PHIHIS

Secondary Sources: Books, Magazine, journals,

History textbooks, commentaries.
• The branch of knowledge dealing with past
events. Sociologists describe two interrelated aspects of
• a continuous, systematic narrative of past human culture: the physical objects of the culture
events as relating to a particular people, and the ideas associated with these objects.
country, period, person, etc., usually written as
a chronological account; chronicle: a history of Material culture refers to the physical objects,
France; a medical history of the patient, history resources, and spaces that people use to define
of science in the Philippines, history of their culture. These include homes, neighborhoods,
education in the Philippines the aggregate of cities, schools, churches, synagogues, temples,
past events. the record of past events and mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools,
times, especially in connection with the human means of production, goods and products, stores,
race. a past notable for its important, unusual, and so forth. All of these physical aspects of a
or interesting events: acts, ideas, or events that culture help to define its members' behaviors and
will or can shape the course of the future; perceptions. For example, technology is a vital
immediate but significant happenings: Firsthand aspect of material culture in today's United States.
observers of our space program see history in American students must learn to use computers to
the making. survive in college and business, in contrast to
young adults in the Yanomamo society in the
Herodotus Amazon who must learn to build weapons and
• “Father of History.” hunt.
• Born in Halicarnassus in Ionia in the 5th century
B.C. Non‐material culture refers to the nonphysical
• he wrote “The Histories.” In this text are found ideas that people have about their culture, including
his “inquiries” which later became to modern beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language,
scholars to mean “facts of history.” organizations, and institutions. For instance, the
non‐material cultural concept of religion consists of
• He is best known for recounting, very
a set of ideas and beliefs about God, worship,
objectively, the Greco-Persian wars.
morals, and ethics. These beliefs, then, determine
how the culture responds to its religious topics,
issues, and events.

