INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND PROTECTION

CHAPTER 1 – THE COMPUTER AND THE INTERNET

The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of need to solve
a serious number-crunching crisis. By 1880, the U.S. population had grown so large
that it took more than seven years to tabulate the U.S. census results. The government
sought a faster way to get the job done, giving rise to punch-card based computers
that took up entire rooms.
Today, we carry more computing power on our smartphones than was available
in these early models. The following brief history of computing is a timeline of how
computers evolved from their humble beginnings to the machines of today that surf
the internet, play games, and stream multimedia in addition to crunching numbers.

HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER

The computer as we know today had
it beginning with a 19th century English
mathematics professor named Charles
Babbage. He designed the Analytical Engine
and it was this design that the basic
framework of the computers of today are
based.
Generally speaking, computers can
be classified into three generations. Each
generation lasted a certain period of time,
and each gave us either a new and improved
computer or an improvement to the existing
computer.

First Generation: 1937 – 1946.

In 1937, the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff
and Clifford Berry. It was called Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943, an
electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments
continued until in 1946 the first general— purpose digital computer, the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this computer
weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When
this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia.
Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no
operating system.

CBSUA SIPOCOT BS CRIMINOLOGY

 INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND PROTECTION

Second Generation: 1947 — 1962

This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which
were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to
the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International
Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the
computer world. During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming
languages were developed, computers had memory and operating programming
systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use, also were printers for
output.

Third Generation: 1943 – present

The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of computers.
With the invention computers became smaller, more powerful more reliable and they
are able to run different programs at the same time. In 1980, Microsoft Disk Operating
System (Ms-Dos) was born and in 1981, IBM introduced the personal computer (PC)
for home and office use. Three years later, Apple gave us the Macintosh computer
with its icon driven interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.
As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we
have seen the computer being used in all areas of life. It is very useful tool that will
continue to experience new development as time passes.

What does Computer mean?

A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and
operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It is
designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions by combining
integrated hardware and software components.
In simple terms, a computer is a machine that uses electronics to input,
process, store, and output data.
A computer is made up of multiple parts and components that facilitate user
functionality. A computer has two primary categories:
1. Hardware: Physical structure that houses a computer's processor, memory,
storage, communication ports and peripheral devices
2. Software: Includes operating system (OS) and software applications
A computer works with software programs that are sent to its so underlying
hardware architecture for reading, interpretation and execution. Computers are
classified according to computing power, capacity, size, mobility and other factors, as
personal computers ad (PC), desktop computers, laptop computers, minicomputers,
handheld computers and devices, mainframes or supercomputers.

CBSUA SIPOCOT BS CRIMINOLOGY

 INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND PROTECTION

Computer Fundamentals
A computer is an electronic machine that accepts data, stores and processes
data into information. The computer is able to work because there are instructions in
its memory directing it. The parts of the computer that you can see and touch, such as
the keyboard, monitor and the mouse are called hardware. The instructions that direct
the computer are called software or computer program.
Data which is raw facts that the user enters into the computer is called input.
This includes words, numbers, sound, and pictures. When the data is entered into the
computer, the computer processes the data to produce information which is output.
For example, you enter 2+2 into the computer as data, the computer processes it and
the result is 4 which is information.
Computers are usually categorized into three general categories:
1. Supercomputer - The fastest, largest, most powerful and most expensive
computer.
2. Mainframe Computer – This is a little smaller and less powerful than the
supercomputer, but, like, the supercomputer, it is also expensive.
3. Personal Computer (PC) - This is the computer that most people use in their
daily lives. This computer is much smaller, less powerful and less expensive
than the supercomputer and the mainframe computer.
There are two main types of personal computers. Macintosh (Macs) and the PC
compatibles (PC). The main difference between the two is the operating systems and
the processors they use. This category of computer has two additional types of
computers. These are mobile computer and handheld computer. The most popular
type of mobile computer is the notebook or laptop computer, and the handheld
computer is a very small PC that you can hold in your hand,
It is important to note that, any computer, regardless of its size has an input device,
output device, and a system unit.

Computer Hardware
You learned earlier that a computer has electronic and mechanical parts known
as hardware. Hardware also includes input devices, output devices, system unit,
storage devices, and communication devices. Without these components, we would
not be able to use the computer.
Input Devices – an input device is any hardware component that allows the user to
enter the data into computer. There are many input devices.
Six of the most widely used input devices are:
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Microphone

CBSUA SIPOCOT BS CRIMINOLOGY

 INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND PROTECTION

5. Digital camera
6. PC Video camera

Output Devices - An output device is any hardware component that gives information
to the user.
Three commonly used output devices are as follow:
1. Monitor -- This output device displays your information on a screen,
2. Printer -- This output device prints information on paper. This type of printed
output is called a hard copy
3. Speaker -- Sound is the type of output you will get from a speaker.

