ABIGAEL S.

CALIWAG
 Chapter 1
Communication in the Twenty- First Century

ABIGAEL S. CALIWAG
 Lesson 1
Communication Models

ABIGAEL S. CALIWAG
Outline of the lesson:

I. What is communication?
II.Basic Elements of Communication
III.Different Communication Models
Lesson Objectives:

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. understand the importance of communication in

society;
2. know the principles and processes of communication as
embodied in the communication models provided; and
3. relate the communication models to their experiences
and apply them to their own communication processes.
 What is
Communication?
Definition of Communication:

▪Communication is a meaningful
interaction
Definition of Communication:

▪Communication is information
sharing
Definition of Communication:

▪ Communication is the transfer

and understanding of meaning.
Definition of Communication:

▪ Communication is a fundamental
requisite of life
Communication:
- The term communication comes from the
Latin word “communicare” – which means to
share something in common, to unite, to join,
or to have things in common. It is a process
by which people send messages or exchange
ideas or thoughts with one another in a verbal
or non-verbal manner.
 ELEMENTS
OF
COMMUNICATION
1. Sender (Encoder)
The communication process begins with
the sender, who is also called the
communicator or source. The sender has
some kind of information—a command,
request, or idea —that he or she wants to
share with others.
Example:

In mass media, a
news reporter is the
sender or source as
he/she constructs the
message (news story).
Example:

In a musical performance,
the singer is the sender as
his/her message is
enjoyed by the audience.
2. Receiver
The person to whom a message is directed is
called the receiver or the interpreter. In order to
comprehend the information from the sender,
the receiver must first be able to receive the
sender's information and then decode or
interpret it.
The receiver is the destination of the
message.
3. Message
The message or content is the
information that the sender wants to relay
to the receiver. It is relayed between the
parties. Put all three together and you have
the communication process as its most
basic.
Verbal messages
The verbal message means written
or oral messages. They are composed
of words.

Example: A newspaper report or a

lecture by a teacher.
Non-verbal messages

Non-verbal messages are those

communicated through our behavior,
movements, actions, clothes, style of
conversation, the pitch of the sound,
etc.
4. Channel
Channel is the medium used by the
sender to send the message to the
receiver. This may be in-person, via
telephone, e-mail, text message, written
correspondence or a third-party.
5. Noise
Noise refers to interference that
takes place during the communication
process. Both the sender and receiver
may be distracted by noise.
 Physical Semantic
(environment or (meaning on the
surrounding) message itself)
Four Types of Noise
Psychological
Physiological
(mind)
(body/ physical
anatomy)
6. Feedback
The communication process reaches its final
point when the message has been successfully
transmitted, received, and understood. The
receiver, in turn, responds to the sender,
indicating comprehension. Feedback may be
direct, such as a written or verbal response, or it
may take the form of an act or deed in response
For example, if at the airport you
ask your departing friend about his
itinerary, and he replies that he
didn’t pack one, you know your
message has not been understood.
This kind of feedback, which
conveys a lack of understanding, is
known as negative feedback.
Positive feedback, on the other
hand, indicates that the receiver has
understood the source’s message.
7. Context
This serves as the circumstances or
setting of communication.
Psychological
Physical Context Context

Social Context
Physical Context

This is the actual setting where

communication takes place, the
environment, the distance between
participants, or the time of day.
 Student and teacher
Social Context
interaction

In a social context, people are distinguished

from each other by factors such as gender, age,
occupation, power, and knowledge.
When we interact with others, the context in
which our actions take place plays a major role
in our behavior.
 Psychological Context

This refers to the state someone is in (e.g.,

moods, emotions).

Stress, anxiety, and emotions are just some

examples of psychological influences that can
affect communication.
 Example of
Communication
Process
Question:

What will happened if the receiver

cannot identify the language or
meaning of the message?
 If the receiver cannot identify
the language or meaning of the
message, the communication will
be defective.
Let us recall:

What are the seven elements of

communication?
SEVEN ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Message
4. Channel
5. Noise
6. Feedback
7. Context
 Why are elements of
communication important?
They allow us to express our
thoughts and also understand
others' thoughts more quickly
and accurately.
 COMMUNICATION PROCESS
The communication process is best
described through discussion of different
communication models.
In simple terms, model means a systematic
description of a phenomenon that have been
utilized over the years are as follows.
 Communication Models
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
2. Shannon- Weaver’s Model of Communication
3. Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication
4. Eugene White’s Stages of Oral Communication
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
- Widely accepted and the most common model of
communication where the sender sends the
information or a message to the receivers to
influence them and make them respond and act
accordingly.
- According to the Aristotle Model of
Communication, the speaker is the main character
in communication.
The Role of the Speaker