Primary sources can be described as those

sources that are closest to the origin of the
information. They contain raw information and thus,
must be interpreted by researchers. Secondary
sources are closely related to primary sources and
often interpret them
Historiography (study of sources)
• The writing of history based on the critical
examination of sources, the selection of
particulars from the authentic materials, and the
synthesis of particulars into a narrative that will
stand the test of critical methods (1) the
principles, theory, and history of historical
writing a course in historiography (2) the
product of historical writing : a body of historical
Primary Sources: Birth certificates, Baptismal literature a survey of the country's
certificate, Marriage contract, Death Certificate, historiography
Diploma, TOR.
 a. Elements/Materials for Historiography Contents
b. Letters • The title literary means Events in the Philippine
c. Books Islands and thus the books primary goal is a
d. News Papers documentation of events during the Spanish
e. Diaries, Autobiography, Memoires (DAM) colonial period of the Philippines as observed
f. Monuments and edifices e.g. buildings, by the author himself. The book also includes
statues, churches, houses Filipino customs, traditions, manners, and
g. Documents e.g. land title, certificates religion during the Spanish conquest.
h. Political Dispatches e.g. memo, letters of
instructions Considered the most valuable text on Philippine
i. Datable Expressions e.g. bills, coins, history written by a Spaniard, Antonio de Morga’s
medals Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (“Events of the
j. Other materials e.g. speeches, interviews Philippine Islands”) is lauded for its truthful,
straightforward, and fair account of the early
Important Historical Materials/ Historians colonial period from the perspective of a Spanish
colonist. A lawyer, lieutenant of the Governor-
1. Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas (8 General of the Philippines (second only to the
CHAPTERS) Governor-General), and judge of the Audiencia
• Events in the Philippine Islands (highest tribunal justice) in Manila, Morga the
• a book written and published by Antonio de historian achieved a comprehensive and balanced
Morga considered one of the most important report and was even critical of his fellow colonists
works on the early history of the Spanish at times, the missionaries in particular. The present
colonization of the Philippines. book is one of only 25 copies of the 1609 original
• It was published in 1609 after he was printed in Mexico.
reassigned to Mexico in two volumes by Casa
de Geronymo Balli, in Mexico City. Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas is composed of eight
• The first English translation was published in chapters: the first is on Magellan’s and Legazpi’s
London in 1868 and another English translation seminal expeditions, the second to seventh is a
by Blair and Robertson was published in chronological report on the government
Cleveland in 1907. administration under several Governor-Generals,
• The work greatly impressed the Philippine and the final eighth provides a general “account of
national hero José Rizal and decided to the Philippines Islands, the natives there, their
annotate it and publish a new edition and began antiquity, customs, and government, both in the
working on it in London and completing it in time of their paganism and after their conquest by
Paris in 1890. the Spaniards; and other particulars.” The book is
based on Morga’s personal experience and
History documentary research in the many years that he
• Antonio de Morga's Sucesos De Las Islas lived in the Philippines. For instance, Morga
Filipinas has been recognized as a first-hand interviewed survivors of Legazpi’s expedition in
account of Spanish colonial venture in Asia Manila.
during the 16th century.
• The book was first published in Mexico in 1609 In his words, Morga’s main purpose for writing the
and has been re-edited number of times. book is to commemorate the “achievements of our
• The Hakluyt Society, a text publication society
in 1851 catches its attention and an edition was fellow Spaniards in these days, in their discovery,
prepared by H. E. J. Stanley but was only conquest and conversion of the Philippine Islands
published in 1868. and the varied adventures they have had at the
same time in the great heathen kingdoms
• Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas is based on
surrounding these islands.” (JM)
Antonio de Morga's personal experiences and
other documentations from eye-witnesses of the
events such as the survivors of Miguel López
de Legazpi's Philippine expedition.
2. Blair and Robertson Collections • To complicate matters further, discrepancies like
• The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898, often family members holding different surnames
referred to as Blair and Robertson after its two would hinder some of the colonial government's
authors, was a 55-volume series of Philippine activities such as taking a census and tax
historical documents. collection.
• They were translated by Emma Helen Blair and
James Alexander Robertson, a director of the 5. Pedro Chirino
National Library of the Philippines from 1910 to • was a Spanish priest and historian who served
1916. as a Jesuit missionary in the Philippines.
• The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803 — Volume • He is most remembered for his work, Relación
01 of 551493-1529: Explorations by Early de las Islas Filipinas, one of the earliest works
