MATRIX

A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers (real or complex) usually

arranged in rows and columns enclosed by pair of brackets “[ ]”, double bars
“|| ||” or parentheses “( )”.
1st 2nd 3rd
Rows lies Horizontally 1 2 3 1st
Column 4 5 6 2nd
Columns lies vertically 2 9 8 3rd
Rows
Matrix elements: The number of which a matrix composed are called matrix
elements. A row of matrix is always written horizontally. A column of matrix
is always written vertically. A rectangular arrangement of numbers in “m”
rows and “n” columns is called as matrix of order mn.

Remarks: A matrix is not a number; it has got no numerical values.

Example: 5 is a simple number, but the notation of matrix [5] is a matrix of

order 11.

Types of matrix:

1. Row matrix: A matrix which has exactly one row that matrix is called row
matrix. Example: [ 0 ] [2 9] [3 5 9]

2. Column matrix: The matrix which has exactly one column is called
column matrix.
2
Example: 3 7
[1]
5 6
3. Square matrix: The matrix where the number of rows is equal to number
of column that matrix is called square matrix.

Example: 5 9 4 2 4
[4] 3 8 6 0 3 22
11
1 0 8
33

4. Null matrix: The matrix each of whose element is zero, it is called null
matrix.
Example: 0 0
[0]
0 0

5. Diagonal matrix: A square matrix whose every element other than

diagonal element must be zero, it is called diagonal matrix.

Example: 1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 3 33

Remarks: The diagonal elements in a diagonal matrix may also be zero.

Example: 0 0
0 0
6. Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are equal, it is
called sealer matrix.

Example: 3 0 0 1 0
0 0
0 3 0 0 1
0 0
0 0 3
7. Identity or unit matrix: A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are
all equal to one, it is called identity or unit matrix.

Example: 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1

8. Triangular matrix : There are two types-

a) Upper triangular matrix: A square matrix in which all the elements

below the principal diagonal are zero ( 0 ) is called upper triangular matrix.
Example : 1 2 3
0 4 2
0 0 6

b) Lower triangular matrix: A square matrix in which all the elements

above the principal diagonal are zero is called lower triangular matrix.
Example : 1 0 0
5 4 0
3 9 6
9. Rectangular matrix : The matrix where the number of rows are not equal
to number of columns is called rectangular matrix.

Example: 3 5 8
5 7 9
10. Symmetric matrix: If a matrix is unaffected by transposing the rows and
columns then it is called symmetric matrix.

Example : 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 4 -5 = 2 4 -5 which is
unaffected
3 -5 6 3 -5 6
11. Sub matrix : A matrix which is obtained from a given matrix by deleting
any number of rows and columns is called a “sub- matrix” of the given
matrix.
Example : 1 2 3
second matrix is the
2 4 -5 4 -5 sub matrix of first
3 -5 6 -5 6 matrix

Addition and subtraction of matrices:

If A and B are two matrices of the same order then-

3 2 1  5 1 0 
A=   B=  
5 3 8  23 0 3 9  23

3 + 5 2 + 1 1 + 0  8 3 1 
A+B=   =
5 + 0 3 + 3 8 + 9 5 6 17

3 − 5 2 − 1 1 − 0  - 2 1 1
A−B=   = - 1
5 − 0 3 − 3 8 − 9  5 0

Scalar multiplication of matrix: If ‘A’ is a mn order matrix (that mean m

rows and n columns) and k is a real number (k also called sealer) then KA is
defined as the matrix each element of which is K times the corresponding
elements of the matrix ‘A’.

3 2 1
Let, K=3 and A= 
5  3 8

3 2 1
KA = 3  
5 3 8

3  3 23 1 3 
=
5  3 3 3 8  3

9 6 3 
=
15 9 24
Equality of matrices: Two matrices are said to be equal if and only if

a) They are comparative that is same order.

b) Each element of one is equal to the corresponding element of the other.

2 1
3 a 3 5
Example: A =  B= C = b c 
5 2 22 5 2 22
5 2 32

C matrix is not equal of A and B. If a=5, then A=B.

Problem: 1
3 2 1 0
Find x if y =   and 2 x + y = 
1 4 − 3 2

1 0
Solution: Given that, 2x + y = 
− 3 2

1 0 
 2x =  −y
- 3 2

1 0  3 2
or, 2x =  −
- 3 2 1 4 

1 - 3 0 - 2
or, 2x = 
- 3 - 1 2 - 4

− 2 −2
or, 2x = 
− 4 −2

1 − 2 −2
or, x = 
2 − 4 −2

− 1 −1
x =  (Ans.)
− 2 −1

Problem: 2
a + b 2  6 2
If matrices  = Find the values of a and b.
5 ab 5 8 
Solution: If (a+b) =6 and ab=8 then the matrix is equalities matrix.