Computer Software
The computer will not work without software. Software also called programs.
These are the instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to do it. The two
main categories of software are system software and application software. The system
software also called the operating system (OS) actually runs the computer. This
software controls all the operations of the computer and its devices. All computers use
system software and without the system software the application software will not work.
The most common OS on a PC is the Windows operating system and for the Mac
computer it would be the Mac operating system.
Application software is a program that allows users to a specific task on the
computer. There are a number of different types of application software available to
do many of the tasks we do daily.
Four examples of common application software and what they are used for are:
1. Word Processing Applications: One word processing program is Microsoft
Word. This program allows you to type letters, assignments, and to do any other
written activity on the computer.
2. Spreadsheet Application: Microsoft Excel is an example of a spreadsheet
program. One can use this program to create charts and do calculations.
3. E-mail Application: Outlook Express is an e-mail program that allows you to
receive and send e-mails.
4. Internet Application: Internet Explorer is a program that allows you to get
connected to the Internet and look at Websites like the one you are reading
now.
It is important to note that when you buy a computer the compute-comes with the
operating system and some software already installed. You may have to buy more
software and install them on the computer. Install means to load the software onto the
hard disk of the computer so that you can run or use the software.

CBSUA SIPOCOT BS CRIMINOLOGY

 INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND PROTECTION

Like any other equipment the computer needs to be cared for: let us discuss how
we should go about caring for our computer.

Storage Media
Storage keeps data, information and instructions for use in future. All computers
use storage to keep the software that the hardware work.
As a user you store a variety of data and information on your computer or on
storage media. Storage media are the physical materials on which data, information
and instructions are kept. When a user saves information or data to a storage medium,
he or she is storing a file, and this process is called writing. When the file is opened
the process is called reading.
Common storage media are:
1. Hard Drive: This medium comes with the computer and is always inside the
computer. It stores all the programs that the computer needs to work. In addition,
user stores their data and information on the hard drive.
2. Floppy disk: This storage medium is considered to be a portable storage
medium. You put it into the computer, save information on it, take it out, and
take it with you wherever you go.
3. CD & DVD: These types of storage media hold much more information than a
floppy disk. They are also considered portable storage. These types of storage
media come in different forms. This means that there are CDs and DVDs that
you can only save information on but you cannot erase the information. In
addition there are those that can both save information on and erase the
information you have saved.
4. USB Flash Drive: This is a storage medium that is very easy to carry around
and it also holds more data than a floppy disk. As you can see from the picture
below it is very small when compared with the others.
Computer Communication
Computer communications refers to the exchange of data, commands, and
information between two or more computers or devices.
Electronic system that relay data from one location to another are known as
communication system. E-mail, phone calls, video conferencing, electronic banking,
and other technologies are supported by communication networks.
Four Basic Elements of Communication System
Any communication system, whether wired or wireless, has the following
components.
1. Sending or Receiving Devices – a computer or specialized networking
system is commonly used for this. They send and receive data, information,
and instructions in the form of messages.

CBSUA SIPOCOT BS CRIMINOLOGY

 INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND PROTECTION

2. Connection Devices – these devices serve as a link between transmitting and

receiving device as well as the contact medium. They convert incoming
messages into packets that can be sent over a network. For incoming
messages, they even reverse the operation.
3. Data Transmission Specification – these are the rules and procedures that
coordinate the transmitting and receiving devices by specifying how the
message can be transmitted through the transmission channel precisely.
4. Communication Channel – this is the actual connecting or transmission
medium that carries the message from one computer to another.
Computer Care
Taking care of your computer is just as important as taking care of your books.
Both the internal and the external parts of the computer have to be cared for. Scanning,
defragging and reformatting are some of the activities performed to clean up the hard
drive. These activities are best left to a grown up and such you should not attempt
them.
However, there are certain tasks you can perform to ensure your computer is clean;
here are a few:
1. Keep Dust Away: Dust your computer to keep it free of dust and dirt.
2. Keep Food Away: Do not eat or drink while working on the computer.
3. Use Clean Hands: Make sure your hands are clean before you type on the
keyboard of click the mouse.
4. Treat With Respect: If you are having problems with your computer, ask for
help. Do not bang or hit the computer.
5. Keep Off: Seeing that the computer is connected to electricity, this means that
lightning could be conducted to your computer through the electrical connection.
For this reason it is best not to use your computer during a storm.
6. Stop Virus Attack: A computer virus is a program written by a person on
purpose to harm other people computers. A computer virus is passed from one
computer or another when you share and download files without the protection
of an antivirus software. For this reason you should get permission before
downloading files.
7. Handle With Care: The way you handle your CDs determine how long they will
last. Always hold the CD correctly.
History of Internet
The Internet timeline begins in 1962, before the word “Internet” is invented. The
world’s 10,000 computers are primitive, although they cost hundreds of thousands of
dollars. They have only a few thousand words of magnetic core memory, and
programming them is far from easy.
Domestically, data communication over the phone lines is an AT & T monopoly.
The ‘Picturephone' of 1939, shown again York World's Fair in 1964, is still AT&T's
answer to the future of worldwide communications.

