay between wires and busses in VHDL components is by __________ a) objects b) cuncurrency c) timing d) classes 2. Consider the following circuit

If all gates have 10ns delay, all inputs are initially '0', then draw the reaction and timing diagram to change in the input c from '0' to '1' 6. The VHDL object variable can declare in a concurrent body, this statement is true or false.

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Digital System Design with VHDL

Lecture 8
Announcement Signal assignments: Consists target signal on the left hand side of a left arrow and an expression for defining a waveform on the right hand side, such assignment specifies that the rigth hand side be assigned to the left hand side after a delta time Signal assingnment can include an AFTER clause specifying a physical time delay Can have inertial or transport delays Inertial delay have an additional reject specification and transport delay must be explicitly specified

Notes

Demonstration of delay mechanism:

Includes signal assignments with inertial, inertial with reject and transport mechanism Comparing three delay mechanisms and creating a reference signal INERTIAL keyword is optional For inertial with reject, both REJECT and INERTIAL keywords are mandatory

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08.546 Announcement Inertial delay mechanism: Notes

Digital System Design with VHDL

Used to model capacitive networks

RC delay model representing an inertial delay mechanism:

If a pulse width is less than 5ns occurs on waveform, it will be rejected and does not appear on target1 Delays are acurately modeled with an inertialdelay mechanism and the pulse rejection value that is less than the value of the inertial delay

Announcement

Transport delay mechanism: To model the delays through transmission lines and networks with virtually infinite frequency response

Notes

Comparing inertial and transport:

Illustration

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08.546 Quiz 1. The symbol <= indicates________

Digital System Design with VHDL Illustrating differences between delay mechanism in VHDL Positive and negative pulses appear on the LHS

a) delay b) assignment symbol for signal c) transport delay mechanism d) none of the above 2. Capacitive network is modeled by ______________ 7. For which case INERTIAL and REJECT is mandatory?

Lecture 9
Announcement Concurrent and Sequential Assignments: Software programming language, assignments are sequential and the order that appear in a program is significant and the program execution is from top to bottom in zero time In HDL assignments to variables are in sequential bodies and assignments to signals are in sequential or concurrent bodies involve timing

Concurrent assignments: Notes All signal assignments in an architectural body are concurrent Multiple assignments in the body of an architecture are simultaneously active, so the order is not significant

Typical gate circuit and its VHDL description:

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Digital System Design with VHDL

Execution of concurrent signal assignment, a value will be scheduled for the left hand side signal, and is said that the value is placed on the drive of the left hand side Multiple concurrent assignments to a signal produce multiple drivers for that signal

Representation of multiple driving values of a signal to single resolved signal:

Multiple assignments to a signal produce a single driver for that signal and affect the same driver Assignments to a signal in multiple sequential bodies are considered concurrent and each produces a driver for that signal and a resolution function is required

Announcement

Events and transactions: When a waveform causes the value of the target signal change, an event is said to have occured on the target signal. When a value is scheduled to be assigned to a target signal after a given time, a transaction is said to be placed on the driver of the target signal Transaction is represented by a value-time pair in parentheses Page 57

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08.546 Notes A transaction from creation to expiration:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Execution of a signal assignment causes a value v calculated from right hand side and delay d to be placed on the driver as (v,d) transaction (tri) at t during simulation time now Initial time component d At (t+to) time component of transaction tri becomes (d-to) As simulation progresses, the time component of the transaction approaches 0 and now becomes (t+d) and then transaction is expired

Illustration of events and trasactions:

Transactions are scheduled on the 3 LHS signals Order is not significant Initial transaction are placed on all 3 signals Declaration of signals a, b and c causes creation of these signals with initial values Page 58

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Digital System Design with VHDL Creation of signals is referred as elaboration and assigning initial values is called initialization

Events and transactions that ocuur on signals:

Figure a: Timing diagram hollow rectangles shows transactions black rectangles shows initial values

Figure b: Transactions Figure c: Transactions as the time values approach zero to current value

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08.546 Transaction represent circle