Let, a+b=6 ⎯⎯⎯(i)

ab = 8 ⎯⎯ (ii)
8
a= ⎯⎯ (iii)
b

Putting the value of a in to equation no (i)

a+b= 6
8
 +b = 6
b

8 + b2
or, =6
b

or, 8 + b 2 = 6b
or, b 2 − 6b + 8 = 0
or, b 2 − 4b − 2b + 8 = 0
or, b(b − 4) − 2(b − 4) = 0

or, (b − 4)(b − 2) = 0

 (b − 4) = 0 Again, (b − 2) = 0

b = 4 b = 2

Now, Putting the value of b in the equation no ⎯⎯ (iii)

8
a=
b

8
a = [When b=4]
4

or, a=2

8
Again, a =
b

8
a = [When b=2]
2
 a = 4

Ans.: (a, b ) = (2.4) (4.2)

9 1 1 5 
Problem: If A=   ; B=  Find the matrix X such that,
4 3 7 12

3A+5B+2X = 0

Solution: Given that, 3A+5B+2x=0

or, 2x=-3A-5B

or, 2x= -(3A+5B)

x= - 3 A + 5B 
1
or,
2

1  9 1 1 5 
or, x = − 3  + 5  
2  4 3 7 12 

1  9  3 1 3  1 5 5  5 
or, x = −  + 
2  4  3 3  3 7  5 12  5 

1  27 3 5 25 
or, x = −  + 
2  12 9 35 60 

1 27 + 5 3 + 25
or, x = − 
2 12 + 35 9 + 60

1 32 28
or, x=  (Ans.)
2 47 69

Multiplication of matrix: A  B can be calculated If and only if the number

of columns in matrix A are equal to number of rows in matrix B or the
number of rows in matrix A are equal to number of columns in matrix B.
d1 e1 
a1 c1 
B = d 2 e2 
b1
Example: A=
a 2 b2 c 2  23
d 3 e3  32

a1  d1 + b1d 2 + c1d 3 a1e1 + b1e2 + c1e3 

 A B =  
a 2  d1 + b2 d 2 + c2 d 3 a 2 e1 + b2 e2 + c2 e3 
 2 0 5 1
Example: A=  B=
5 3 22 3 5 22

2  5 + 0  3 2  1 + 0  5
A B = 
5  5 + 3  3 5  1 + 3  5 

10 + 0 2+0 
=
25 + 9 5 + 15

10 2 
=
34 20

1 2
Problem: If A =  find A 2 + 3 A + 5 I where I is unit matrix of order2
− 3 0

1 0
Solution: So, I= 
0 1 

1 2 1 2
A2 = A  A =  
− 3 0 − 3 0

11 + 2  (− 3) 1 2 + 2  0 
=
− 3 1 + 0  (− 3) −3  2 + 0  0

1 − 6 2+0 
=
− 3 − 0 −6 + 0

− 5 2 
=
− 3 −6

1 2 3 6
3A = 3   =
− 3 0 − 9 0

1 0 5 0
5I = 5   =
0 1  0 5

− 5 2  3 6 5 0
 A 2 + 3 A + 51 =  + +
− 3 −6 − 9 0 0 5

− 5 + 3 + 5 2+6+0 
=
− 3 − 9 + 0 −6 + 0 + 5
 3 8 
= (Answer)
− 12 −1

a h  x 
Problem: Find x, y x 
b   y 
x
h

a h  x 
Solution: x, y x 
b   y 
x
h

a  x + h  y  
= x y x 
h  x + b  y  

ax + hy 
= x y x  
hx + by 

= x(ax + hy ) + y (hx + by )

= ax 2 + hxy + hyx + by 2

= ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 Ans.

