Title: Unraveling the Complexities of Literature Review: Navigating Internet and Gaming Addiction

Through Neuroimaging Studies

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Certainly, these regions exhibited decreased GMV, activity, and functional connectivity in
psychopathic subjects. Neural responses to others' pain vary with psychopathic traits in healthy adult
males. As visualized in Figure 5, the three main factors of DA that have been identified are time
management, social life, along with psychological and behavior, described as follows: Time
management—most computer gamers tend to spend extensive hours playing computer games, and
they often spend late nights online with their gaming community. Anticipation of guilt for everyday
moral transgressions: The role of the anterior insula and the influence of interpersonal psychopathic
traits. The database ProQuest was searched, including the following databases: Applied Social
Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), ERIC, ProQuest Psychology Journals, PsycARTICLES, and
PsycINFO, with another search performed on MEDLINE. The authors concluded that ADHD
adolescents appear to continuously play online videogames to unconsciously enhance attentional
ability. Sitaram R, Caria A, Veit R, Gaber T, Ruiz S, Birbaumer N. Most prominent areas of
decreased GMV were the superior temporal gyrus ( 39, 41 ), middle temporal gyrus ( 27, 46 ),
superior temporal sulcus ( 29, 45 ), fusiform gyrus ( 25, 27 ), and the temporal poles ( 30, 33, 39 ).
Rather than using diagnostic criteria which are based on subjective symptom experience, the
National Institute of Mental Health advocates the use of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) which
may support classifying mental disorders based on dimensions of observable behavior and
neurobiological measures because mental disorders are viewed as biological disorders that involve
brain circuits that implicate specific domains of cognition, emotion, and behavior. The six groups
were (i) fairness, (ii) moral issue, (iii) viewing affective content, (iv) reward, (v) lying and deception,
and (vi) default mode network. They presented imprisoned substance-dependent psychopathic
subjects drug-related cues and discovered that psychopathy was associated with decreased activity in
the anterior cingulate cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, globus pallidus,
caudate, and frontal gyri. RQ5 What are the consequences of computer game addiction on
adolescent physical health. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education
(EJIHPE). We identified 64 studies from 1990 to 2020 comparing pretreatment and post-treatment
imaging of patients with OCD, including metabolic and perfusion, neurochemical, structural,
functional and connectivity-based modalities. The paper shows that understanding the neuronal
correlates associated with the development of Internet and gaming addiction will promote future
research and will pave the way for the development of addiction treatment approaches. The users can
spend long hours just scrolling pictures, watching videos, reading stories or posts, and do many more
activities. This warrants caution in generalizing the results and more research on female psychopathy.
Basal Ganglia Psychopathy may be accompanied by increased total striatum volume ( 32, 35 ). The
factor of DA, activity, and consequences on physical health. VG use has an effect in a variety of
brain functions and, ultimately, in behavioral changes and in cognitive performance. However, in
most cases, the onset age of active VG play, which is a particularly relevant aspect ( Hartanto et al.,
2016 ), is not taken into account. Third, emotional detachment was associated with dysfunction of
the posterior cerebellum, the human mirror neuron system and the Theory of Mind denoting lack of
empathy and persistent failure in integrating affective information into cognition. Finally, dlPFC
volumes, with a central role on the executive functions, also showed correlation with VG
performance over time ( Basak et al., 2011 ). This is probably due to the extensive use of attentional
systems, paired with precise timings that action VGs require. Mood modification lets gamers have
mood swings and tend to spend more time playing games in their room. Furthermore, the ASPD
group showed decreased activity most prominently in the left dACC and Wernicke's area compared
to healthy controls. We speculate that psychopathic individuals might not be capable of romantic
love, based on the notion that love and desire are two neuroanatomically and fundamentally separate
entities ( 160 ). Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI). Furthermore, these two
conceptually dissimilar notions are occasionally used arbitrarily ( 187 ). However, a study by Cohn et
al. ( 90 ) found reduced gray matter concentration in the insula and amygdala irrespective of gender.
CU traits negatively correlated with these findings ( 90 ), which are in line with findings in
psychopathy. The findings demonstrated an attenuated P300 for IGD patients in response to rewards
compared to controls. Miskovich TA, Anderson NE, Harenski CL, Harenski KA, Baskin-Sommers
AR, Larson CL, et al. Evidence for topographic organization in the cerebellum of motor control
versus cognitive and affective processing. Sundram F, Deeley Q, Sarkar S, Daly E, Latham R, Craig
M, et al. For instance, salience causes gamers to consider playing a game as an essential part of life.