Digital System Design with VHDL

Size of the circle signifies that the time element of transaction

Figure d: Transactions from creation to expiration Announcement Delta delay: Notes In addition to real time delay, VHDL has an internal delay to define simulation cycle, referred as delta delay () To model hardware concurrency

VHDL description to demonstrate need of delta delay:

When an event occur in a or b , a AND b is evaluated and scheduled to occur on the output z after 10ns, then the complement of z is then placed on thhe driver of z_bar with zero delay By concurrency, it is expected a AND b and its complement appear on z and z_bar exactly at the same time But NOT z cannot be evaluated until z receives its new value z signal receives its new value 10ns after an event on a or b, and z_bar receeives its new value a delta time after z receives its value (10ns + ), where delta time is only in internal simulation cycle and does not contribute to real time values VHDL description for demonstrating delta delay:

Zero delay assignments Accumulative worst-case delay of 36ns for z output

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08.546 Timing diagram:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Another example of delta time, transactions and concurrency:

Timing diagram:

All transaction occurs at time zero between (0 + 1) and (0 + 3)

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08.546 Another example for demonstration of delta delay:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Quiz

With zero delay values of inverter and buffer, the circuit should oscillate in zero time forever

1. HDL has ______________ signal assignments a) Concurrent b) Sequential c) Concurrent and sequential d) None of the above 2. When a waveform causes the value of the taget signal to change, an __________ is said to have occured on the target signal 3. Differentiate event and transaction. 4. Delta delay limits _________ a) events b) transactions c) concurrency d) unwanted oscillation

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Digital System Design with VHDL

Lecture 10
Announcement Sequential Placement of Transactions: Notes Body of process statements are done sequentially, so signal assignment statements order is importment Multiple signal assignments cause new transactions to be placed on the driver of the signal

Sequential placement of transactions in a sequential body:

First assugnment to x places the (v1, t1) transaction on the driver of x, immediately following this assignment a new transaction (v2,t2) is placed on the driver of x. The new transaction is overwrite or append to the driver. WAIT statement at the end of the process causes the process to suspend forever, allowing enough time for all pending transactions to expire Sequential placement of transactions on the driver of signals can also be done in concurrent VHDL bodies

Sequential placement of transaction in concurrent body:

Similar to process

Signal drivers: Has a driving value and several pending transactions on the signal waiting to become current Driver for a scalar signal is represented by a projected output waveform (queue of transactions) Page 63

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08.546 Projected output waveform:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Transactions are queued according to their time components Process or concurrent signal assignment statements creates only one driver for a signal Multiple concurrent assignment creates multiple drivers

Multiple projected output drivers:

Announcement

Transaction appending values: New transaction is characterized by its value, time and delay mechanism Transactions on the driver of a signal is characterized by their value and time only Page 64

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Digital System Design with VHDL New transaction value is already in the signal is referred as existing New transaction scheduled before an existing transaction overwrites the existing one New transaction scheduled after an existing transaction appended to the existing one, if the delay is of transport type For inertial delays, new transaction scheduled after the existing transaction appends to the existing one unless the values of transaction are different and the difference between the time of new transaction and existing transactionis less than or equal to the inertial reject value.

Notes

Summary of resulting transaction on the driver of a signal:

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08.546 Examples:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Discarding previous transactions The new transaction is scheduled before the existing one

Appending transactions Delay type is transport The new transaction is after the existing one

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Digital System Design with VHDL

Discarding previous transactions The new transaction is scheduled before the existing one

Appending the new transaction of different value Time difference of new and existing is greater than reject value

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Digital System Design with VHDL

Discarding previous transactions of different value The new transaction is scheduled after the existing, and has a different value

Pulse rejection: An example:

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08.546 Timing diagram:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Pulse rejection in inertial, reject, and transport delay mechanism This is a result of sequential placement of transactions

New, pending and expired transactions on the above example:

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08.546 Another example:

Digital System Design with VHDL

Timing diagram:

Sequential placement of transactions by executing concurrent signal assignments

Quiz

Events on a cause placement of transactions on b In a waveform, all but the first are TRANSPORT

1. The statements in the body of process are done ________________ a) sequentially b) concurrently c) both 2. A new transaction on the driver of a signal scheduled __________ an already existing transaction.

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