Problem-05:

 2 1 0  1 2 3 4 
   
Obtain the product  3 2 1    2 0 1 2 
1 0 1   3 1 0 5 
   

Solution:

 2 1 0  1 2 3 4 
   
 3 2 1   2 0 1 2 
1 0 1   3 1 0 5 
   

 2  1 + 1 2 + 0  3 2  2 + 1 0 + 0  1 2  3 + 1 1 + 0  0 2  4 + 1 2 + 0  5 
 
=  3  1 + 2  2 + 1 3 3  2 + 2  0 + 11 3  3 + 2  1 + 1 0 3  4 + 2  2 + 1 5 
1  1 + 0  2 + 1  3 1 2 + 0  0 + 1 1 1 3 + 0  1 + 1 0 1  4 + 0  2 + 1  5 


2 + 2 + 0 4+0+0 6 +1+ 0 8+2+0 

 
= 3 + 4 + 3 6 + 0 +1 9+2+0 12 + 4 + 5 
1 + 0 + 3 2 + 0 +1 3+0+0 4 + 0 + 5 

 4 4 7 10 
 
= 10 7 11 21 Ans.
4 9 
 3 3

 Transpose of a matrix: When a matrix interchanges of its rows and

columns then it is called transpose of a matrix and it is denoted by A or AT.
Example-

1 0 2 1 2 3
A = 2 1 3   A = 0
/
1 2
3 2 5  33 2 3 5 

 Properties of a matrix:

i. ( A)  = A

ii. (A+B)=A+B

iii. (AB)=AB

 Difference between symmetric and Transpose matrix:

1. In transpose matrix is affected by transposing the rows and columns.
In contrast in symmetries matrix is unaffected by transposing the rows and
columns.

2. In transpose matrix may be square matrix or may not be square matrix.

In contrast, in Symmetric matrix, matrix must be square matrix.

A square matrix is said to be symmetric if transpose of A, (A) is equal

to A.

1 2 1 2
A= A/ = 
2 2 2 2

 A=A
Problem-7

1 3
1 3
B = - 1 0 then show that, (AB)=BA
-2
If A = 
- 4 2 5
2 4

Solution: L.H.S = (AB)

1 3
1 3
 − 1 0
-2
 AB =  
- 4 2 5 23
2 4 3 2

1  1 + (-2)  (-1) + 3  2 1  3 + (-2)  0 + 3  4

=
- 4  1 + 2  (-1) + 5  2 −4  3 + 2  0 + 5  4 

1 + 2 + 6 3 - 0 + 12 
=
- 4 - 2 + 10 -12 + 0 + 20

9 15
=
4 8 

9 4
 (AB) / = 
15 8 

R.H.S. = BA

1 3
1 −1 2
B = - 1 0 B/ = 
3 0 4
2 4

1 −4
1 3
 A = − 2 2 
-2
A= /

- 4 2 5
3 5 

1 −4
1 −1 2
 B/ A / =   − 2 2 
3 0 4 23 
3 5  32

1  1 + (-1)  (-2) + 2  3 1  (-4) + (-1)  2 + 2  5

=
3  1 + 0  (-2) + 4  3 3  (-4) + 0  2 + 4  5 
 1 + 2 + 6 -4 - 2 + 10 
=
3 - 0 + 12 -12 + 0 + 20

9 4
=
15 8 

 L.H.S. = R.H.S. (Proved)

“DETERMINATE”
Determinate of a square matrix: It is calculated from a square matrix and
denoted by A . The determinant of a square matrix is associated with some

values where as matrix is essentially and arrangement of numbers and as such

has no value.

Types of Determinants:

(1) First order determinant/ determinant of order 1:

Let, A=[a11] be a square matrix of order one.

When, we define (determinant of A) |A|= a11

Here,

1st 1= Row

and 2nd 1= Column.

If A = 5 is a square matrix of order one-

| A |= 5

(2) 2nd order determinant/ determinant of order 2:

a11 a12 
Let, A=  be a square matrix of order two.
a21 a22 

When, we define |A|= (a11  a22 ) − (a21  a12 )

 6 9
Example A= 
0 2

 A = (6  2 ) − (0  9 )

= 12 − 0 = 12 .( Ans ).
3rd order determinant/ determinant of order 3:

Let,
a11 a12 a13 
A= a21 a22 a23  be a square matrix of 3 order/ 3  3 order.
a31 a32 a33 

 |A| = a11(a22a33-a32a23)-a12(a21a33-a31a23) + a13(a21a32-a31a22).

Example-
0 3 2
A = 9 4 5  is a 33 order square matrix Find |A| =?
6 3 2

solve- |A|= 0(42-35) –3(92-65)+2(93-46)

=0(8-15)-3(18-30)+2(27-24)
=(0-7)-(3-12)+(23)
=0+36+6
=42. (Ans.)
Determinate of order 4:
a11 a12 a13 a14 
a a 22 a 23 a 24 
Let, A=  21
a31 a32 a33 a34 
 
a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44 

Then,
a22 a23 a24  a21 a23 a24 
|A|= a11 a32 a33 a34  - a12 a31
 a33 a34 

a42 a43 a44  a41 a43 a44 

a21 a22 a24  a21 a22 a23 

a  
+a13
 31 a32 a34  -a14 a31 a32 a33 
a41 a42 a44  a a43 
 41 a42
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS:

There are 5 properties.