Navigators, Descriptions of the Islands and about the
Their Peoples, Their History and Records of the • Philippines and its people that was written. He
Catholic Missions, as Related in was born in 1557 in the town of Osuna in
Contemporaneous Books and Manuscripts, Andalusia, Spain.
Showing the Political, Economic, Commercial • "Relación de las Islas Filipinas" was one of
and Religious Conditions of Those Islands from the first history books of the Philippines.
Their Earliest Relations with European Nations Published in 1604, the book chronicles the life
to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century of Filipinos during the time the Jesuit
Missionaries conducted their religious work in
3. Doctrina Christiana the islands.
• dated to 1593, is one of the first books • The author, Fr. Pedro Chirino, included in his
produced in the European tradition in the narration the state of civilization of the Filipino
Philippines, and the only known extant copy in peoples who were still living in primitive
the world can be found in the Lessing J. conditions and had never seen white men
Rosenwald Collection in the Rare Book and before. He wrote a detailed account of their
Special Collections Division of the Library of customs, language, religious beliefs and the
Congress. results of Spanish influence upon them.
• The Doctrina Christiana was an early book on
the catechism of the Catholic Church, written in 6. Antonio Pigafetta
1593 by Fray Juan de Plasencia, and is • His work is important not only as a source of
believed to be one of the earliest printed books information about the voyage itself, but also
in the Philippines. includes an early Western description of the
people and languages of the Philippines. Of the
4. Catálogo alfabético de apellidos approximately 240 men who set out with
• Alphabetical Catalogue of Surnames Magellan, Pigafetta was one of only 18 who
• Alpabetikong Katalogo ng mga apelyido returned to Spain.
• a book of surnames in the Philippines and other • The primary reason of Antonio Pigafetta in
islands of Spanish East Indies published in the writing the document is to discover the world.
mid-19th century. This was in response to a He wants to provide crucial information about
Spanish colonial decree establishing the the discovery of the islands and the great
distribution of Spanish family names and local ancestors of the Filipinos who lived happily and
surnames among colonial subjects who did not abundantly on the islands.
have a prior surname. It is also the reason why
Filipinos share some of the same surnames as Coleccion general de documentos relativos a
many Spaniards. las islas Filipinas existentes en el Archivo
• The book was created after Spanish de Indias de Sevilla 1923
Governor-General Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa • Original edition was published in 1923 and this
issued a decree on November 21, 1849, to unique edition is Reprinted in 2020 with the help
address the lack of a standard naming of original edition.
convention. Newly-Christianised Filipinos often • Reproductions of documents in the Archivo de
chose the now-ubiquitous surnames of de los Indias in Seville, Spain, relating to the early
Santos, de la Cruz, del Rosario, and Bautista history of the Philippines. Includes several
for religious reasons; others preferred names of plates giving facsimiles of documents and
well-known local rulers such as Lacandola. signatures.
 3. Philippines came from the remnants of
PHILIPPINE HISTORY, CULTURE AND continent MU/ Lemuria a huge continental land
GOVERNMENT – LECTURE 2 mass
4. Sunda shelf - form part of the mainland Asia
Chapter I: Geographical Setting Topography 5. Land bridges connecting to Taiwan and China
6. From the volcanic ashes in the ring of fire
• The Philippines is an inverted Y shape
archipelago. It is the world’s largest People
discontinuous coastline in the world. • Tabon Man the oldest relic discovered in Tabon
• Manila Bay is the largest bay in the Philippines Cave Palawan recorded as the first Man
(Manila) • Indio son of forefathers
• Philippine Deep is one of the deepest places in • Mestizo a child of Indio and Spaniard
the world • Peninsulares a Spanish born in the Philippines
• Sierra Madre is the longest mountain range in • Filipino an Indio born in Spain
the Philippines (Cagayan Valley) • Al Makhdum as one of the earliest missionary
• Mt. Apo as the highest mountain in the • Abu Bakar as the first sultan of Sulu
Philippines (Davao)
• Cagayan River as the longest river (Cagayan) Economic Life
• Rio Grande De Mindanao as the largest river • Agriculture
in the Philippines (cotabato) • Weaving
• Pasig river is the most historic river (Manila) • Shipbuilding
• Mt. Mayon as the perfect cone in (Albay) • Trading
• Taal as the smallest volcano in the world
(Tagaytay) Belief as System of Worship
• Tabon Man as the first man in the Philippines • Bathala
(Tabon Cave, Palawan) • Animism (anima in latin) spirit of life
• Philippines as the most Christianized nation in
Asia System of writing
• Approximately 300,000 square kilometers • Syllabic writing such as Baybayin (oldest
• 7, 641 islands alphabet/writing)
• Kalayaan other name of Spratly
• West Philippine Sea other name of South Custom of clothing
China Sea • Bahag
• Baro
Chapter II: In the Beginning Origin of Name • Camisa
Philippines • Saya
1. Mayi - by Chinese Traders meaning “land of • Patadyong
Gold” • Tapis
2. Maniolas - by Claudius Ptolemy (90-168 A.D.)
3. Archipelago of St. Lazarus - by Ferdinand Ornaments
Magellan • Body painting like tattoo - Isla de Pintados in
