CHAPTER SEVEN Analytical Geometry The purpose of Analytical Geometry is to translate geometrical objects into algebraic equations. We can then solve geometrical problems using algebraic methods. In Grade 10 and 11, we focussed on of straight lines. The distance between any two points A(x,:yq) and B(.x3:yp) is given by B(Xp; 98) Al ACxaYq) Equidistance A B Point P is said to be equidistant from points A and B if AP = PB. 2 MIDPOINT P The coordinates of the midpoint M(xy;yy4) of a line segment AB, B(tp:yp) with A(x,;yq) and Bxpiyp), are given by (Mid) = 2ats TELE. ACKAiYa) GRADIENT For any two points A(x,;y,) and B(xg;y), ona straight line AB, B(xp:ye) the gradient of the line is given by / A (KAYA) Collinear PointsINCLINATION The inclination @ of a line is the angle between the line and the positive x-axis, measured in an anti- clockwise direction: oS If the gradient of a straight line is m, the inclination is the unique angle @, such that and @ €[0°;180°) If m20: O=tan"'m If m<0: @= tan"! m+180° ‘The angle between two lines In order to calculate an angle between two lines, we draw a horizontal line through the point of intersection and then use the inclinations of the two lines to help us determine the angle between the lines: ‘THE EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE ‘Standard form The equation of a straight line has the form: mx+c In this form, m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept. Hort - The equations of horizontal- and vertical lines have the forms: Horizontal Line: y= constant Vertical Line : =constant The gradient of a horizontal line is 0. The gradient of a vertical line is undefined. Gradient-point form If given the gradient m and a point (x,;y,) on a straight line, then the equation of the line is: yoy = m(x— x)‘SPECIAL LINES IN TRIANGLES Medias A median is a line drawn from a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side. Altitude: An altitude is a line drawn from a vertex of a triangle, perpendicular to the opposite side. Perpendicular Bisector: A perpendicular bisector of a line segment is a line that passes through the midpoint of the line segment and is perpendicular to the line segment. Vertex | Midpoint | Perpendicular + Median v | v Altitude v | v Perpendicular + Bisector of v v AB PROVING DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS To prove that a quadrilateral is a ... show that... trapezium ir of opposite sides are parallel parallelogram diagonals bisect each other itis a parallelogram AND diagonals are — perpendicular to each other rectangle it isa parallelogram AND one angle is 90° it is a rhombus AND one angle is 90° OR oer it is a rectangle AND diagonals are ernendicular to each other kite ‘one diagonal is bisected by the other at 90°CIRCLES This year, the focus of our study of Analytical Geometry will be on circles in the Cartesian plane. (CENTRE AT THE ORIGIN o The equation of a circle with radius r and its centre at the origin is * EXAMPLE1 M Determine the equation of the circle with a radius of 3 units and centre (0;0), % Determine the equation of the circle with centre (0;0) and passing through the point (-3;4). wty’ Substitute the point (~3;4) into the equation: (3 +4? =r? 29416577CENTRE AT ANY POINT The equation ot the point (a;b) is circle with radius r and its centre at EXAMPLE3 ” ‘Write down the equation of the circle with centre (1; -3) and - radius 2 units. Solution (x-aP +(y-bP =? 2 eDP +943) = 2? oo IP +94 3 =4 EXAMPLE 4 Write down the radius and the coordinates of the centre of the circles with the following equations: @ x+ty?s1 (b) (e+ 2)? +(- 3)? = 25 © (x-D’+y?