(1) If two rows (or columns) are interchanged in a determinant it

retains its absolute value but changes its sign.

a1 a2 a3  b1 b2 b3 
A= + b1 b2 b3  = - a1 a2 a3 
c1 c2 c3  c1 c2 c3 

(2) If Two rows ( or columns) are identical in a determinant it vanishes

or zero.

a1 a2 a3  a1 a1 b1 
A= a1 a2 
a3  =0, A= a2 a2 b2  =0.
b1 b2 b3  a3 a3 b3 

(3) If rows are changed into columns and columns are changed into
rows, the determinant remain unchanged.

a1 a2 a3  a1 b1 c1 
A= b1 b2 b3  = a2 b2 c2 
c1 c2 c3  a3 b3 c3 

(4) If every element in any row (or column) of the determinant is

multiplied by same scalar ‘K’ then the value of the determinant
gets multiplied by the same scalar. That is the value of the new
determinant is k times the value of original determinant.

a1 a2 a3  a1 a2 a3 
A= b1 b2 b3  = k b
  1 b2 b3 
kc1 kc2 
kc3  c1 c2 c3 

(5) If any row or column is the sum of two or more elements then the
determinant can be expressed as sum of or more determinants.
a1 + k1 a2 a3  a1 a2 a3  k1 a2 a3 
b + k b2 b3  = b1 b2 b3  + k 2 b2 b3 
 1 2
c1 + k 3 c2 c3  c1 c2 c3  k 3 c2 c3 

Minors: A minor of a matrix A is the determinant of some smaller square matrix, cut
down from A by removing one or more of its rows and columns. Minors obtained by
removing just one row and one column from square matrices (first minors). It’s called
minors of  a1  & it denoted by  A1 

a1 b1 c1
b c2
Let, A = a 2 b2 c 2 , Minors of a1 = 2 , A1 = b2 c3 − b3 c2
b3 c3
a3 b3 c3

a2 c2
Similarly, Minors of b1 = , B1 = a2 c3 − a3c2
a3 c3

Cofactor: If we multiply the minor of the element in the 1st row & 1st column
of the determinant of the matrix by (−1)r +c the product is called the cofactor of
the element.
Cofactor of any element = (−1)r + c  it’s minors. Where “r” is the number of
rows and c is the number of columns in which that element lies.
Cofactor is denoted by A1 , Cofactor of a1 = A1
a1 b1 c1
Example: a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3

a1 c1
Minor of b2 = = a1c3 − a3c1
a3 c3

So, Cofactor of b2 = B2 = (− 1)2+ 2  (a1c3 − a3 c1 ) = a1c3 − a3c1

b1 c
Cofactor of a 2 = A2 = = (− 1)2+ 2  (b1c3 b3 c1 ) = − (b1c3 b3 c1 )
b3 c3
Suppose,
4 3
is a
9 8

Here, cofactor of 9= (− 1)r + c  its min or = (− 1)2+1  3 = − 3

In terms of cofactor the above state result reduce to,
a1 A1 + b1 B1 + c1c1 = 

Because, a1 A1 + b1 B1 + c1c1 = a1 A3 + b1 B3 + c1c3 = 0

Cramers rules for solution of linear equation:

a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1

a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d 2

a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d 3

x y z
Rule,
d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
1
d2 b2 c2 = a2 d2 c2 = a2 b2 d2 =

d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

x y z 1
or, = = =
Dx Dy Dz 

Remarks: Rule can be applied in case of   0

Here, =Value of determinant equal to 0 then, we take help of the

matrix in solving the problem.

Problem14:

Solve with the help of determinant

x+ y+z =9
2 x + 5x + 7 z = 52
2x + y − z = 0
Here the determinant of coefficient of x,y,z.

