math review

MATH 30-1 DIPLOMA PREP

BY SOPH B.
content
FUNCTIONS, OPERATIONS + TRANSFORMATIONS
EXPONENTS + LOGARITHMS
POLYNOMIALS, RADICALS + RATIONALS
TRIGONOMETRY
PERMUTATIONS, COMBINATIONS +
THE BINOMIAL THEOREM
about
ABOUT THIS REVIEW AND HOW IT IS STRUCTURED:
This review booklet is structured into sections and outcomes using the outcomes and standards highlighted in
the Mathematics 30-1 Assessment Standards & Exemplars. At the beginning of each section, there are general
notes. Examples provided for each topic are heavily inspired or directly sourced from the iWrite Math 12 Pre-
Calculus Mathematics Book with the intention of providing understanding for review around what questions
may look like or how they may be made into real-life context in preparation for the Alberta 30-1 Mathematics
Diploma. Material, definitions and other information is also largely sourced from the textbook in an effort to take
the notes and information and structure it to be helpful for review (although some of it may be reworded).
Majority of graphics are made by myself, with others being sourced from Google Images or graphs made in
Desmos.
OVERVIEW OF UNIT EXAM MARKS AND PRIORITY FOR REVIEW:

1 2 3 4 5
Function Operations Exponents + Polynomial, Radical Trigonometry: Permutations +
+ Transformations: Logarithms: and Rational 67% Combinations:
86% 50% Functions: High Priority 82%
Least High Priority 77% Least
Concern Moderate Concern
functions, operations + transformations
(all of RF is~ 55% of exam)
RF1: OPERATIONS + COMPOSITIONS OF FUNCTIONS Note: the slides of this
section are not in this
exact order- they have
RF2: HORIZONTAL + VERTICAL TRANSLATIONS been reordered to
make more sense with

RF3: HORIZONTAL + VERTICAL STRETCHES the flow of the unit.

RF4: APPLY TRANSLATIONS AND STRETCHES

RF5: REFLECTIONS
RF6: INVERSES OF RELATIONS
Stretches and translations are performed prior to translations unless otherwise stated.
Outcomes 2 - 6 are to be done without technology.
General Notes
Analyzing a transformation includes effects on domain, range, intercepts, invariant points and key points.
Mapping notation must be understood for transformations.
RF1: OPERATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
There are 4 different types of operations of functions to highlight:
SUM - outcome after addition: f(x) + g(x) or (f + g)(x)
DIFFERENCE - outcome after subtraction: f(x) - g(x) or (f - g)(x)
PRODUCT - outcome after multiplication: f(x)g(x) or (fg)(x)
QUOTIENT - outcome after division: f(x)/g(x) or (f/g)(x)

Example 1: Consider the functions f(x) = 2√x - 5 and g(x) = √x - 5.

Determine the following functions in simplest form and state the domain of each function.

i) (f + g)(x) ii) (g - f)(x) iii) (gf)(x)

replace f and g with their functions replace g and f with their functions
replace g and f with their functions
2√x - 5 + √x - 5 √x - 5 - 2√x + 5 √x - 5(2√x - 5)
combine like terms combine like terms; 2√x - 5 switched multiply f by g
3√x - 10, x > 0 -√x, x > 0 signs due to the subtraction 2x - 5√x - 10√x + 25
since x is in a square root, it cannot be combine like terms
a negative number, meaning that the 2x - 15√x + 25, x > 0
domain is x > 0

Example 2: Consider the functions f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = x² - 1

Determine the following function in simplest form and state its domain.
the domain is x ≠ -1
g(x) replace g and f with x² - 1 x² is divided by x,
because if it were -1
making it x. -1 divided x - 1, x ≠ -1
f(x) their functions. x+1 by 1 is -1.
the denominator would
be equal to 0.
RF1: COMPOSITIONS OF FUNCTIONS
Composite functions can be written in the form h(x) = g(f(x)) OR h(x) = (g o f)(x).
Use the following procedure to determine g(f(x)) where f(x) and g(x) are given.
1. Start with g(f(x)).
2. Replace f(x) with the formula for f. Example 2: Consider the functions f(x) = √x - 3 and g(x) = x² + 2.
3. Apply the formula for g. Determine the domains and ranges of f, g, f o g and g o f
4. Simplify and write answer in simplest form. ∊
f(x): Domain: {x | x > 3, x ℝ}
Example 1: Given f(x) = 10x + 1 and g(x) = 2x - 5, ∊
Range: {y | y > 0, y ℝ}
determine (g o f)(x). ∊
g(x): Domain: {x | x ℝ}
1. g(f(x)) ∊
Range: {y | y > 2, y ℝ}
2. g(10x + 1) ∊
f o g: Domain: {x | x < - 1 U x > 1, x ℝ}
3. 2(10x + 1) - 5 ∊
Range: {y | y > 0, y ℝ}
4. 20x - 3 ∊
g o f: Domain: {x | x > 3, x ℝ}
Domain and Range of a Composite Function
∊
Range: {y | y > 2, y ℝ}