=16 @ = x +(y+2=10 Solution (@) Radius: 1 unit (6) Radius: 5 units Centre: (0;0) Centre: (-2; 3) (©) Radius: 4 units (4) Radius: ¥10 units Centre: (1;0) Centre: (0;-2) EXAMPLES Determine the equation of the circle (@) with centre (3;2) and passing through the point (6) with (3;-7) and (3; 1) the endpoints of one of 201‘Solution (@) ea +(y-bYP (x-3P +(y- 27 =P Substitute the point (1;-2) into the equation: (1-3) +(-2-29 =r? 24416=77 =20 (x-3) +(y- 27 =20 (b) The midpoint of the diameter is the centre of the circle: a) ( 343-14 aa a a Centre =| ent 3 oa? + (yt 3P =r? Substitute the point (3;1) into the equation: oF 4(43P =? (-3:-7) wx? + (yt 37 = 25 EXAMPLES Determine the equation of the circle in each one of the following sketches: @ 4 () ” % aoe ()* 4 @* 202@ »y ) eo T % ys (1-3 H(y- 2 =4 () (@) GH4P+O-nP =? (xtrP +(yt OP =? Substitute (0; 8) into the equation: ‘Substitute (~ 8; 2) into the equation: +49 +(8-r¥ =P? (84r? +2410" =7? 216+ 64—16r+7? =r? 2: 64-16r +r? +144 = 7? -16r =-80 16r =-208 5 3 (x+y +(y-5)? =25 e(x+13P +(y+ 10)? = 169 EXERCISE1 (2) Write down the radius and the coordinates of the centre of the circles with the following equations: ( e+y=4 Q G-2+0-1? GB) +5 +7+2) =36 @) 43h 40-0) (5) x? +(y-7P =81 (©) (x42) +y?=49 () (e- 5) (y+ 3)? =20 (8) (2x-2) +4(-y-3)?=12 (6) Determine the equation of the circle with @ Q) @) @ (6) centre (0;0) and radius 8 units. centre (2;—1) and radius 3 units. centre (-3;5) and diameter 10 units. centre (1;0) and radius V7 units. centre (0;0) and passing through the point (1;~2). 203© (6) centre (—4; 1) and passing through the point (—1;-3). (7) centre (0;2) and passing through the point (V3; V2 +2). (8) (2:3) and (8;—1) the endpoints of one of its diameters. Determine the equation of the circle in each one of the following sketches. (P is the centre of the circle in each case.) (6) Mm » (8)*oy (10)* y (@)* _ Determine the equations of two possible circles of which the radius is 5, the x-intercept is 1 and the x-coordinate of the centre is 3. (©)* Determine the equation of a circle passing through the points (5;7) and (—1;—1) and with its centre on the line y=x+1. ()* — Acircle passes through the point (9;—1), has a radius of VI13 and its centre lies on the line y~2x= 3. The coordinates of the centre are integers. Determine the equation of the circle. EQUATIONS NOT GIVEN IN THE STANDARD FORM The equation of a circle is often given in the form x? + y? +ax+by-+c=0. In this form, the centre and the radius of the circle can not be seen immediately. We use the method of “completing the square” to rewrite these equations to the standard form: EXAMPLE7 Determine the radius and the coordinates of the centre of the circle with equation x 4y?-6x+2y-6=0. ‘Solution x -6xty?+2y=6 = 6x4 |(3)| +y? +24! L@ ‘Complete the square for x and y. + Add on RHS what you add on LHS. satve Reqanre halve square 2. (8 -6x49)+()? +2y 41) = 64941 oe 3P ++ I? = 16 ~. The centre is (3; —1) and the radius is 4.EXAMPLE 8* The equation of a circle is x7 +2kx+ y?—6y+4=0. (a) Express the radius of the circle in terms of k. (>) If the radius is 3 units and k <0, determine the coordinates of the centre. ‘Solution (a) x? +2ke+y?-6y44=0 wx? +2kety? -6y=—4 na + Dket P+? byt 9= 44 P49 otk? +(y- 37 S45 Ve +s &) Ve as oe w= ck =42, but since k <0, k=-2. ‘The equation of the circle is (x- 2)? +(y-3) + The centre is (2; 3). EXERCISE2 (2) Determine the radius and the coordinates of the centre of the circles with the following equations: () xP 4+2xt+y?-8y=-8 Q) x +y?-4x+6y-3=0 @) x+y? +6x=-8 (4) x+y? =10y (S) x? +y?-10x+14y+66=0 © Barty? 42y=3 (7) 12x? +12y?