4. Filipinas - by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in honor Visayas
of King Philip of Spain • Gold rings, earrings’, bracelets
5. Philippine Islands - American Period
6. Republic of the Philippines - 1946 Government
Independence • Barangay from balangay a wooden boat
• A barangay consists of 30 families or 100
Origin of the Philippines
individuals approximately
1. Legend tells there was a giant carrying a huge
rock, he got tired and threw the rock. It was
broken into pieces and formed into islands
which is now the Philippines
2. The sea and the sky quarreled, the sky began
throwing huge rocks into the sea and it formed
the islands of the Philippines
Chapter III: Western Discovery of the Philippines First Mass in the Philippines: Limasawa/Mazaua
(Leyte) versus Masao (Butuan)
Discovery • On March 31, 1521, an Easter Sunday, Magellan
• 1487 Portugal discovered Cape of Good hope ordered a Mass to be celebrated which was
(south of Africa) officiated by Father Pedro Valderrama, the
• 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered America Andalusian chaplain of the fleet, the only priest
which was supposedly be given name as North then. Conducted near the shores of the island,
Columbia and South Columbia but they opted to the First Holy Mass marked the birth of Roman
name it as North America and South America in Catholicism in the Philippines.
honor of Amerigo Ves Pucci a native explorer • Pigafetta's Mazaua, the site of the first Christian
who made extensive documentation of the Mass held on Philippine soil, is an island lying off
American continent. the southwestern tip of Leyte while Masao in
Butuan is not an island but a barangay of Butuan
Spain and Portugal City located in a delta of the Agusan River along
• It was noted in history during the 16 th century, the coast of Northern Mindanao.
Spain and Portugal were the world super • Republic Act No. 2733, known as the "Limasawa
powers. The increasing political stability, growth Law", was enacted without executive approval
of commerce, industry demands, improvement on June 19, 1960.
of military technology and navigation triggered
Europeans on the conquest of territories Magellan’s Cross (Cebu)
particularly in the Far East.1 Spain was in search • Rajah Humabon, his wife and hundreds of his
of spices that were known to be abundant in native warriors agreed to accept Christianity and
Moluccas an island in Indonesia. The purpose of were consequently baptized. Magellan planted a
the spices at that time was to add flavor to their cross to signify this important event about the
food, preservation of food as not to get spoiled propagation of the Roman Catholic faith in what
and for medicinal purposes. is now Cebu, in central Philippines. Ferdinand's
Catholic legacy, a large wooden cross, is housed
Magellan’s Voyage in a stone rotunda (built in 1841). The crucifix on
• Ferdinand Magellan is a Portuguese born his show is said to contain remnants from a cross
plan to circumnavigate was rejected by the Magellan planted on the shores of Cebu in 1521
Portuguese King.
• He decided to approach King Charles of Spain
and his plan was approved. He sailed in 1519 The Creation
with 235 men and five ships namely; Trinidad as
Magellan’s flagship, Victoria the only ship Igorot
reached Spain to Spain (1519-1522), In the beginning there were no people on the earth.
Concepcion was burned near Bohol, San
Antonio decided to return to Spain while in the Lumawig, the Great Spirit, came down from the sky
Atlantic and Santiago was destroyed at the Cape and cut many reeds. He divided these into pairs
of Santa Cruz. He crossed the seas of South which he placed in different parts of the world, and
America to pacific and it was called as then he said to them, "You must speak.”
Magellan’s Strait. While in the Pacific they
stopped over in one of its islands where the Immediately the reeds became people, and in each
natives feed them however, their personal place was a man and a woman who could talk, but
belongings were looted accordingly. Magellan the language of each couple differed from that of the
and his men name this island as Isla de others.
Ladrones which is now Guam.
• On March 16, 1521 they reached the Philippines Then Lumawig commanded each man and woman
a total of 98 days from the day they left Spain. to marry, which they did. By and by there were many
He later settled in Cebu and erected the cross children, all speaking the same language as their
and declared Cebu as a city making it the first parents. These, in turn, married and had many
and the oldest existing city in the Philippines. He children. In this way there came to be many people
later Christianized King Humabon and King on the earth.
Juana. Magellan was killed in Mactan by one of
the men of Lapu-lapu.
Now Lumawig saw that there were several things So they started out. Two went in the direction of the
which the people on the earth needed to use, so he sunset, carrying with them stones from Cibolan
set to work to supply them. He created salt, and told River. After a long journey they reached a place
the inhabitants of one place to boil it down and sell it where were broad fields of cogon grass and an
to their neighbors. But these people could not abundance of water, and there they made their
understand the directions of the Great Spirit, and the home. Their children still live in that place and are
next time he visited them, they had not touched the called Magindanau, because of the stones which the
salt. couple carried when they left Cibolan.