1 1 1
 =2 5 7 = 1(− 5 − 7 ) − 1(− 2 − 14) + 1(2 − 10)
2 1 −1

=12+16-8=-20+16 =-4  0

9 1 1
Dx = 52 5 7 = 9(− 5 − 7 ) − 1(− 52 − 0) + 1(52 − 0)
0 1 −1

= 9(− 12 ) + 52 + 52

= −108 + 104

= −4

1 9 1
Dy = 2 52 7 = 1(− 52 − 0) − 9(− 2 − 14) + 1(0 − 104)
2 0 −1

= −52 + 144 − 104

= −156 + 144

= −12

1 1 9
Dz = 2 5 52 = 1(0 − 52) − 10(0 − 104) + 9(2 − 10)
2 1 0

= 52 + 104 − 72

= −124 + 104

= −20

x y z 1
we know, = = =
Dx Dy Dz 

x y z 1
or, = = =
− 4 − 12 − 20 − 4
 x 1 y 1 z 1
= = =
Dx  Dy  Dx 
Dx Dy Dz
x = y= z=
So,  or,  or, 
−4 − 12 − 20
x= y= z=
−4 −4 −4
x =1 y=3 z = 5

So, x = 1, y = 3, and z = 5 Ans .

Adjoint of square matrix:

Let, A be a square matrix then adjoint of A= A & then put co-factor

every element.

or,

After co-factoring every elements of a square matrix when that matrix

transposed then it is called adjoint of a matrix.
For example:
4 3
A= 
6 5

Co- factor of 4= (− 1)1+1  5 = 5

Co- factor of 3= (− 1)1+ 2  6 = −6

Co- factor of 6= (− 1)2+1  3 = −3

Co- factor of 5= (− 1)2+ 2  4 = 4

5 −6
Co- factor of A= 
− 3 4 

5 −3
Adjoint of A= 
4 
Ans.
− 6

Inverse of matrix:

Let, A be any square matrix of order ‘n’. If there exists a square matrix
B of order ‘n’ which satisfies the relation A  B=B  A=I where, I is the
identity matrix of order ‘n’ then B is called the inverse of A& it is denoted by
A −1 .

Remark: If A is a square matrix; Such that (determinant A) |A|  0

Adjo int ofA

To determine A-1 =
| A|

2 2 0 
Problem: Find the inverse of a matrix 2 1 1 
− 7 2 −3

Solution: Determinant of A=2  (-3-2)-2  (-6+7)+0(4+7)

= 2  (-5)-2  (1)+0(11)

= -10-2+0

= -12

| A |= −12

Since |A| =-12  0 ; So the matrix is non singular.

Co-factor of 2 = (− 1)1+1  (− 5) = −5

Co-factor of 2= (− 1)1+2  (1) = −1

Co-factor of 0= (− 1)1+3  (11) = 11

Co-factor of 2= (− 1)2+1  (− 6) = 6

Co-factor of 1= (− 1)2+2  −6 = −6

Co-factor of 1= (− 1)2+3 18 = −18

Co-factor of –7= (− 1)3+1  2 = 2

Co-factor of 2= (− 1)3+ 2  2 = −2
 Co-factor of –3= (− 1)3+3  −2 = −2

− 5 −1 11 
Co-factor of matrix A= 6 −6 −18
2 −2 −2 

− 5 6 2 
 Adjoint of A= − 1 −6 −2
11 −18 −2

− 5 6 2 
1 
−2
Adjo int ofA
−1
A = = − − 1 −6
| A| 12
11 −18 −2

5 1 1
12 − − 
2 6
 
=
1 1 1 
12
Ans.
2 6 
 
− 11 3 1 
 12 2 6 

4 3
Problem: If A=  then show that;
6 5

A  A −1 = I

Solution: Determinant of A= 20-18=2

Cofactor of 4= (− 1)1+1  5 = 5

Cofactor of 3= (− 1)1+ 2  6 = −6

Cofactor of 6= (− 1)2+1  3 = −3

Cofactor of 5= (− 1)2+ 2  4 = 4

5 −6
Cofactor of matrix A= 
− 3 4 

5 −3
 Adjoint of A= 
− 6 4 
 Adjo int A
 A−1 =
| A|

1 5 −3 2.5 −1.5

= =
2 − 6 4  − 3 2 

4 3 2.5 −1.5
A  A −1 =  
6 5 − 3 2 

4  2.5 + 3  −3 4  (− 1.5) + 3  2
=
6  2.5 + 5  −3 6  (− 1.5) + 5  2

10 − 9 −6 + 6  1 0
= = =I
15 − 15 −9 + 10 0 1 

 A  A −1 = I [Proved]

Problem: There are two families A and B. There 4 men, 6 women, and 2
child in family A, and 2 men, 2 women and four child in family B : The
recommended daily and for protein is men 55 gram, women 45 gram, and
child 33 gram. Represents the above information by matrix. Using matrix
multiplication calculated the total requirements of callory and protein. For
each of the two families.

Solution:

The numbers of the two families can be represented by-let.