+36x-8y-5=0 (8) @-yP +(y+x)? =50 (bo) Thecircle x7+y”+2p”+4px—py=0, with p >|, passes through the point (-1:1). Determine (1) the value of p. (2) the radius and coordinates of the centre of the circle. (©)* The equation of a circle is x°+y*-6x+4y=k. (1) Determine the coordinates of the centre of the circle. (2) Ifthe radius of the circle is 13 units, determine the value of k. (@* The circle defined by x? +2ax+ y? +4by+9=0 has centre (3; 2). (1) Determine the values of @ and b. 2) Calculate the radius of the circle. (@)* The equation of a circle, with a diameter of 4/3 units, is x” + y?-2mx+7m—4=0. (1) Determine the value of m. (2) Write down the coordinates of the centre of the circle. 206TANGENTS A angent to a circle is a line touching the circle (in one point). A tangent is always perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point of contact. This means that the product of the gradient of the tangent and the gradient of the radius is ~1: tangent 1 radius We can use this fact to determine the equation of the tangent to a given circle at any point on the circumference of the circle: EXAMPLE? Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle (x- 2)" +(y+5)’ =10 at the point (5;-6). ‘Solution Centre: (2;-5) eee) ot el eaisaaaunta 5;-6) +3 (tangent radius) yrs m(x—4) +6=3(x-5) (The tangent passes through the point (5;-6) 3x-21 In the following example the equation of a tangent is given: EXAMPLE 10 In the sketch alongside, P(—3; 2) is the centre of the circle. E is an x-intercept of the circle. AB, CD and EF are tangents to the circle. The equation of AB is y = 2x +13. Determine (a) the equation of AC. (6) the coordinates of A. (©) the equation of CD. (@) the equation of the circle. (©) the equation of EF.‘Solution @) —mgg=2 > me= (tangent 1 radius) yoy sm(x— a) ay-de-Jo43) (b) 1 2x4 Bap ety 1 4x+26=-x41 ~. The coordinates of A are (—5; 3). (c) _ Find the coordinates of C: P is the midpoint of AC. Xgt ya. aoe ay and PCa yy Ot oy ong 3HEL2 2 2 fxc=-l and yo=l E(-4;0)(tangent radius) To determine the length of a tangent to a given circle, from a given point, we make use of the distance formula and the theorem of Pythagoras: EXAMPLE 11 In the sketch alongside, the equation of the circle is x7 +y?-4x—6y-14=0. Pis the centre of the circle. AQ is a tangent to the circle at Q. Determine (a) the coordinates of P. (©) the length of AQ. ‘Solution (x? -4x+y-6y=14 w-4x444y?-6y4+9= 144449 “6-29 +(y-3" =27 > P23) (b) Draw APand QP. AP? =(-2-2)° +(9-3)° = 52 AQ? = AP?—QP? (tan AQ 1 rad QP ; Pythag) 2 AQ? = 52-27 AQ? =25 2 AQ=5 units EXERCISE 3 (a) _ Inthe sketch alongside, P(—3; 1) is the centre of the circle. AB is a tangent to the circle at Q(1;-1). Determine (1) the equation of circle P. (2) the equation of tangent AQB. Ac-2;9)"t P A2;9)°f(6) Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle (x +4)? +(y+2)? = 50 at the point a 453) Q) 9:3) (©) _ Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle x7 +y?+2x-6y—4 =0, at (-6;2). (@) Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle (x— 7)? +y? =13, at the point (1) (pi-2)_ where p >7 (2) (S:q)_ where g>0 (©) _ Inthe sketch alongside, the equation of the circle is x7 -6x+y" +ay=0. Mis the centre of the circle passing through P, R and Q. Ris a point on the y-axis and P has coordinates (-1;1). PQis a diameter of the circle. AB, CD, ERF and HQG are all tangents to the circle. AB is parallel to the y-axis and CD is parallel to the x-axis. (1) Show that a=-8. (2) Determine the coordinates of M. (3) Determine the equation of @ AB ji) cD (4) Determine the equation of (i) ERF inthe form ax+by+e=0. (ii) HQG inthe form y= mr+c. () In the sketch alongside, the point P(—2;3) is the centre of the circle. AT and BT are tangents to the circle at A and B respectively. The equation of AT is 3x+y=7. (dy Determine the equation of AP. (2) Determine the equation of the circle. (3) If the equation of the circle is (x42)? +(y—3)? = 10, determine (i) the coordinates of B. (ii) the equation of