Then he took it away from them and gave it to the Two children of Toglai and Toglibon went to the
people of a place called Mayinit. These did as he south, seeking a home, and they carried with them
directed, and because of this he told them that they women's baskets (baraan). When they found a good
should always be owners of the salt, and that the spot, they settled down. Their descendants, still
other peoples must buy of them. dwelling at that place, are called Baraan or Bilaan,
because of the women's baskets.
Then Lumawig went to the people of Bontoc and told
them to get clay and make pots. They got the clay, So two by two the children of the first couple left the
but they did not understand the molding, and the jars land of their birth. In the place where each settled a
were not well shaped. Because of their failure, new people developed, and thus it came about that
Lumawig told them that they would always have to all the tribes in the world received their names from
buy their jars, and he removed the pottery to Samoki. things that the people carried out of Cibolan, or from
When he told the people there what to do, they did the places where they settled.
just as he said, and their jars were well shaped and
beautiful. Then the Great Spirit saw that they were fit All the children left Mount Apo save two (a boy and
owners of the pottery, and he told them that they a girl), whom hunger and thirst had made too weak
should always make many jars to sell. to travel. One day when they were about to die the
boy crawled out to the field to see if there was one
In this way Lumawig taught the people and brought living thing, and to his surprise he found a stalk of
to them all the things which they now have. sugarcane growing lustily. He eagerly cut it, and
enough water came out to refresh him and his sister
until the rains came. Because of this, their children
Origin are called Bagobo.