These studies provide compelling evidence for the similarities between different types of addictions,
notably substance-related addictions and Internet and gaming addiction, on a variety of levels. Brain
volumes differ between diagnostic groups of violent criminal offenders. Neuroimaging studies offer
an advantage over traditional survey and behavioral research because with this method, it is possible
to distinguish particular brain areas that are involved in the development and maintenance of
addiction. Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive control of men with lifelong antisocial behavior.
The heritability of psychopathic personality in 14- to 15-year-old twins: A multirater, multimeasure
approach. A few gamers have also refused to attend school as they became obsessed with gaming,
and they sometimes show aggressive behavior to their family members. 5. Discussion This research
provides a comprehensive study of how DA has significantly impacted adolescents’ physical health,
in particularly Malaysian adolescents. Studies include both naive and experienced VG participants.
Psychopathic traits modulate brain responses to drug cues in incarcerated offenders. These results
support the iconic imaging studies of Baxter and Schwartz, 3 33 who proposed OCD phenotype may
arise from CSTC hyperactivity, and that normalisation of activity occurs with successful therapy.
Ewbank MP, Passamonti L, Hagan CC, Goodyer IM, Calder AJ, Fairchild G. To explore the possible
causes of DA. RQ1.3 How does DA impact an addict. As such, psychopathic traits in childhood and
adolescence may require a systematic literature review of their own. However, ASPD subjects did
exhibit decreased activity in the amygdala and increased activity in the left medial prefrontal cortex,
ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, pSTS, temporoparietal junction, fusiform gyrus, and precuneus ( 138
). Internet addiction has been considered as a serious threat to mental health and the excessive use of
the Internet has been linked to a variety of negative psychosocial consequences. Figure 2 visualizes
the distribution of identified publications by year. This article is an open access article distributed
under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( ). The
authors suggest that this behavioral addiction may differ from drug addictions in magnitude, but not
in kind. To play with the thought and try to ensnare core psychopathy, the following combination of
tests could be attempted. Sex differences in orbitofrontal gray as a partial explanation for sex
differences in antisocial personality. No volumetric differences in the anterior cingulate of
psychopathic individuals. Hosking and colleagues ( 65 ) showed that increased subjective value-
related activity in the right nucleus accumbens was associated with psychopathy. Social media, on
the other hand, offers a platform for users to communicate with many people and to express
themselves while being anonymous. Discussion The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic
literature review on MRI neuroimaging of psychopathic traits, to summarize findings from different
MRI modalities that cover different aspects of neural function and structure, and to examine
whether these aspects were consistent. The exact number cannot be known since participants could
have been reused for further experiments and in some cases the sample size was not available.
Kolla NJ, Matthews B, Wilson AA, Houle S, Michael Bagby R, Links P, et al. These can be
organized into three main groups: studies where naive participants were trained in the use of a VG
against a control group, studies comparing experienced players vs. To address this issue, it is crucial
to clearly document symptom types, comorbidities, and treatment history to facilitate the inclusion
of these dimensions in future analyses. Thus, the primary objective of this research is to study the
impact of DA on physical health among Malaysian adolescents. Electrophysiology Extensive
imaging and electrophysiological tools are at our disposal today. Moreover, psychopathy was
associated with abnormal gyrification of the middle cingulate cortex extending into the dorsomedial
prefrontal cortex and right parietal cortex in a study by Miskovich and colleagues ( 40 ). Ermer E,
Cope LM, Nyalakanti PK, Calhoun VD, Kiehl KA. These findings are in accordance with the
recently proposed Impaired Integration Theory (IIT) ( 156 ). While much has been written about the
possible benefits of VG playing, finding articles highlighting the negative outcomes in non-addicted
or expert VGPs is much less common. Computer game misuse and addiction of adolescents in a
clinically referred study sample. To explain the impact of DA on an addict. RQ1.4 How does the
withdrawal of the addictive substance impact an addict. Another key strength of EEG studies is that
they are all strictly controlled laboratory experiments that can identify causal relationships between
the variables assessed. Because psychopathy is prevalent in various populations and both genders, we
also included community samples in addition to prison and forensic populations. Therefore, an
important segment of society, over 30% in tablet computers and 70% in smart phones, has been
exposed to these technologies and can be considered now, in some form, casual gamers ( Casual
Games Association, 2013 ). Seara-Cardoso A, Viding E, Lickley RA, Sebastian CL. Zijlmans J,
Marhe R, Bevaart F, Luijks M-JA, van Duin L, Tiemeier H, et al. White Matter Deficits in
Psychopathic Offenders and Correlation with Factor Structure. Wolf RC, Pujara MS, Motzkin JC,
Newman JP, Kiehl KA, Decety J, et al. Lastly, VG exposition has been linked to delayed
microstructure development in extensive brain regions and lower verbal IQ ( Takeuchi et al., 2016 ).
Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and Behavioral Genetics of Antisocial Personality Disorder and
Psychopathy. This aspect is not new to VG addiction and is shared aspect with other addictions.
Among other characteristics, the state of flow implies a balance between the task difficulty and the
person's skills, the absence of ambiguity in the goals of the task, and is commonly accompanied by a
loss of awareness of time. In the cases where VG experience was compared, the criteria varied
greatly. The questionnaire asks users about their online usage habits as well as their feelings about
their internet usage. A review on PET, SPECT, and EEG could shed light on the abstruse
neurobiological etiology of psychopathy, and even add support to our findings. The temporal horns
of the lateral ventricles lie adjacent to the hippocampi. These studies aim to visualize correlations and
to prove if DA can become a more severe and damaging issue that requires attention from various
institutions, such as government, health, and education. The medical experts had the qualification of
serving in a government hospital as consultant psychiatrists for children and adolescents for at least
ten years. Future research should focus on replicating the reported findings in different cultural
contexts, in support of a neurobiological basis of classifying IGD and related disorders. Addicts are
usually equipped with a variety of motivation strategies and show signs of computer game addiction
(such as often having mood swings, conflicts, relapse, resistance, and salience).
Associations between prospective symptom changes and slow-wave activity in patients with Internet
gaming disorder: a resting-state EEG study. More specifically, interpersonal-affective traits
negatively correlated with activity in the bilateral anterior insular cortex, IFG, and middle cingulate
cortex, whereas antisocial lifestyle traits positively correlated with activity in these areas ( 98 ). The
medical experts had the qualification of serving in a government hospital as consultant psychiatrists
for children and adolescents for at least ten years. Contributors KB, YP and RN reviewed the
literature, created the figures and drafted the manuscript. Young adults who had not done well at
school tended to spend more time playing computer games, as they could experience a sense of
superiority that allowed them to escape from the reality of having challenges at school. Features and
behaviors, such as lack of empathy, remorse, and guilt as well as manipulativeness, callousness, and
grandiosity comprise the core psychopathic traits. Finally, other major psychiatric disorders were
excluded from most VBM studies, thus there is some inherent limitation regarding generalizing the
results to subjects with IGD with other substance-use or psychiatric disorders. Miskovich TA,
Anderson NE, Harenski CL, Harenski KA, Baskin-Sommers AR, Larson CL, et al. Killers—keep
their interaction alive with other players—they keep communication and role-play active for
teamwork. 4.1.4. RQ1.3: How Does DA Impact an Addict. Additionally, region segmentation is
affected by image resolution and quality; when working with structural or functional scans, it is
important to consider the trade-offs between scanner resolution, voxel dimensions and scan time to
determine which parameters will enable adequate study of the target brain regions without imposing
extra burden on subjects. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply
with these terms. General activation of somatosensory networks is observed while being in this state,
whereas activation in motor regions is only linked to three components of flow: skill-difficulty
balance, sustained attention and control over the activity. Following this, addiction has quite a
different meaning today. In order to better understand the data collected, the study was discussed
based on research questions. These findings are considered robust and reliable for clinical
conceptualization and understanding the source and impact of physical health among adolescents.
The mesolimbic reward system, together with limbic and paralimbic system, contribute to the feeling
of romantic love ( 160 ). Investigating the neural correlates of psychopathy: a critical review. Shao
R, Lee TMC. Are individuals with higher psychopathic traits better learners at lying. Default network
deactivations are correlated with psychopathic personality traits. Research paper must be written in a
formal style, which is in the third person, not the first person. The qualitative synthesis was not
without challenges. The study aided the identification of three main components in DA. Another
candidate is the X-linked monoamine oxidase A ( MAOA ) gene and its high ( MAOA-H ) and low
activity alleles ( MAOA-L ) ( 183 ). First, Boccardi and colleagues ( 24 ) found that the hippocampi
of psychopathic individuals had a double convex morphology in comparison to the normal single
convex form. These can be organized into three main groups: studies where naive participants were
trained in the use of a VG against a control group, studies comparing experienced players vs.
