CSE 215: Database

Lecture 01

2022
Introductory Lecture

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 Teaching Staff
• Instructors:

Ashikur Rahman Prof. ASM Latiful Hoque

Office: CSE 121 Office: CSE 118

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 Lectures: 1 st
half - from a user’s
perspective
1. Foundations: Relational data models & SQL
– Weeks 1-3
– How to manipulate data with SQL, a declarative language
• reduced expressive power but the system can do more for you

2. Database Design: Design theory and constraints

– Weeks 4-5
– Designing relational schema to keep your data from getting
corrupted

3. E-R diagram & Relational Algebra: Syntax & supporting

systems
– Week 6-7
– A programmer’s first step to data abstraction
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Lectures: 2 nd
half - understanding
how it works
4. Inside to database systems
– Indexing
– External Memory Algorithms (IO model) for
sorting, joins, etc.
– Basics of query optimization (Cost Estimates)
5. Transactions: Syntax & supporting systems
A programmer’s abstraction for data consistency
6. Data Recovery
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 Communications
• Web site:
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/ashikur/CSE215
– Lectures available here (usually the morning before class)
– Useful links to possibly useful reading materials
– Class test marks and important announcements are posted !

• Email:
{ashikur, asmlatifulhoque}@cse DOT buet DOT ac DOT bd

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 Textbook(s)
Main textbook:
• Database Systems: The Complete Book, Hector
Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey Ullman, Jennifer Widom
– Most chapters are good. Some are not as great
(functional dependencies).
– available at the Poroma Prokashoni
– A free PDF version is available (linked from the
course website)
• COME TO THE CLASS ! ASK QUESTIONS !
READ SLIDES !
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 Other Texts

• Database System Concepts,

by Avi Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan

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 Today’s Outline

Overview of DBMS

DBMS vs other alternatives

DBMS through an example

The Course outline

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 “Data is the Future”
- Quotation by somebody on the earth

What is a database ?

FACEBOOK
definition

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 “Data is the Future”
- Quotation by somebody on the earth

• What is a database? • Database can be stored

• Any collection of in different ways
related information – On paper
– Phone book – In your mind
– Shopping list – On a computer
– Todo list
– Your 5 best friends
– Facebook’s user base

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 “Data is the Future”
- Quotation by somebody on the earth

Give examples of databases

• Accounts database; payroll database; BIIS
students database

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 Increasingly many companies
see themselves as data driven.
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Millennia of Knowledge in Libraries

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The world’s scientific knowledge
is accessible.

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But we’re still human…

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 The world’s scientific knowledge
is accessible, but not readable.
Could we build a machine to
read for us?
Building database is the first step
towards machine readable data
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 Database Management System
What is a DBMS ?
• A big C/C++ program written by someone else
that allows us to manage efficiently a large
database and allows it to persist over long periods
of time

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 Database Management System
What is a DBMS(formal definition)?

•A Database Management System (DBMS)

is a piece of software designed to store and
manage databases

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 Functionalities of DBMS
• Makes it easy to manage large amounts of
information
• Handles Security
• Backups
• Importing and exporting data
• Concurrency
• Interacts with software application

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 Database Management System
Give examples of DBMS
• The big commercial database vendors:
– Oracle
– IBM (with DB2) bought Informix recently
– Microsoft (SQL Server)
• Some open source (free) database systems:
– Postgresql
– Mysql
– Predator

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 DBMS Market Shares
In 2006, www.gartner.com

• Oracle: 47% market share, $7.2BN in sales

• IBM: 21% market share with $3.2BN in sales

• Microsoft: 17% market with $2.6BN in sales

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DBMS Market Shares (Cloud
based)

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DBMS Latest ranking
http://db-engines.com/

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 An Example
The Internet Movie Database
http://www.imdb.com

• Entities:
Actors (800k), Movies (400k), Directors, …

• Relationships:
who played where, who directed what, …
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 Tables
Directors: Movie_Directors:
id fName lName id mid
15901 Francis Ford Coppola 15901 130128
... ...

Movies:
mid Title Year
130128 The Godfather 1972
...

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A Motivating, Running Example

• Consider building a course management

system (CMS):

– Students
– Courses Entities
– Professors
– Who takes what
Relationships
– Who teaches what
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Modeling the CMS using DBMS
• Logical Schema
• Students(sid: string, name: string, gpa: float)
• Courses(cid: string, cname: string, credits: int)
• Enrolled(sid: string, cid: string, grade: string)
• ………………….
sid Name Gpa cid cname credits
101 Jalil 3.2 101 C 3
Relations 303 Dbase 3
123 Karim 3.8

Students sid cid Grade Courses

123 303 A
Enrolled 29
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 Can we do it without a DBMS ?
Sure we can! Start by storing the data in files:

students.txt courses.txt professors.txt

You can store data using text editors, OR

You can write C or Java programs to
implement specific tasks
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 Can we do it without a DBMS ?

Another way: store the data in EXCEL files:

students.xls courses.xls professors.xls

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 Possible Organizations
• Files

• Spreadsheets

• DBMS

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 1. Create/store Large Datasets
Yes, but…
• Files

• Spreadsheets Not really…

• DBMS Yes

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 2. Search/Query/Update
Simple queries (grep);
• Files Updates are difficult

• Spreadsheets Simple queries;

Simple updates

• DBMS All

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 3. Change the Structure
Add Address to each Actor

Very hard
• Files

• Spreadsheets Yes

• DBMS Yes

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 4. Concurrent Access
Multiple users access/update the data concurrently
• What can go wrong ?
Lost updates; inconsistent reads,…

– You and your project partner are editing the same

file.
– You both save it at the same time.
– Whose changes survive?
• How do we protect against that in OS ? locks

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 5. Recover from crashes
• Transfer $100 from account #4662 to #7199:
X = Read(Account, #4662);
X.amount = X.amount - 100;
Write(Account, #4662, X);
CRASH !
Y = Read(Account, #7199);
Y.amount = Y.amount + 100;
Write(Account, #7199, Y);

What is the problem ?

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 6. Security

File-level
• Files access control

• Spreadsheets Same [?]

• DBMS Table/attribute-
level access control

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 How DBMS does all those things
“Two tier system” or “client-server”

connection
(ODBC, JDBC)

Database server
(someone else’s
Data files C program) Applications
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 Data Independence
Logical view
Directors: Movie_Directors:
id fName lName id mid
15901 Francis Ford Coppola 15901 130128
... ...

Movies:
mid Title Year
130128 The Godfather 1972
...

Directors_file Moviews_title_index_file

Directors_fname_index_file Movies_file
CSE 303: Ashikur Rahman Physical view
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What the Database Systems Does
SQL DDL
1. Create/store large datasets SQL DML
2. Search/query/update
3. Change the structure SQL DDL

4. Concurrent access to many user

Transactions
5. Recover from crashes ACID
6. Security
Grant, Revoke, Roles

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 Course Outline (first half) -
TENTATIVE !!
1. Introduction (chapter 1)
2. Relational model (chapter 2)
3. SQL (chapter 6)
4. Constraints (chapter 7)
5. Design theory (chapter 3)
6. E-R diagram (chapter 4)
7. Relational Algebra (chapter 2)

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 Until Next Time…
• Go to the course website
• Install Oracle Xpress Edition 11/12
• Start using sqlplus, and sql developer
• Read the guideline on the course website to
use sqlplus
• Find a partner for the project in the lab
• Start reading about SQL online and in the
book
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