BT. (iii) the coordinates of T. (iv) _ the length of BT. (g) __ Inthe sketch alongside N(0; 2) is the centre of the circle. The radius of the circle is 20 units. AB is a tangent to the circle at B. The coordinates of A are (8;—4). (ly Write down the equation of the circle. (2) Determine the length of AB. (3) Ifthe coordinates of B are (4; 4), determine the equation of AB. 20‘THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A CIRCLE AND A POINT Let r be the radius of a circle and d the distance between the centre of the circle and a point. If dr, the point is outside the circle. '@ Determine whether each of the following points is inside, outside or on the circumference of the circle (x+1)? +(y—2)? =25: @ 3:6) 6 @B-) (© (450) ‘Solution @ r=5 (b) Poi Centre: (-1;2) a=(@r Point: (-3;6) gop d=J-3+1) +6 -27 = 420 ~4,47 +. The point is on the circumference oder of the circle. + The point is inside the circle, (c) Point: (4;0) d= (4+) +0-2) = V29 =5,39 od>r <. The point is outside the circle.‘THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO CIRCLES ‘We can determine the relationship between any two circles by comparing the distance between their centres to the sum and/or difference of their radii. Let R= the radius of the larger circle 1r= the radius of the smaller circle d= the distance between the centres of the two circles Circles that touch If d= R+r, the circles touch externally. If d= R=r, the circles touch internally. d R AT ] Circles that don’t intersect If d>R+r, the circles don’t intersect If dRtr Don't intersect ro Don't intersect (Inside) iternally ae (Outside) can Describe the relationship between the two circles in each case: (a) (xt)? +(9 +3)? = 9 and (x—2)? +(y- I)? = (&) (e+ +73)? =9 and (x +3) +(y-2)" = 36 (©) x? =10x+y?-14y4+49=0 and x? +y?=9 ‘Solution @ '=3 and r=2 (+) R=6 and r=3 Rer=s R+ R-r=1 R- Centres: (—1;—3) and (2;1) Centres: (-1;3) and (-3;2) d=y(-1-2)' +(-3-1) =5 d=Y-1+3) +(3-2) = V5 =2,24 d=R+r dR+tr + The circles don't intersect and the smaller circle lies outside the larger circle. EXAMPLE 14 Show that the circles (x-1)? +(y—2)? =25 and (x+ 1)? +(y-)? = without calculating the points of intersection. Solution R=5 and r=4 R+r=9 R-r=1 ‘Centres: (1; 2) and (-1;1) d= +i +Q-1° = V5 =2,24 R-r AC4;3) (b) — Fory-intercepts, letx=0 in x7 +y?+8x-6y+5=0: © (tangent radius) S-2x+5 ——* yeimervept is 5 (@) Solve simultaneously: x+y? +8x—6y+5=0 and y=3xt5 sox? + Bx+5)?+8x-6(3x+5)45=0 sox? + 9x7 + 30x+25 + 8x-18x-30+5=0 or y=H-2)45 : ye-l ‘The points of intersection are (0; 5) and (—- The coordintes of E are (~2;-1). (©) tanOgg = gg tan®gc = Mpc tanOpg =3 tan Be = 2 £:Op¢ = 71,57° £0 gc =116,57° Oc — Ope = 116,57°— 71,57 = 45° 2. EBC = 116,57°-71,57°= 45° (vert opp Zs) (©) (1) EDB=EBC=45° (tan chord thm) c (2) If DBE=90° then DE isa diameter of the circle (chord subtends 90°) ~. Awill be the midpoint of DE. + o oe “Ee x, <: The coordinates of D are (6; 7). 218a Q) @B) ABC=90° (tangent 1 radius) + AC is the diameter of circle ABC (chord subtends 90°) The centre of circle ABC is the midpoint of AC: atte Yatvo)_(—4+6 3-7 ( 2 2 J=( 2 ay) + Equation of the circle: (x-1P? +942 =P? Substitute A(—4; 3): (4-17 +342)? =50 . The equation of circle ABC is (x-1)? + (y+2)* ‘The median passes through B(0;5) and the midpoint of AC, which is (1; -2). * y-intercept is 5 AB= radius of circle DBE BC=Y(xe—¥5) +0c—Y5™ SRE doaey 5 AB = V0 =205 .BC=Y(0-67 +(5+7) = Mimo = 68 Area of AABC=3-AB-BC = 5-05 5 = 30 units? EXERCISES (a) _ Inthe sketch alongside, P is the centre of the circle with equation (x-2)* +(y- 3)? =5. The circle cuts the y-axis at D. AB is a tangent to the circle at D. The equation of AC is x+y=6. AC cuts the circle at F and G. PQ.LFG. (1) Write down the coordinates of