Bagobo (Mindanao) Note by Mabel Cook Cole:

In the beginning there lived one man and one • This is a good example of the way in which
woman, Toglai and Toglibon. Their first children people at a certain stage try to account for their
were a boy and a girl. When they were old enough, surroundings. Nearly all consider themselves the
the boy and the girl went far away across the waters original people. We find the Bagobo no
seeking a good place to live in. Nothing more was exception to this. In this tale, which is evidently
heard of them until their children, the Spaniards and very old, they account for themselves and their
Americans, came back. After the first boy and girl neighbors, and then, to meet present needs,
left, other children were born to the couple; but they they adapt the story to include the white people
all remained at Cibolan on Mount Apo with their whom they have known for not more than two
parents, until Toglai and Toglibon died and became hundred years.
spirits. Soon after that there came a great drought
which lasted for three years. All the waters dried up,
so that there were no rivers, and no plants could live.

"Surely," said the people, "Manama is punishing us,

and we must go elsewhere to find food and a place
to dwell in."
The Story of the Creation/ Bilaan (Mindanao) suggestion of Christian influence. It is possible
that these ideas came through the
In the very beginning there lived a being so large that Mohammedan Moro.
he cannot be compared with any known thing. His • Melu is the most powerful of the spirits and the
name was Melu, and when he sat on the clouds, one to whom the people resort in times of
which were his home, he occupied all the space danger.
above. His teeth were pure gold, and because he • A similar story is found in British North Borneo.
was very cleanly and continually rubbed himself with See Evans, Journal of Royal Anthropological
his hands, his skin became pure white. The dead Institute, 1913, p. 423.
skin which he rubbed off his body was placed on one
side in a pile, and by and by this pile became so large
that he was annoyed and set himself to consider In the Beginning/ Bilaan (Mindanao)
what he could do with it.
In the beginning there were four beings (Melu,
Finally Melu decided to make the earth; so he Fiuweigh, Diwata, and Saweigh), and they lived on
worked very hard in putting the dead skin into shape, an island no larger than a hat. On this island there
and when it was finished he was so pleased with it were no trees or grass or any other living thing
that he determined to make two beings like himself, besides these four people and one bird (Buswit).
though smaller, to live on it. One day they sent this bird out across the waters to
see what he could find, and when he returned he
Taking the remnants of the material left after making brought some earth, a piece of rattan, and some
the earth he fashioned two men, but just as they fruit.
were all finished except their noses, Tau Tana from
below the earth appeared and wanted to help him. Melu, the greatest of the four, took the soil and
shaped it and beat it with a paddle in the same
Melu did not wish any assistance, and a great manner in which a woman shapes pots of clay, and
argument ensued. Tau Tana finally won his point when he finished he had made the earth. Then he
and made the noses which he placed on the people planted the seeds from the fruit, and they grew until
upside down. When all was finished, Melu and Tau there was much rattan and many trees bearing fruit.
Tana whipped the forms until they moved. Then
Melu went to his home above the clouds, and Tau The four beings watched the growth for a long time
Tana returned to his place below the earth. and were well pleased with the work, but finally Melu
said, "Of what use is this earth and all the rattan and
All went well until one day a great rain came, and the fruit if there are no people?"
people on the earth nearly drowned from the water
which ran off their heads into their noses. Melu, from And the others replied, "Let us make some people
his place on the clouds, saw their danger, and he out of wax."
came quickly to earth and saved their lives by turning
their noses the other side up. So they took some wax and worked long, fashioning
it into forms, but when they brought them to the fire
The people were very grateful to him, and promised the wax melted, and they saw that men could not be
to do anything he should ask of them. Before he left made in that way.
for the sky, they told him that they were very
unhappy living on the great earth all alone, so he told Next they decided to try to use dirt in making people,
them to save all the hair from their heads and the dry and Melu and one of his companions began working
skin from their bodies and the next time he came he on that. All went well till they were ready to make the
would make them some companions. And in this noses. The companion, who was working on that
way there came to be a great many people on the part, put them on upside down. Melu told him that
earth. the people would drown if he left them that way, but
he refused to change them.
Notes by Mabel Cook Cole:
When his back was turned, however, Melu seized
• This story is well known among the Bilaan, who the noses, one by one, and turned them as they now
are one of the tribes least influenced by the are. But he was in such a hurry that he pressed his
Spaniards, and yet it bears so many incidents finger at the root, and it left a mark in the soft clay
similar to biblical accounts that there is a strong which you can still see on the faces of people.
The Creation Story/ Tagalog PHILIPPINE HISTORY, CULTURE AND
GOVERNMENT – LECTURE 3
When the world first began there was no land, but only the
sea and the sky, and between them was a kite (a bird Spanish Expeditions
something like a hawk). One day the bird which had • Ferdinand Magellan (1521)
nowhere to light grew tired of flying about, so she stirred • Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525)
up the sea until it threw its waters against the sky. The
sky, in order to restrain the sea, showered upon it many
• Sebastian Cabot (1526)
islands until it could no longer rise, but ran back and forth. • Alvaro de Saavedra (1527)
Then the sky ordered the kite to light on one of the islands • Rudy Lopez de Villalobos (1542)
to build her nest, and to leave the sea and the sky in • Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564)
peace.
Arrival of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1542-1546)
Now at this time the land breeze and the sea breeze were • López de Villalobos was commissioned in 1541
married, and they had a child which was a bamboo. One by the Viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de
day when this bamboo was floating about on the water, it Mendoza, who was the first colonial
struck the feet of the kite which was on the beach. The
administrator in the New World, to send an
bird, angry that anything should strike it, pecked at the
bamboo, and out of one section came a man and from the expedition to the Islas del Poniente, meaning
other a woman. Islands of the West, now known as the
Philippines.
Then the earthquake called on all the birds and fish to see • To Filipinos, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos is
what should be done with these two, and it was decided significant for having given the name “Las Islas
that they should marry. Many children were born to the Filipinas” to the Philippine archipelago in 1543.
couple, and from them came all the different races of The Spanish territory were then called Islas de
people. Poniente and Islas de San Lazaro.
• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the
After a while the parents grew very tired of having so Philippines from Navidad, Mexico on November
many idle and useless children around, and they wished 1, 1542. He followed the route taken by
to be rid of them, but they knew of no place to send them Magellan and reached Mindanao on February
to. Time went on and the children became so numerous
2, 1543. He established a colony in Sarangani
that the parents enjoyed no peace. One day, in
desperation, the father seized a stick and began beating but could not stay long because of insufficient
them on all sides. food supply.

This so frightened the children that they fled in different Arrival of Legazpi
directions, seeking hidden rooms in the house -- some • In 1564 he settled in Cebu and made peace
concealed themselves in the walls, some ran outside, treaty to the Raha of Cebu and Bohol.
while others hid in the fireplace, and several fled to the • He later went to the Island of Panay for
sea. exploration.
• In 1570 he sent an expedition to the northern
Now it happened that those who went into the hidden island of Luzon, arriving there himself the next
rooms of the house later became the chiefs of the islands; year.
and those who concealed themselves in the walls became
• After deposing a local ruler (raja/ha Sulaiman),
slaves. Those who ran outside were free men; and those
who hid in the fireplace became negroes; while those who in 1571 he established the city of Manila, which
fled to the sea were gone many years, and when their became the capital of the new Spanish colony
children came back they were the white people. and Spain's major trading port in East Asia.
• Spain was successful in pacifying the
Philippines except Mindanao particularly Sulu
and Tawi-Tawi.