CBSUA SIPOCOT BS CRIMINOLOGY

 INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND PROTECTION

But the four-year old Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S.
Department of Defense, a future-oriented funder of 'high-risk, high-gain' research, lays
the groundwork for what becomes the ARPANET and, much later, the Internet.
ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983, and from there researchers began
to assemble the "network of networks" that became the modern Internet. The online
world then took on a more recognizable form in 1990, when computer scientist Tim
Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web.
Vint Cerf. Widely known as a "Father of the Internet," Cerf is the co-designer of the
TCP/IP protocols and the architecture of the Internet. In December 1997, President
Bill Clinton presented the U.S. National Medal of Technology to Cerf and his colleague,
Robert E. Kahn, for founding and developing the Internet.
Michael Bauer, the original owner of Internet.org before Facebook founder and
CEO Mark Zuckerberg, discovered what became of his treasured domain just like
anyone else: while watching Chris Cuomo on CNN.
Meaning of Internet
The Internet sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer
networks – a networks of networks in which user at any one computer, can if they have
permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to
users at other computers).
It is also a means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the
world via dedicated routers and servers. When two computers are connected over the
Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics,
voice, video, and computer programs.
Basically, the way the Internet works is by connecting billions of computers
together in things called networks. Networks ("Net" for short) are clusters of computers
linked together so that they can send data to each other. That is the ISP's network you
are on. The Internet grew out of the Advanced Research Projects Agency's Wide Area
Network (then called ARPANET) established by the US Department Of Defense in
1960s for collaboration in military research among business and government
laboratories.
Later universities and other US institutions connected to it. This resulted in
ARPANET growing beyond everyone's expectations and acquiring the name 'Internet.'
The development of hypertext based technology (called World Wide Web, WWW, or
just the Web) provided means of displaying text, graphics, and animations, and easy
search and navigation tools that triggered Internet's explosive worldwide growth.
Different Types of Internet Connections
There are many ways a personal electronic device can connect to the internet.
They all use different hardware and each has a range of connection speeds. As
technology changes, faster internet connections are needed to handle those changes.
I thought it would be interesting to list some of the different types of Internet

CBSUA SIPOCOT BS CRIMINOLOGY

 INTRODUCTION TO CYBERCRIME AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND PROTECTION

connections that are available for home and personal use, paired with their average
speeds.
1. Dial-Up (Analog 56K). - Dial-up access is cheap but slow. A modem (internal or
external) connects to the Internet after the computer dials a phone number. This
analog signal is converted to digital via the modem and sent over a land-line
serviced by a public telephone network. Telephone lines are variable in quality
and the connection can be poor at times. The lines regularly experience
interference and this affects the speed, anywhere from 28K to 56K. Since a
computer or other device shares the same line as the telephone, they can’t be
active at the same time.
2. DSL. DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It is internet connection that is
always “on”. This uses 2 line so your phone is not tied up when your computer
is connected. There is also no need to dial a phone number to connect. DSL
uses a router to transport data and the range of connection speed, depending
on the service offered, is between 28K to 8Mbps.
3. Cable. Cable provides an internet connection through a cable modem and
operates over cable TV lines. There are different speeds depending on if you
are uploading data transmission or downloading. Since the coax cable provides
a much greater bandwidth over dial-up or DSL telephone lines, you can get
faster access. Cable speeds range from 512K to 20 Mbps.
4. Wireless. Wireless or Wi-Fi, as the name suggests, does not use telephone
lines or cables to connect to the internet. Instead, it uses radio frequency.
Wireless is also an always on connection and it can be accessed from just about
anywhere. Wireless networks are growing in coverage areas by the minute so
when I mean access from just about anywhere, I really mean it. Speeds will
vary, and the range is between 5 Mbps to 20 Mbps.
5. Satellite. Satellite access the internet via a satellite in Earth’s orbit. The
enormous distance that a signal travels from earth to satellite and back again,
provides a delayed connection compared to cable and DSL. Satellite
connection speeds are around 512K to 2 Mbps.
6. Cellular. Cellular technology provides wireless internet access through cell
phones. The speeds vary depending on the provider, but the most common are
3G and 4G speeds. A 3G is a term that describes a 3 rd Generation cellular
network obtaining mobile speeds of around 2 Mbps. 4G is the 4th Generation of
cellular wireless standards. The goal of 4G is to achieve peak mobile speeds
of 100 Mbps but the reality is about 21 Mbps currently.

CBSUA SIPOCOT BS CRIMINOLOGY