Men Women Child

A= 4 6 2
D =  

B= 2 2 4

The recommended daily allowance of callory and proteins of each member

can be represented by
 Men Women Child
Callory→ 2.400 1.900 1.800
E =  

Protein→ 55 45 33 

The total requirements of callories and proteins for each of the two
families can be shown by matrix-

4 6 2 2400 1900 1800

DE =  
2 2 4 55
 45 33 

2400 55
4 2 1900 45  By tranposions
6
=  
2 2 4 
1800 33 

4  2400 + 6  1900 + 2  1800 4  55 + 6  45 + 2  33

2  2400 + 2  1900 + 4  1800 2  55 + 2  45 + 4  33


9,600 + 11,400 + 3,600 220 + 270 + 66

=
4,800 + 3,800 + 7,200 110 + 90 + 132 

24,600 556
=
15,800 332

Calorie Protein
A = 24,600 556
 332
B = 15,800

Hence, family A required 24,600 Calorie and 556-gram Protein, &

Family B requires 15,800 Calorie and 332-gram Protein.

Problem

A manufacturing unit produces 3 types of TV sets A, Band C. The following

matrix shows the sale of TV sets in two different cities-

A B C
C -1 400 300 200
300 100 
C-2  200

If cost price of each set A, B, C is Tk. 1000, Tk. 2000 and Tk. 3000
respectively and selling price Tk. 1500, Tk. 3000 and Tk. 4000 respectively.
Find the total profit using matrix algebra only.

Solution: Money spend in producing TV sets A,B,C are Tk. 1000, Tk. 2000
and Tk. 3000 respectively.

Sale of television in different two cities

400 300 200

=
300 200 100 

So the total money spend in producing TV sets A, B, C.

D = 1000 2000 3000  = Cost

400 300 200

E= = Total production / total sale
300 200 100 

400 300 200

 D  E = 1000 2000 300013  
300 200 100  23

400 300
= 1000 2000 300013  300 200
200 100  32

= 1000  400 + 2000  300 + 3000  200 1000  300 + 2000  200 + 3000  100 

= 400000 + 600000 + 600000 300000 + 400000 + 300000 

= 1600000 1000000 
So, Total money spend in producing 3 sets of TV

Total cost =(1600000+1000000)

= 2600000 Tk.

Per unit selling price,F = [1500 3000 4000]

400 300 200

E  F =   1500 400013
100  23
3000
300 200

400 300
= 300 200  1500 3000 400013
200 100  32

= 400  1500 + 300  3000 + 200  4000 300  1500 + 200  3000 + 4000  100 

= 600000 + 900000 + 800000 450000 + 600000 + 400000 

= 2300000 1450000 

Total selling price = (2300000+1450000) = 3750000

We know that, Total profit = Total revenue –Total cost

= 3750000-260000

= 1150000 Tk. Ans.

Problem

A Finance company has offices located in every division; every district and
every thana of a Country. Assume that there 5 divisions 30 district and 200
thanas in the country. Each office has 1 head clerk, 1 cashier, 1 clerk and 1
peon. A divisional office has in addition an office superendent, 2 clerks, 1
typist and 1 peon. A district office has in addition 1 clerk and 1 peon. The
basic monthly salaries are as follows office superintend Tk. 500, head clerk
Tk. 200, cashier Tk. 175, clerk and typists Tk. 150 and peon Tk. 100 using
matrix notation. Find-
1) The total number of post of each kind in all the offices taken together.

2) The total basic monthly salary bill of each kind of office.

3) The total basic salary bill of all the offices taken together.

Solution : The number of offices can be arranged

Divisions Districts Thanas
A = [5 30 200]

Staff composition of each office can be arranged in matrix-

H C CL P OS T
B = D 1 1 3 2 1 1 
O 1 1 2 2 0 0
Th  
1 1 1 1 0 0

D will have the element that correspond basic monthly salary

D=H 200
C 175 
 
CL 150 
P  
OS 100 
T 500 
 
150 

1) The total number of posts of each kind in all the office are the elements of
the matrix-

1 1 3 2 1 1
A  B = 5 30 20013  1 1 2 2 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 36

=
5  1 + 30  1 + 200  15  1 + 30  1 + 200  1 5  3 + 30  2 + 200  1 5  2 + 30  2 + 200  1
5  1 + 30  0 + 200  0 5  1 + 30  0 + 200  0
= 235 235 275 270 5 5

=1025 Tk.