19th Century Philippines

• Liberalism ruled by representative (people)
• Traditional Absolutism ruled by King or singular
rule
• Suez Canal was constructed by the unknown
King of Egypt
The French Principles/French Revolution • Municipal Government is compose of pueblo
• The French Revolution began in 1789 and and elects Governorcillo while the barangay is
lasted until 1794. ruled by the Cabeza de Barangay as an
• King Louis XVI needed more money but had appointing official.
failed to raise more taxes when he had called a
meeting of the Estates General. Christianity as a Cultural Development
• This instead turned into a protest about • Christianity was introduced as clean, down to
conditions in France. earth and noble religion. It was used as a tool to
• The end of the French Revolution is the Rise of vow down to the crown of Spain.
Napoleonic Era (Lois Napoleon Bonaparte). • Education was managed by the friars and the
subjects thought were mostly in religion. The
Fraternity as camaraderie or brotherhood church was ruled by the Friars (priests) they are
Liberty as freedom in charge in the censorship of books and other
Equality of equal footing writings.
Sorority as sisterhood • Among the orders came were the Franciscans,
Dominicans, Jesuits and Recollects.
Spanish Government in the Philippines
• A central Government ruled by the King of Philippines under Spain
Spain as sole ruler (one) comprises of • It implemented the following colonial policies
legislative, judiciary and ecclesiastical • Political subjection
(religious) powers. • Resources exploitation in the form of (a)
• It is also known as The Council of the Indies (El taxation from 1 peso it increased to 10 pesos
Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias) then 12 pesos (b) in kind by giving rice stalks
operated from 1524 to 1834 and was the (c) force labor (polo in latin) as community labor
supreme governing body of the Spanish Empire required to work for 40 days then it was
in the Americas and Spanish East Indies and reduced to 15 days with no salary or allowance.
later on changed to The Ministry of
Overseas, Ministry of Overseas Affairs, Ministry Encomienda system
of Overseas Territories (Spanish Ministerio de • Is a grant system, beneficiary of this is known
Ultramar), or simply, Ultramar, was as encomiendero.
the ministerial department in charge of the • Commonly Spanish soldiers or any Spaniards
direction of Spanish territories between 1863 who rendered services to the King of Spain and
and 1899. was given the privileged under encomiendera
• It administered the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto system to owned lands and other properties
Rico and the Carolinas, Marianas and Palaos and may imposed taxes in Spanish colonies
also known as Viceroy of Mexico under the including the Philippines.
Royal Crown of Spain.
The Galleon Trade
a. Residencia it investigates government officials • Philippines did trade export to China, Mexico,
in the Philippines and other Asian and Western countries.
b. Visita it investigates government in the • However, Spain became suspicious of the new
Philippines as a secret agent ideas acquired by the Philippines brought about
c. Cumplase power of the governor to suspend by the galleon trade which influenced the
any decree by the King if needed. Philippine revolts.
• With this development Spain made the
• Governor General monopolizes or controlling Philippines simply as a distributor of goods but
everything Indulto de Commercio2 he is a with no direct trade transactions.
capitalist at the same time a money lender also • The bad effect of the galleon it forgot to develop
known as 5/6. agriculture and industrial economy.
• Real Audencia is equivalent to Supreme Court • Mango and avocado actually came from
• In provincial Government the Alcadia/Alcalde Mexico.
Mayor refers to civil official, Corriginientos as
politico military governor.
Monopoly Development of Philippine Nationalism
• It concentrated on coffee, sugar and tobacco • Opening of the Philippines to the world Trade
which later resulted to economic crises. (1834)-Manila in world trade
• The Indios were blamed for this because of • Opening of Suez Canal (1869)
their indolence, incapability to learn, and racial • Rise of Middle Class
inferiority. • Modern ideas in Europe
• Influence of European liberalism
Chinese Massacre • Racial Prejudice
• They were treated by the Spanish government • Secularization a form of discrimination to
worst than the Indios, they were being Filipino Priests
discriminated and not allowed to be in public • Liberal regime of Carlos Maria dela Torre
places. • Cavite Mutiny and Execution of Fathers Gomez,
• When their number grew in the country the Burgos and Zamora
Spanish government were alarmed that they
might over power them. Birth of Filipino Nationalism
• With that Chinese were banned to enter the
country, deported, jailed or massacred. Rizal and Boifacio
• Bonifacio asked Rizal to join the revolution but
Koxinga Rizal rejected this idea.
• Koxinga was a Ming dynasty loyalist and the • He suggested that the revolution must consider
chief commander of the Ming troops on the the following (1) more weapons (2) enlist the
maritime front for the later emperors of the principales or the middle class to support the
withering dynasty. revolution financially (3) appoint of Antonio
• The name Koxinga actually comes from a Luna as the general being a graduate of the
southern Chinese pronunciation of a title, "Lord military academy.
of the Imperial Surname", given to him by a
grateful Ming prince. Zheng Chenggong/Cheng Katipunan
Ch'eng-kung, Western name Koxinga, or • This secret society was founded by Andres
Coxinga, (born Aug. 28, 1624, Hirado, Japan— Bonifacio in July 7, 1892 following a radical
died June 23, 1662, Taiwan), pirate leader of Platform.
Ming forces against the Manchu conquerors of • It was official recognized as Kataastaasang
China, best known for establishing Chinese Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga anak
control over Taiwan. nang Bayan (KKK).
• Koxinga heard of the threats and slaughter • It follows three basic principles (1) political (2)
suffered by the Manila Chinese, and at once moral (3) civic.
began to organize a large expedition which • Bonficaio was known the Supremo or the
would subdue Spanish forces in the Philippines. supreme ruler of the society.
The secret society was revealed to Spanish
Foreign Powers authorities when Teodoro Patinio a member of
• Other than Spain, European countries showed the katipunan confessed it to Fr. Mariano Gil
interest in colonizing the Philippines; Portugal, and the the said priest informed it to the
Holland, France, England, Germany and authorities as well.
Russia.
Pugad Lawin
The Success of Spanish Rule • “Long live Philippines” the cry of Pugad lawin,
• Presence of their strong military technology and this was the phrase chanted by the katipuneros
strategy and followed by the tearing of cedula (tax
• Application of “divide et empera” devide and certificate) a symbol of Spanish oppression.
rule • A skirmish (short war) staged by the
• Indios lack unity and leadership katipuneros for national liberation in which
• Spanish colonial policy Bonifacio declared against Spain.
• Natural barriers of the Philippines • April 20, 1892 was the date of the revolution but
• Linguistic differences was suspended.
• The revolution spread from Cavite and was
basically concentrated in central Luzon.
• The revolution became official on august 30, Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty
1896 in Pinaglabanan, Sanjuan as the first propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press,
revolution in Asia. democratic, liberal and republican books and
pamphlets reaching the Philippines, and most
THE TWO FACES OF THE 1872 CAVITE MUTINY
importantly, the presence of the native clergy who
By Chris Antonette Piedad-Pugay
out of animosity against the Spanish friars,
The 12th of June of every year since 1898 is “conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies
a very important event for all the Filipinos. In this of Spain. In particular, Izquierdo blamed the unruly
particular day, the entire Filipino nation as well as Spanish Press for “stockpiling” malicious
Filipino communities all over the world gathers to propagandas grasped by the Filipinos. He reported
celebrate the Philippines’ Independence Day. 1898 to the King of Spain that the “rebels” wanted to
came to be a very significant year for all of us— it is overthrow the Spanish government to install a new
as equally important as 1896—the year when the “hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and
Philippine Revolution broke out owing to the Zamora. The general even added that the native
Filipinos’ desire to be free from the abuses of the clergy enticed other participants by giving them
Spanish colonial regime. But we should be charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail
reminded that another year is as historic as the because God is with them coupled with handsome
two—1872. promises of rewards such as employment, wealth,
and ranks in the army. Izquierdo, in his report
Two major events happened in 1872, first lambasted the Indios as gullible and possessed an
was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the other was the innate propensity for stealing.
martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons
of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and Jacinto The two Spaniards deemed that the event of
Zamora (GOMBURZA). However, not all of us knew 1872 was planned earlier and was thought of it as a
that there were different accounts in reference to the big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos,
said event. All Filipinos must know the different abogadillos or native lawyers, residents of Manila
sides of the story—since this event led to another and Cavite and the native clergy. They insinuated
tragic yet meaningful part of our history—the that the conspirators of Manila and Cavite planned
execution of GOMBURZA which in effect a major to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers to be
factor in the awakening of nationalism among the followed by the massacre of the friars. The alleged
Filipinos. pre-concerted signal among the conspirators of
Manila and Cavite was the firing of rockets from the
1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective walls of Intramuros.

Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish According to the accounts of the two, on 20
historian documented the event and highlighted it as January 1872, the district of Sampaloc celebrated
an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately
government in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Gov. participants to the feast celebrated the occasion with
Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official report magnified the the usual fireworks displays. Allegedly, those in
event and made use of it to implicate the native Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for the
clergy, which was then active in the call for attack, and just like what was agreed upon, the 200-
secularization. The two accounts complimented and men contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid
corroborated with one other, only that the general’s launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at
report was more spiteful. Initially, both Montero and sight and seized the arsenal.
Izquierdo scored out that the abolition of privileges
enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal such as When the news reached the iron-fisted Gov.
non-payment of tributes and exemption from force Izquierdo, he readily ordered the reinforcement of
labor were the main reasons of the “revolution” as the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The
how they called it, however, other causes were “revolution” was easily crushed when the expected
enumerated by them including the Spanish reinforcement from Manila did not come
ashore. Major instigators including Sergeant
Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and
GOMBURZA were tried by a court-martial and were Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful lever
sentenced to die by strangulation. Patriots like by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving
Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, not only the native army but also included residents
Jose and Pio Basa and other abogadillos were of Cavite and Manila, and more importantly the
suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish government
practice of law, arrested and were sentenced with in the Philippines. It is noteworthy that during the
life imprisonment at the Marianas time, the Central Government in Madrid announced
Island. Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the its intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of
native regiments of artillery and ordered the creation intervention in matters of civil government and the
of artillery force to be composed exclusively of the direction and management of educational
Peninsulares. institutions. This turnout of events was believed by
Tavera, prompted the friars to do something drastic
On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the in their dire sedire to maintain power in the
Spanish government and Frailocracia to instill fear Philippines.
among the Filipinos so that they may never commit
such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were Meanwhile, in the intention of installing
executed. This event was tragic but served as one reforms, the Central Government of Spain welcomed
of the moving forces that shaped Filipino an educational decree authored by Segismundo
nationalism. Moret promoted the fusion of sectarian schools run
by the friars into a school called Philippine
A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of Institute. The decree proposed to improve the
the Incident standard of education in the Philippines by requiring
teaching positions in such schools to be filled by
Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera,
competitive examinations. This improvement was
a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the Filipino
warmly received by most Filipinos in spite of the
version of the bloody incident in Cavite. In his point
of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native native clergy’s zest for secularization.
Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal The friars, fearing that their influence in the
who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of Philippines would be a thing of the past, took
their privileges. Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. advantage of the incident and presented it to the
Izquierdo’s cold-blooded policies such as the Spanish Government as a vast conspiracy
abolition of privileges of the workers and native army organized throughout the archipelago with the object
members of the arsenal and the prohibition of the of destroying Spanish sovereignty. Tavera sadly
founding of school of arts and trades for the Filipinos, confirmed that the Madrid government came to
which the general believed as a cover-up for the believe that the scheme was true without any
organization of a political club. attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the
alleged “revolution” reported by Izquierdo and the
On 20 January 1872, about 200 men
comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and friars.
residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid Convicted educated men who participated in
rose in arms and assassinated the commanding the mutiny were sentenced life imprisonment while
officer and Spanish officers in sight. The insurgents members of the native clergy headed by the
were expecting support from the bulk of the army GOMBURZA were tried and executed by
unfortunately, that didn’t happen. The news about garrote. This episode leads to the awakening of
the mutiny reached authorities in Manila and Gen. nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of
Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of Philippine Revolution of 1896. The French writer
Spanish troops in Cavite. After two days, the mutiny Edmund Plauchut’s account complimented Tavera’s
was officially declared subdued. account by confirming that the event happened due
to discontentment of the arsenal workers and
soldiers in Cavite fort. The Frenchman, however,
dwelt more on the execution of the three martyr Rizal’s Execution
priests which he actually witnessed. • Jose Rizal was executed in December 30, 1896
which triggered the revolution to its peak.
Unraveling the Truth
Ramon Blanco’s Declaration
Considering the four accounts of the 1872 • Ramon Blanco declared the Philippines in the
Mutiny, there were some basic facts that remained state of war and martial law was immediately
to be unvarying: First, there was dissatisfaction followed.
among the workers of the arsenal as well as the • Captured Filipinos were beheaded, tortured,
sent to Spanish colonies in Africa or extorted for
members of the native army after their privileges
certain amount.
were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo; Second, Gen.
Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that Downfall of the Katipunan
made the Filipinos move and turn away from • The Magdalo group wanted to replace the
Spanish government out of disgust; Third, the katipunan (secret society) as a new
Central Government failed to conduct an government.
investigation on what truly transpired but relied on • Magdiwang-Wanted to keep the katipunan
reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of considering it has it own set of laws.
the public; Fourth, the happy days of the friars were
Tejeros Convention
already numbered in 1872 when the Central • Bonifacio was elected as director of interior.
Government in Spain decided to deprive them of the • Daniel Tirona of Magdalo group opposed this
power to intervene in government affairs as well as and said it must be a lawyer to be in this
in the direction and management of schools position, Bonifacio felt insulted and almost to
prompting them to commit frantic moves to extend shoot Tirona, Bonifacio immediately declared
their stay and power; Fifth, the Filipino clergy the convention as null and void.
members actively participated in the secularization • Aguinaldo was declared as the President.
movement in order to allow Filipino priests to take
Naik Military Agreement
hold of the parishes in the country making them prey • Established by Bonifacio, he was ordered by
to the rage of the friars; Sixth, Filipinos during the Aguinaldo to come back to the republic but he
time were active participants, and responded to what opposed this.
they deemed as injustices; and Lastly, the execution • Aguinaldo decided to arrest Bonficaio.
of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the • The council of war sentenced him to death.
Spanish government, for the action severed the ill- • He was massacred in Mt. Buntis, Maragondon
feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired Cavite.
Filipino patriots to call for reforms and eventually
Founding of Biak-na-Bato Republic
independence. There may be different versions of • Aguinaldo as the President, he pushed the idea
the event, but one thing is certain, the 1872 Cavite of (1) representation to Spanish Cortes (2)
Mutiny paved way for a momentous 1898. equality.

The road to independence was rough and

tough to toddle, many patriots named and unnamed
shed their bloods to attain reforms and achieve
independence. 12 June 1898 may be a glorious
event for us, but we should not forget that before we
came across to victory, our forefathers suffered
enough. As weenjoy our freeedom, may we be more
historically aware of our past to have a better future
ahead of us. And just like what Elias said in Noli me
Tangere, may we “not forget those who fell during
the night.”