However, the same team was able to predict learning rates more accurately by comparing whole
sequential brain activation patterns to an artificial intelligence model. Thus, decreased volumes in
hippocampi can inversely correlate with that of temporal horns ( 143 ). Convergently, reward
anticipation in psychopathy correlated with activity in the nucleus accumbens and anterior
mesofrontal cortex ( 50 ). Another key strength of EEG studies is that they are all strictly controlled
laboratory experiments that can identify causal relationships between the variables assessed.
Similarly, a longitudinal cohort study by Pardini, Raine, Erickson, and Loeber ( 42 ) showed that
decreased bilateral amygdalar volume was associated with higher levels of psychopathy from
childhood to adulthood.
During a flow-evoking task, the absence of boredom is shown by activity in the IFC, the OFC, and
the vmPFC. Though all these claims also suggest to play games on moderation and still keep track of
time, gaming has proven to people that when appropriately practiced and responsibly done then it can
be a productive activity that would benefit many. It was also found that IGD individuals showed
significantly lower WM density in the inferior frontal gyrus, insula, amygdala, and anterior cingulate
than healthy controls ( 34 ). Thus, the primary objective of this research is to study the impact of DA
on physical health among Malaysian adolescents. Electrophysiology Extensive imaging and
electrophysiological tools are at our disposal today. Sethi A, Gregory S, Dell'Acqua F, Periche
Thomas E, Simmons A, Murphy DGM, et al. Another comorbidity of note is substance abuse
disorder, which damages the integrity of white matter ( 190, 191 ), and induces volumetric gray
matter reductions ( 192, 193 ). Findings that correlated with core psychopathy only were compiled to
Table 2. TABLE 1. This paper will provide brief insight into the issues of Internet and gaming
addiction and will then present results of contemporary treatment research. This is especially
important given videogame use can affect brain functioning in various ways that may result in
changes at the behavioral and cognitive levels. The medical experts and professional gamers team
had extensively discussed the identified factors that influenced Malaysian adolescents in computer
games. White Matter Deficits in Psychopathic Offenders and Correlation with Factor Structure.
Moreover, hypoactivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was shown ( 100 ). The third step is the
focus group discussion (FGD) sessions with medical experts and gaming experts, while the last stage
discusses and concludes the study’s outcome. Review of Related Literature and Studies 2019-01-16.
This concept has attracted many adolescents to get involved, attached, and finally become addicted
to playing computer games. Alopecia, Alopecia areata, Androgenic alopecia 840 Words 3 Pages
Chapter 3 Review of Related Literature 3. Sitaram R, Caria A, Veit R, Gaber T, Ruiz S, Birbaumer
N. The reward system was involved in the skill-difficulty balance factor, observed by activation in
the ventral striatum and other basal nuclei, rewarding the player in successful in-game events. Their
responses were vital to visualize how computer gaming affects the physical health of adolescents in
Malaysia (RQ5). 3.2. Literature Search During the literature search, the focus scope was given to
digital addiction by adapting computer game addiction as a case study. Perhaps the most challenging
aspect of this review was taking into consideration the high comorbidity of the trait continuums of
ASPD, CD, and psychopathy. As the diagnosis of gaming addiction becomes more legitimate in
psychiatric and medical circles, this will lead to better randomized control trials on interventions for
problematic video gameplay than those already carried out. Seara-Cardoso A, Viding E, Lickley RA,
Sebastian CL. Structurally, gray matter anomalies were seen in frontotemporal, cerebellar, limbic, and
paralimbic regions. Complementary Systems for Understanding Action Intentions. Conclusion
Several regions within and outside CSTC circuits have shown consistent patterns of change
following effective OCD treatment. Evidence for topographic organization in the cerebellum of
motor control versus cognitive and affective processing. Likewise, 16 studies (13.8%) focusing on
the violent component of VGs were also placed in their own category. Identifying Individuals with
Antisocial Personality Disorder Using Resting-State fMRI. Doing so will shed light on the
mechanisms of dysfunction that arise within affected circuits and provide valuable insight into
improved strategies for targeting therapy.