Calculating an expression for a compositie function may result on restrictions to domain and range.
In most cases the domain and range of a composite function will be different from the domain and range
of the original functions.
The domain of a composite function f o g cannot be more than the domain of g.
The range of a composite function f o g cannot be more than the range of f.
RF6: INVERSES OF RELATIONS
A function is a relation in which each element of a set A (the domain) is mapped to one and only one element of
a set B (the range).
A is half of B A is the square B
root of
Example 1: i) ii)
1 2 B = 2A -2 4 B = A²
2 4 2
3 6 -3
4 8 3 9

The inverse of a function is a relation which "undoes" what the function does. In other words, the elements in
set B are mapped back to elements in set A.
B is double of A B is the square of A
ii)
Example 2: i)
2 1 A = 1/2B 4 -2 A = +√B
4 2 2
6 3 -3 Note: This is not a
function, because
8 4 9 3
there are multiple y
coordinates with the
same x - coordinates.

The domain of the inverse is the range of the original function Methods for determining the inverse of a function:
The range of the inverse is the domain of the original function Reverse the coordinates in a set of ordered pairs
The inverse of a function may or may not be a function Reflect its graph in the line y = x
Interchange x and y in the equation and solve for y
RF6: INVERSES OF RELATIONS
Using Function Notation to Write an Inverse
If a function f(x) has inverse which is also a function, then the inverse is denoted by f ⁻¹(x)

If the inverse of f(x) is not a function, then the notation is written in the form x = f(y) NOT f ⁻¹(x)

Steps: Example 1: Determine f ⁻¹(x) for the following. Example 2: Determine f ⁻¹(x) for the following.
f(x) = 2x - 3 f(x) = x³ + 4
1) Replace f(x) by y.
y = 2x - 3 y = x³ + 4
2) Interchange x and y to obtain the inverse f ⁻¹(x) = (x + 3)/2 f ⁻¹(x) =³√x - 4
x = 2y - 3 x = y³ + 4
3) Solve for y x + 3 = 2y x - 4 = y³
4) Replace y by f ⁻¹(x) y = (x + 3)/2 y =³√x - 4

Example 3: Consider the function f(x) = x² - 4.

Determine x = f(y) Domain and range of f(x) = x² - 4.
f(x) = x² - 4 f(x) = x² - 4 ∊
D: {x | x ℝ}
y = x² - 4 ∊
R: {y | y > - 4, y ℝ}
The black half of the inverse
represents the restricted function
x = y² - 4
x + 4 = y² The domain and range of the y = √x + 4
y = √x + 4 inverse can be restricted so that the
inverse IS a function.
∊
D: {x | x > -4, x ℝ}
∊
R: {y | y > 0, y ℝ}
x = f(y)
Not only does this restriction make it a function
by eliminating repeating y-values, but it also
Inverse is not a function makes logical sense since x must be > 0 in order
because y has multiple to work inside the square root.
values on each x-coordinate
RF2: HORIZONTAL + VERTICAL TRANSLATIONS
A translation is a change of position that can occur in in the x or y coordinates of a graph.
Given the function y = f(x):
Replacing y with y - k; (x, y) (x, y - k) describes a vertical translation.
Replacing x with x - h; (x, y) (x - h, y) describes a horizontal translation. Note: No examples were
provided since
In general, if y = f(x - h)+ k, then transformations as a
k > 0, the graph moves up h > 0, the graph moves to the right concept have been well
reinforced throughout the
k < 0, the graph moves down h < 0, the graph moves to the left
course and I am feeling
confident I can perform

RF3: HORIZONTAL + VERTICAL STRETCHES and analyse

transformations.

A stretch is an expansion or a compression about the x- and y-axis.

Given the function y = f(x):
Replacing y with (1/a)y; (x, y) (x, (1/a)y) describes a vertical stretch about the x-axis.
Replacing x with bx - h; (x, y) (bx, y) describes a horizontal stretch about the y-axis.