2) The total basic monthly salary bill of each kind offices are the

200
175 
1 1 3 2 1 1   
 
B  D = 1 1 2 2 0 0  
150

 100 
1 1 1 1 0 0  36
500 
 
150  61

1  200 + 1  175 + 3  150 + 2  100 + 1  500 + 1  150 

= 1  200 + 1  175 + 2  150 + 2  100 + 0  500 + 0  150
1  200 + 1  175 + 1  150 + 1  100 + 0  500 + 0  150 

200 + 175 + 450 + 200 + 500 + 150

= 200 + 175 + 300 + 200 + 0 + 0 

200 + 175 + 150 + 100 + 0 + 0 

1675
= 875  = E
625 

3. The total basic salary bill of all the offices

1675
A  E = 5 30 200 875 
625 

= 5  1675 + 30  875 + 200  625

= 8375 + 26250 + 12500
= 1,59,625
Solution of simultaneous linear equation:
A x = B or, x=A −1  B
Problem:
By matrix method solve following equation:
5x-6y+4z = 15
7x+4y-3z = 19
2x+y+6z = 46
Solution:
The given system of equation may be represented in the matrix
notation as:
5 −6 4   x  15 
7 4 −3   y  = 19 

2 1 6   z  46

5 −6 4  x  15 
Let, 7 4 −3 =A,  y  =X and 19  =B
   
2 1 6   z  46

Ax=B
or, x= A-1B
The determinant value of the matrix A

=5(24+3)-(-6)(42+6)+4(7-8)

= 527+648-4

=135+288-4

= 419

Now, Co-factor of 5 = (-1)1+1(24+3) =27

Co-factor of –6 = (-1)1+2(42+6) = -48

Co-factor of 4 = (-1)1+3(7-8) = -1

Co-factor of 7 = (-1)2+3 (-36-4) = 40

Co-factor of 4 = (-1)2+2 (30-8) = 22

Co-factor of –3 = (-1)2+3(5+12) = -17

Co-factor of 2 = (-1)3+1(18-16) = 2

Co-factor of 1 = (-1)3+2 (-15-28) =43

Co-factor of 6 = (-1)3+3(20+42)= 62

27 −48 −1 
Now cofactor of A is 40 22 −17
2 43 62 

27 40 2 
Adjoint of A= − 48 22 43
− 1 −17 62
 Adjo int ofA
A-1 =
| A|

27 40 2 
1 
= − 48 22 43
419 
− 1 −17 62

x  27 40 2  15 
  y  = − 48 43  19 
1
 22
419
 z  − 1 −17 62 46

405 +760 +92 

1 
=  − 720 +418 +1978
419
− 15 −323 +2852

1257  3 
1 
=  1676  = 4
419
2514 6 

x= 3; y= 4; z = 6 Ans.

Problem: The prices of three commodities x, y, z are as x, y, z per unit

respectively. A purchases4 unit of z & sells 3 units of x&5 units of y. B
purchases 3 units of y & sells 2 units of x & 1 units of z. C purchases 1 unit
of x & sells 4 units of y & 6 units of z. The process A,B,C earn TK. 6000,
5000and13000. Find the prices per unit of three commodities.

Solution: Above data can be written in equation as;

-3x-5y+4z = 6,000

-2x+3y-z = 5,000

x-4y-3z = 13,000
Now, The equation can be written in the matrix form as;

− 3 −5 4   x  6000 
− 2 3 −1  y  = 5000 

1 −4 −6  z  13.000

so, A  x=B

 x= A −1 B

The determinant value of the matrix

={(-3)(-18-4)-(-5)+4(8-3)}

=(-3-22)-(-513)+(45)

=66+65+20

=151

Now, Co-factor of –3 = (−1)1+1  (-18-4) = -22

Co-factor of –5 = (-1)1+2  (12+1) = -13

Co-factor of 4 = (-1)1+3  (8-3) = 5

Co-factor of –2 = (-1)2+1  (30+16) = -46

Co-factor of 3 = (-1)2+2  (18-4) = 14

Co-factor of –1 = (-1)2+3  (12+5) = -17

Co-factor of 1 = (-1)3+1  (5-12) = -7

Co-factor of –4 = (-1)3+2  (3+8) = -13

Co-factor of-6 = (-1)3+3  (-9-10) = -19

 − 22 −13 5 
Now the cofactor of A is − 46 14 −17

− 7 −11 −19

− 22 −46 −7 
Adjoint of A = − 13 14 −11
5 −17 −19

− 22 −46 −7 
A-1=
Adjo int ofA
=
1 − 13 14 −11
| A| 151 
5 −17 −19

x  − 22 −46 −7  6000 
  y  = − 13 −11 5000 
1
14
151 
 z  5 −17 −19 13.000

(−22)  6000 + (−46)  5000 + (−7) 13000

1 
=  (−13)  6000 + (14)  5000 + (−11) 13000 
151
(5)  6000 + (−17)  5000 + (−19) 13000 

