18.2.9.

Elementary Calculations for Energy Consumption

Example 18.1. A battery has taken a charging current of 5.2 A
for 24 hours at a voltage of 2.25 V, while discharg-
ing it gave a current of 4.5 A for 24 hours at an
average voltage of 1.85 V. Calculate the quantity efficiency and the
energy efficiency of the battery.
Solution: Charging current. 1, = 5.2 A
Charging mean voltage, V, = 2.25 V
Charging period, T. = 24 hours
Discharging current. I = 4.5 A
Discharging mean voltage, V 1.85 V
Discharging period. T = 24 hours

Quantity efficiency. TMAH IIad

T.
x100.2x24
4.5x24x 100 =
86.54% Ans.

Energy efficiency. TwH

I Td x d x 100=
4.5x 24 1.85
x 100 71.15% Ans.
I. T. V 52x24
5.2 x 24 2.25
2.25
the average terminal voltage
Example 18.2. An alkaline cell is discharged at a steady current of 4 A for 12 hours,
current of 3 A for 20 hours is required, the average
being 1.2 V. To restore it to original state of voltage, a steady
watt-hour efficiencies in this particular case.
terminal voltage being 1.44 V. Calculate the ampere-hour and
Solution: Charging current, I = 3 A
1.44 V
Charging average voltage, V.
=

Charging period, T. 20 hours

=

4 A
Discharging current, I
=

1.2 V
Discharging average voltage, V
=

12 hours
Discharging period, T
=

= d x 100 =
4x12 xx 100
100 =80
80 %
%AAns.
=

Ampere-hour efficiency, nAH 3x 20

1.2
a 80 x = 66.7 % Ans.
66.7

Watt-hour efficiency, nwH AH X V 1.44

 Example 18.4. A discharged battery is put on c at 5 A 15
is then discharged in 6 hours at a charge for 3% hours at a mean
constant terminal charging voltage of 13.5 V. It
voltage of 12 V through a resistance
) value of 'R' for an of R' ohms. Determine
ampere-hour efficiency of 85 % (i) watt-hour
Solution: Charging current, I = 5 A efficiency
of the battery.

Charging period, T, =
3 hours
Charging voltage, V. = 13.5 V
Discharging period, T = 6 hours
Discharging Voltage, V = 12 V
Ampere-hour efficiency, nAH 85% = 0.85

5x3
Discharging current,I4=naHxT0.85x 22.48 A nAH=F 1.T.
Ta 6
Discharging resistance, R = d = 12 = 4.84 S2 Ans.
d 2.48

12
Watt-hour efficiency, nWH nAHX = 85 x :75.55% Ans.
 equipment, such
as air-condilo and sophistc
hg irme
It is a devicethat
Circuit Breaker (BLCB).
17.5.5. Earth-Leakage rovides
age. These are
of two types viz, the
current operated type and the u protetype.
ltage operated ction aganst
rated earth-leakage
circuit breaker 1s used when the carh
arh leak
leak
impedance in ohms does not exceed
do product of
Where suc the
amperes and
the earth-loop
connectea to a suitable earth elected a circui operatin
breaker is current
earthing terminal is
.A Curtent oreaker
consumer's
applied to a 3-0.3-wire
circuit is shown Fig. 17.26. normal conditions when
in In
ns current-operated
when thereraled
ere
d ear used,
earth l the
algebraic sum of
the currents in
of
the three
earth
coils of the
leakage,
current
the
transformers (CTs) is
currents zero,
is no
and
earth leakag
leakage
through the trip coil.
In case any are unbalanced and the no CuTenhe the
curTent flows
and thus the circuit
breaker is tripped. trip coil is ene
LOAD

LOAD
FAULT

EARTH
FAULT
EARTH
METAL SHEATH
OR
- CURRENT EARTH CONTINUITY
TRANSFORMER CONDUCTOR
TRIP COIL
CIRCUIT
BREAKER CIRCUIT
TRIP COIL BREAKER

3-WIRE 3-PHASE
SUPPLY EARTH 2-WIRE
SUPPLY
Fig. 17.26 Current-Operated Earth-Leakage Trip Fig. 17.27 Voltage-Operated Earth-Leakage Trip
Voltage-operated earth leakage circuit breaker is suitable for use when the
earth-loop impedance
exceeds the values applicable to fuses or excess-current circuit breaker or to
current-operated earth-leakage
circuit breaker. Such an earth-leakage trip in a 2-wire circuit is shown in Fig. 17.27. When the volage
between the earth continuity conductor (ECC) and earth electrode rises to a sufficient value, the trip coil will
carry the required current to trip the circuit breaker. With such a circuit breaker the earthing lead between the
trip-coil and the earth electrode must be insulated; in addition, the earth electrode must be placed outside the
resistance area of any other parallel earths which may exist.
In both the above types of ELCB the tripping operation may be tested by means of a finger-operated test
button which passes a predetermined current from the line wire through a high resistance to trip the coil and
thus to earth. This test operation should be performed regularly.
Both types of earth-leakage circuit breakers are arranged to work manually and may take
the place of the
linked switch and fuses, or the excess-curTent circuit breaker.