In general, if y = af(bx), then

a > 0, vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of a b > 0, horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a factor of 1/b
a < 0, vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of |a| b < 0, horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a factor of 1/|b|
and a reflection in the x-axis and a reflection in the y-axis
RF5: REFLECTIONS
A reflection is a transformation which reflects (or flips) a figure about a line.
Given the function y = f(x):
Replacing y with - y; (x, y) (x, - y); y = f(-x) describes a reflection in the x-axis (invariant points on x-
axis).
Replacing x with - x; (x, y) (-x, y); y = -f(x) describes a reflection in the y-axis (invariant points on y-axis).
Interchanging x and y, (x, y) (y, x); y = f ⁻¹(x) or x = f(y) describes a reflection in the line y = x
(invariant points on line y = x).
Example of a reflection
about the origin (y = x).
There is one invariant
point, at (0, 0)

line y = x
f(-x) y = f⁻¹(x)
"the origin"

y = f(x)

Example of a reflection in
the y-axis. There is one
invariant point, at (0, 0)
RF4: APPLY TRANSLATIONS AND STRETCHES Note: This outcome is really
similar to the previous ones so
The full general function for transformations is y = af [b(x - h)] + k I am taking this page as an
*Remember to factor out bad b before performing and analysing transformations!.* opportunity to outline what I
need to be prepared to do in
relation to transformations.
A reminder of standards for diploma:

Acceptable Standard Standard of Excellence

Perform, analyze and describe graphically or algebraically: Perform, analyze and describe graphically or algebraically:
A combination of transformations involving stretches and/or A horizontal stretch and/or reflection in the y-axis and translation
translations where the parameter b is not removed through factoring
A combination of transformations involving reflections and/or A combination of transformations involving at least a reflection, a
translations stretch, and a translation
A combination of transformations involving reflections and/or
stretches
A horizontal stretch and/or reflection in the y-axis and a translation
where the parameter b is removed through factoring
Perform, analyze and describe a reflection in the line y=x, given the
function or relation in graphical form
Determine an unknown parameter in a function, given information
relating to one point on the graph of the function
exponents + logarithms
(all of RF is~ 55% of exam)
RF7: LOGARITHMS
RF8: PRODUCT, QUOTIENT AND POWER LAWS OF LOGS
RF9: GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
RF10: SOLVE EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

Outcomes 7 + 10 are to be done without technology

General Notes
Formulas are given for problems involving logarithmic scales such as decibels, earthquake intensity and pH.
RF7: LOGARITHMS
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function.
The relationship between the two functions can be written as Parts of a Logarithmic Function
y = bˣ ⬄ log by = x. value y = logbx argument
(can never be negative)
The logarithmic function with base b has the equation
∊
y = logbx, x > 0, x ℝ, b > 0 and b ≠ 1.
base

Evaluating Logarithms Evaluating Logarithms

By converting to exponential form: Things to note:
Ex) Evaluate log₂8 aˡᵒᵍᵃⁿ = n → ex) 5 ˡᵒᵍ₅²⁵ = 5 ˡᵒᵍ₅⁵² = 5² = 25
1. log₂8 = x logₐaⁿ = n → ex) log₃81 = log₃(3⁴) = 4
2. 2ˣ = 8 convert to exponential form logbb = 1 → logbb(b⁰)
3. 2ˣ = 2³ find common base logb(1) = 0 → log b(b¹)
4. x = 3 ∴ log₂8 = 3
Some more examples
1. 2log₈(512) the log part can be simplified to have a 3. log₅(√125) square roots are equal to an exponent of 1/2.
=2·3 common base, then evaluated and multiplied = log₅(5³) we can get 5 to the power of 3/2, because 5³ is
²
=6 by the 2 in the front of the whole function = 3/2 125, and to make that reflect the square root
2. log₂(1/32) the exponent has a denominator of 2
a fraction is equivalent to a negative
= log₂(2⁻⁵) exponent; 2⁵ is 32 so 2⁻⁵ is the reciprocal of
= -5 that, 1/32
RF7: LOGARITHMS
Common Logarithms
These are in base 10 (but so commonly used that the 10 often isn't written)
ex) log₁₀1000 ⬄ log 1000

Estimating the Value of a Logarithmic Expression

Ex) Evaluating log₅ 50 - problem: argument can't be simplified to 5 to the power of something.
But, we can estimate!
50 is a value that is not on this table, but we can place it in between values that are on the table.
50 is somewhere in between 25 and 125, which means the answer is in between 2 and 3.
Since 50 is closer to 25 than it is to 125, we might say that the exact value of log₅ 50 is between 2 and 2.5.