− 132000 - 230000 - 91000 

1 
=  - 78000 70000 - 143000 
151
30000 - 85000 - 247000

− 453000
= − 151000 
1 
151
− 302000

− 3000 
= − 1000 
− 2000

we know that the prices of any commodities can’t be negative.

x = 3000TK.
y = 1000TK.
x = 2000TK. Ans.
 7 0 3 6
Problem: If x + y =   and x - y =  find x and y.
2 5 0 3

7 0  3 6
Solution: x+ y+x− y =  +
2 5 0 3

7 + 3 0 + 0
or ,2 x = 
2 + 0 5 + 3

10 0
=
 2 8

1 10 0
x = 
2 2 8

5 0
=
1 4 

7 0
Again, x+y=
2 5

7 0
or, y =  −x
2 5

7 0 5 0
= −
2 5 1 4 

7 - 5 0 - 0
=
2 - 1 5 - 4

 2 0
= −x
1 1 

5 0   2 0
x =   and y =  
 1 4  1 1
Problem: A, B and C has Tk. 480, Tk. 760 and Tk. 710 respectively. They
utilized the amount to purchase three types of shares of prices x, y and z,
respectively. A purchase 2 shares of price x, 5 of price y and 3 of price z. B
purchases 4 share of price x, 3 of price y and 6 of price z. C purchase 1 shares
of price x, 4 shares of price y and 10 of price z. Find x, y and z.

Solution :

Above information can be represented by following way :

2x + 5y + 3z = 480
4x + 3y + 6z = 760
1x + 4y + 10z = 710

These equation can be represented by Matrix in following way :

2 5 3   x  480
4 3 6   y  = 760

1 4 10 z  710

-1
 x  2 5 3  480 480
 y  4 3 6  = 760
 = 760
-1
 
z  1 4 10 710 710

where

2 5 3 
4 3 6 

1 4 10

 |A| = 2(30-24)-5(40-6)3(16-3)

= (26)-(534)+(313)

= -119

Again Matrix A

Co factor of 2 = a11 (-1)r+c  its minor

 = (-1)1+16 = 6

Co factor of 5 = (-1)1+2 34 = -34

Co factor of 3 = (-1)1+3 13 = 13

Co factor of 4 = (-1)2+1 -6 = -8

Co factor of 3 = (-1)2+2 17 = 17

Co factor of 6 = (-1)2+3 -3 = -3

Co factor of 1 = (-1)3+1 -21 = 21

Co factor of 4 = (-1)3+2 0 = 0

Co factor of 10 = (-1)3+3 -14 = -14

6 -34 13 
Co factor A = - 8 17 -3 
21 0 -14

6 -38 21 
 Adj A = - 34 17 0 
13 -3 -14

Adj.A
A - 1 =
|A|

6 −38 21 
1 
=- − 34 17 0 
119 
13 −3 −14

x  6 -38 21  480
  y  = - - 34 0  760
1
17
119 
z  13 -3 -14 710

2880 − 28880 + 14910

1 
=  − 16320 + 12920 + 0 
119
6240 − 2280 − 9940 
 − 11090
1 
=  − 3400 
119
− 5980 

93 
= 29
50 

 x = 93, y = 29, z = 50

Problem : A trust fund has Tk. 50,000 that is to be invested into two types of
bonds. The first bond pays 5% interest per year and the second bond pays 6%
interest per year. Using matrix algebra, determine how to divide Tk. 50,000
among the two types of bonds so as to obtain an annual interest of Tk. 2,780.

Solution : Let Tk. x and Tk. (50,00 - x) be invested in the first and second
type of bond, respectively. The value of these bonds can be written in the
form of a row matrix :

A = x 50,000 - x 12

The amounts received as interest annual from two bonds can be written in the
form of a column matrix :

0.05
B= 
0.06 21

Thus, total interest to be obtained annually from two bonds is given by

0.05
AB = x 50,000 - x    = 0.05 x + 0.06(50,000 − x) = 3,000 − 0.01x
0.06

But given that the annual total interest is Tk. 2,780. Therefore

3,000-0.01x = 2780

or, x = (3000-2780)/0.01 = 220100 = Tk. 22,000

Hence, the required amount to be invested into two types of bonds as : Tk.
22,000 and Tk. (50,000-22,000) = Tk. 28,000 respectively.