P. (2) Calculate the coordinates of D and E. (3) Determine the equation of AB. (4) Calculate the magnitude of BAC. (5) Calculate the coordinates of F and G. (©) Calculate the length of PQ in surd form. (7) If His any point on major arc DE, calculate the magnitude of DHE. (8) _ If Hhas coordinates (3;1), (i) show that DH AC. (ii) calculate the area of ADEH. 219(6) _ Inthe sketch alongside, A is the point (-1;—4), B is the point (1; k) and C is the point (5; -2). Pis the centre of the circle. (1) Calculate the length of AC in surd form. (2) Calculate the coordinates of P. (3) Write down the equation of the circle, (4) Show, with reasons, that k =-6. (9) Determine the equation of ()) the median of ABC, from vertex B. (ii) the altitude of AABC, from vertex B. iii) the perpendicular bisector of AC. (©) Calculate the () perimeter of AABC. (Round to 2 decimals.) (ii) area of AABC. (©)__ Inthe sketch alongside, the equation of the circle is x? +4x+y?—2y=5. The equation of line AP is y=x+1. Cis the centre of the circle and AD is a diameter of the circle. DP is a tangent to the circle at D. The circle cuts the x-axis at F and G. (1) Calculate the length of FG. (2) Calculate the coordinates of A and B. (3) Determine the coordinates of C. (4) Determine the equation of DP in the form axt+byt+c=0. (5) If Eis any point on major are DB, determine the magnitude of DEB. (©) Given that the coordinates of P are (2; 3), determine the area of AADP. (4) __ Inthe sketch alongside, the coordinates of P, Q and S are (3:6), (5;-2) and (0; 3) respectively. R is a point on the y-axis, such that PR L RQ. (1) Tisa point such that PSQT is a parallelogram. (i) Determine the coordinates of T. (ii) Prove that PSQT is a rectangle. (2) Determine the equation of the circle passing through P, Q and S. (G) Does point R lie on circle PQS? Motivate. (4) Calculate the length of SR.© In the sketch alongside, P is the centre of the circle. The cirele touches the x-axis at S, RQ is a tangent to the circle at Q. The coordinates of R and S are (8; 0) and (-2; -8) respectively. SPQ= a. (1) Calculate the length of RQ. (2) Write down, with a reason, the length of RS. (3) Determine the equation of the circle. (4) Determine the size of a. (5) Write down the equations of the two tangents to the circle that are parallel to the y-axis. CONSOLIDATION AND EXTENSION EXERCISE (@) (b) © (d) © Write down the radius and the coordinates of the centre of the circles with the following equations: () #+y?=25 Q) (+3P 4-77 =9 3) (x5)? +y? =16 (4) xP +(y 42)? =32 Determine the equation of a circle with (1) centre (0;0) and radius 7 units. Q) 2) and radius 2 units. 8) ) and radius V5 units. @ and passing through the point (— ) 3) and passing through the point (2; (6) centre (5;0) and passing through the point (V2 +5; V5). (7) (3:5) and (-7;-1) the endpoints of one of its diameters. Determine the radius and the coordinates of the centre of the circles with the following ‘equations: () x ty?-12e42y+33=0 (2) 4x? +4x44y? =By-1 The equation of a circle is (x +1)? +(y-2)' - 2%x-y) =. (1) Determine the coordinates of the centre of the circle. (2) Ifthe radius of the circle is V5 units, determine the value of Determine the equation of the tangent to the circle (x+ 3)? +(y—4)? =17 at point (1; 5). The sketch alongside shows the circle with centre C and equation x? +4x+y?—6y=-3. The circle cuts the x-axis at A and B. Astraight line, x+y=5, intersects the circle in points Pand Q. DE is a tangent to the circle at T(1;2).. (1) Determine the coordinates of @) — AandB (i) PandQ (2) Determine the equation of DE. (3) Show that C lies on AP. (4) Write down, with a reason, the size of AQP. (5) _Isthe point (-5;1) inside, outside or on the circumference of the circle? 21