INPR Prelims -> Summarized CANVAS PPT

Two – Dimensional Array

- Defined as an array inside an array.
- Initialized by:

Int array_name[][];

^ ^
Data type | name or identifier | and then 2 brackets

- The first bracket dictates the rows and the second bracket dictates the columns.
Visualization:
Int matrix[2][3] = {{1,2,3} , {3,4,5}};

➢ The array’s name is matrix. It spans 2 rows and 3 columns.

➢ We could also read it as an array that could store 2 arrays inside and those 2 arrays can
store 3 elements.
Table:

matrix[][0] matrix[][1] matrix[][2]

Matrix[0][] 1 2 3
Matrix[1][] 3 4 5

- two-dimensional arrays are typically accessed using a nested for loop.

- One loop will loop through the rows, and another will loop through the columns
Example:
Output:

Functions in C
- A function is a group of statement or a block of code that could perform a specific task.
- A function is sometimes referred as a method, a sub routine, or, a procedure
- Function allows programmers to divide complex programs into bits making the program
easy to understand, and allows reusability.
Types of Function
- Standard Library Function
o Are functions included in the programming language, in this case C.
o Examples: printf(); , scanf();,
- User defined function
o Function created by the user.
Declaring a Function
Int function_name (paramter1, parameter2, …){ //code block }
^ ^ ^
Return type | name or identifier | parameter list
Or
Int function_name(parameter1, parameter2, …){
//code block
}
Return type
- a function could return a value using “return;” at the end of the function
- The data type returned by the function depends on what is declared
- Common return type:
Void -> returns nothing
Int -> returns a whole number
Float & double -> returns decimal numbers
Boolean -> returns true or false
Parameter List
- Functions could take a value as it is being called. The values it can take depends on the
parameter list.
- A parameter is like a placeholder. It is like the x in a mathematical function ( F(x) ). In
mathematics, If we replace x with a value it will use the value according to the
expression.
- A parameter works similarly. It will take a value once it is used and depending on how
the function works it will process it.

- You can create a parameter by:

Int function_name (data_type parameter_name, int x) {

//code block
}

- You first need to declare its data type and then name. You can use the parameter inside
the function by calling parameter_name.
Example of Functions
- Remember that functions are created OUTSIDE the “int main” function

- We created a function named “addTwoValues” that returns an integer and needs 2

integer parameter values.

- The addTwoValues creates a new variable called total, and then adds the 2 parameter
values.

- It then returns the total.

- Then the addTwoValues function is called in the main function. As it being called it takes
the value of num1, and num2.

- What happens inside the function is:

1. Total = a + b is replaced by Total= num1 +num2 -> total = 5+7

2. Total = 12
3. Then the function returns total which has a value of 12.

- Since the function returned a value, we can store function values inside a variable. In the
program above, it is stored in “result”.
- Then the variables are printed.
Output:

Parameters: Additional Information

- Actual Parameters : are parameters passed to a function
o In the case of the code above, the num1 and num2 are the actual parameters.
- Formal parameter: are parameters received by a function
o In the case of the code above, the int a and int b are the formal parameters.
Important points about Function
- Every C has a function called main(). This the function called by the operating system
when the user runs the program.
- Every function has a return type
- Functions can return any type except arrays and functions
- Function could have an empty parameter list, which can be called without any
parameters.
- In a C program, a function is called before its declaration
Return Statement
- Returns a value according to the data type of the function
- Return statement TERMINATES the function, and the program is transferred back to the
line it is being called.
String Function
- Strings in C are an array of characters.
- The length of string is determined by a terminating null character: ‘\0\’. So, strings with
the contents, say ‘abc’ has 4 characters: ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, and the null character.
- Since programming strings are cumbersome, it has its own standard library : <string.h>
Gets() and Puts()
- gets(string) : gets the string value and store it
- puts(string): prints the last string stored by the gets() function
Example:
Strcat()
- concatenates / append / puts together 2 strings.

strcat(target, source)

Examples:

Output:

Strncat() [Str + n + cat ()]

- strncat() appends a portion of the source to the target

strncat(target, source, length)

Example
Output

Strcopy()
- Copies string to the target

Strcopy(target, source)

- Replaces the target with the source.

Strncopy() [with n]
- Copies string to the target with a specific length

Strncopy(target, source, length)

Strlen()
- Gives the length of a given string and returns an integer

Strlen(string)

Strcmp()
- Compares two strings and return these values
Strcmp(string1, string2)

- -1 if the first string comes first alphabetically before the second string
- 0 if the second string comes first alphabetically before the first string.
- 1 if the string are equal
Strcmpi()
- Compares two strings but not case sensitive
Strcmpi(string1, string2)

Strchr()
- Returns pointer (in this case the index at which the character is found) to the first
occurrence of char in string

Strchr(string1, char)

Example
Char string1[20] = “hello word”
strchr(string1, e);
 The code above will return number 1 since its found at 2nd place. (remember that strings
are arrays, therefore their index starts at 0)

Strrchr() [with extra r]

- Returns the pointer(index of the character) to the last occurrence of given character

Strrchar(string1, char);

Strstr()
- Returns the index of the last occurrence of given character in a string is found
Strstr(string1, string2)

- Example:
Char String1[20] = “I love you”
Char String2[20] = “love”

Strstr(String1, String2);

The strstr() will return the number 2 since the last “love” is in the 3rd character. (it
returns number 2 since index start at 0)
- Example 2:
Char String1[20] = “I love love you”
Char String2[20] = “love”
Strstr(String1, String2);

The strtstr() will return the number 7 since the last “love” character is found at the 8th
character.

Strdup()
- Duplicates string, which could be stored inside a pointer.

Strdup(string)

Strlwr()
- Converts all characters of a string to lowercase

Strlwr(string)
Strupr()
- Converts all characters of a string to uppercase

Strupr(string)

Strrev()
- Reverses the string

Strrev(string)

Strset()
- Sets all character in a string to a given character

Strset(string, char)

Strnset()
- Sets all character in a string to a given character and a given length

Strnset(string, char, length)

- Example:
Char string1[20] = “hello world”
Strnset(string1, “#”, 4);
Output: ###o world

Strtok()
- Tokenizes the given string using delimiter

Strtok(string, delimiter);
 Example:

Char string1[20] = “Hello world”

Strktok(string1, “ ”);

//the delimiter is spaces

Output:
hello
world

- Strtok seperates the string hello world. It separates the word in newline by new spaces.