According to the Aristotle Model of

Communication, the speaker is the main figure in
communication. This person is fully responsible
for all communication. In this model of
communication, it is important that the speaker
selects his words carefully.
▪ He/she must analyze his audience and
prepare his speech accordingly.
▪ He/she should assume the right body
language, as well as ensuring proper
eye contact and voice modulations.
▪ In order to entice the audience,
blank expressions, confused looks,
and monotonous speech must be
avoided at all times.
Example:
A politician (the speaker) gives a speech on a
market square during an election campaign (the
occasion). His goal is to win the votes of the citizens
(the audience) present as well as those of the citizens
potentially watching the speech on TV.
2. Shannon- Weaver’s Model of Communication
 Shannon- Weaver’s Model of Communication
This model was developed in 1948 when
Claude Shannon wrote an article “A Mathematical
Theory of Communication” with Warren Weaver in
Bell System Technical Journal.

Claude Shannon Warren Weaver

Sender (Information Source) – It decides the information
message which has to be transmitted. The message can be
any part, idea, opinion, views, thoughts etc.
Encoder (Transmitter) – Sender uses machine to
change/convert the information message into signals
which is then transmitted to receiver.
Channel- A channel through which the signals
were to be transmitted.
Decoder (Receiver) – It is just opposite to the encoder
who uses machine to change/convert the signal again
into the message which can be understandable by the
destination.
Receiver (Destination)- The destination of the
message from sender who transmitted signal is
decoded by the receiver.
Noise – The unpleasant sound. Noise is the physical
disturbances like environment, people etc. which
completely change the actual meaning of the
transmitted message and also distorts the source.
Example of Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication

Telephone call
Here, a person who makes the call is the sender and uses a
telephone as the encoder to turn the message into a form which
can be relayed through wires. The wires are the channel since they
transmit data packets into the telephone of the person receiving
the call, which acts as a decoder. As the information moves through
the wires, noise can arise when the telephone malfunctions. The
person on the other side is the receiver who interprets the message
and can give feedback to the caller.
3. Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication

Charles Egerton Osgood- Wilbur Schramm

Osgood- Schramm Model of Communication

▪ It is known as a circular model because it

indicates that messages can go in two directions.

▪ It involves a sender, who encodes a message,

and a recipient, who decodes it. The sender and
the receiver hold both roles in the model.
It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something
circular in nature

Encoder – Who does encoding or Sends the message

(message originates)

Decoder – Who receives the message

Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyses,

perceive) or interpret
Osgood- Schramm Model
Benefits of Osgood- Schramm Model:

▪ The model illustrates that feedback is cyclical.

▪ It also shows that communication is complex
because it accounts for interpretation.
▪ This model also showcases the fact that we are
active communicators, and we are active in
interpreting the messages that we receive.
Example of Osgood- Schramm Model:

Talking on the Phone

You and your friend take turns updating each other on your
weekend, what you have planned for the summer, and how
members of your respective families are doing. When you
hang up, you promise to chat again soon.
4. Eugene White’s Stages of Oral Communication
▪ Eugene White's Model tells that communication in
circular and continuous, without a beginning or an end
following the eight stages of oral communication .

▪ The speaker is the originator of the communication

process and the listener is a passive reactor who does
not initiate communication.

▪ The most important contribution from Eugene White's

model is the concept of feedback.
How Eugene White’s Model of
Communication Works?
The eight stages of oral communication are the
following:

1.Thinking– a desire, feeling, or an emotion

provides a speaker a stimulus to
communicate a need.
Thinking Which activity
should I do first?
I already feel
exhausted.
Thinking
ROLE PLAYING SCIENCE
REPORTING
MATH
DEBATE
2. Symbolizing– before he can utter sounds, a
speaker has to know the code of oral language with
which to represent his ideas and in order to make his
selection.
SYMBOLIZING
3. Expressing– the speaker then uses his vocal
mechanism to produce the sounds of language
accompanied by his facial expression, gestures, and
body stance.
EXPRESSING Have you
finished all the
tasks given?

Yes I already
did them.
Why?
4. Transmitting– this sound form speaker
carrying his/ her message to the listeners.
NICE! Can you help
me do mine?
5. Receiving– sound go through the listener’s ears,
body language sees by listener’s eyes and go to the
brain.
RECEIVING
6. Decoding– the listener interprets the language
symbols he receives and thinks further.
DECODING
7. Feedbacking– the listener may manifest overt behavior
like a nod, smile, or yawn or he may not show any behavior
at all (covert behavior like fast heartbeat, a poker face, etc.)
FEEDBACKING
Sure, I’d love to
help you.
8. Monitoring– while the speaker watches for signs of
reception or understanding of his message among his
listeners, he is also attuned to what’s going on inside him;
the speaker is receiving and decoding messages about
himself from his audience in order to adjust to the
particular situation.
End of Presentation
ABIGAEL S. CALIWAG