Change of Base Identity log 25

Ex) log₅ 25 = 1 5 25 125
logac log 5
y = logbc =
logab
0 1 2 3

this table represents the relationship

Some more examples between 5 to the power of values
4 log 0.001 4 log 10 ⁻³ 4 x -3 = -12 ascending by 1 (5⁰ is 1, 5¹ is 5, etc.)
RF8: LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
The Product Law: When the inputs are multiplied, add the logs (outputs). AKA log(x · y) = log(x) + log(y)

ex) log₂(16) + log₂(8) = log₂(16 · 8) = log₂(128) = 7

The Quotient Law: When the inputs are divided, subtract the logs (outputs). AKA log(x/y) = log (x) - log (y)

ex) log₂(16) - log₂(8) = log₂(16÷8) = log₂(2) = 1

The Power Law: When the input is taken to a power, multiply the power by the log (output). AKA logₐMⁿ = n log ₐ M

ex) log₄16¹² = log₄(4²)¹² = log₄(4²⁴) = 24 · log₄4 = 24 · 1 = 24

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 3 (other way to solve)

log₆(9) + log₆(8) - log₆(2) log B + log D - 5 log E - log A² + 1/2 log A 2 log 5 + 2 log 2 2 log 5 + 2 log 2
= log₆(9 · 8) - log₆(2) log B + log D - log E⁵ - log A² + log A¹ = log 5² + log 2² = 2(log 5 + log 2)
²
= log₆((9 · 8) ÷ 2) = log(5² · 2²) = 2(log 5 · 2)
BDA
= log₆(36) log = log(25 · 4) = 2(log 10)
E⁵ A²
=2 = log(100) =2·1
BD =2 =2
log E⁵ A³
²
RF9: GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL + LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Exponential Functions are written in the form y = a(b)ˣ ⁻ ᶜ + d, b >0, b ≠ 1.

Function: y = 2ˣ (red line) - growth function

As x values increase by one, y values increase exponentially.
y = (1/2)ˣ y = 2ˣ
∊
Domain: {x | x ℝ}
∊
Range: {y | y > 0, y ℝ}
x-int: None
y-int: (0, 1)
Asymptote(s): y = 0

Function: y = (1/2)ˣ (green line) - decay function

As x values increase by one, y values decrease exponentially.
∊
Domain: {x | x ℝ}
∊
Range: {y | y > 0, y ℝ}
x-int: None
y-int: (0, 1)
This asymptote (blue line) exists because 2
to the power of negative x values creates y Asymptote(s): y = 0
values that are fractions that get infinitely
smaller, never touching the x - axis; and
because 1/2 to the power of positive x values
creates y values that get infinitely smaller.
 RF9: GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL + LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Logarithmic Functions are written in the form y = a logb(x - c) + d, b > 1. They are the inverse of exponential functions.

The yellow dotted lines are the

y = 2ˣ
asymptotes of both functions Function: y = 2ˣ (red line) - exponential function
As x values increase by one, y values increase exponentially.
y=x
∊
Domain: {x | x ℝ}
∊
Range: {y | y > 0, y ℝ}
x-int: None
y-int: (0, 1)
Asymptote(s): y = 0
y = log₂x
Function: y = log₂x (green line) - logarithmic function
Looks like a reflection of y = 2ˣ on the line y = x
∊
Domain: {x | x > 0, x ℝ}
∊
Range: {y | y ℝ}
x-int: (1, 0)
y-int: None
Asymptote(s): x = 0
RF10: SOLVE EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS
Solving Logarithmic Equations:
1. State restrictions
2. Simplify to a single logarithm using laws of logarithms
3. Convert to exponential form
4. Solve resulting linear or quadratic equation Solving Exponential Equations (with no common base):
5. Check for extraneous roots by verifying + checking
Example: Determine the exact value of x in the form log M
restrictions
Example 1: log₄(x + 1) - log₄(2x + 3) = log₄(8) log N
2²ˣ = 6ˣ ⁻ ³ → (2²)ˣ = 6ˣ/6³ → 6³ = 6ˣ/(2²)ˣ
1. Restrictions: x > -1, x > 3/2
216 = (6/4)ˣ
x+1 log₆ 216 = x
2. log₄ = log₄(8) ₄
2x - 3
log (216)
x+1 log (1.5)
3. =8
2x - 3
(x = 13.257)
4. x + 1 = 8(2x + 3)
4. x + 1 = 16x - 24
4. 15x = 25
x = 25/15
x = 5/3
5. VERIFY: log₄((5/3)+ 1) - log₄(2(5/3) + 3) = log₄(8)
 RF10: SOLVE EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS

ᵗ
Compound Interest: Use the formula y = abᵖ Solving for a Value in Comparison Problems:
Where: Common Formulas
y = future value
Earthquake Intensities
a = intial amount
M = magnitude
b = rate
I = Intensity
t = time
p = period
Loudness (decibels)
Examples of Questions: dB = Loudness in decibels
$7000 is invested in a 6 year GIC compounded quarterly I = Intensity
at a rate of 5% per annum. Determine the value of the
investment at the end of the term.
Concentration of H+
pH = pH of solution
If a student's summer job savings of $3000 is invested
H+ = hydrogen ion
at 12% oer year compounded monthly, how many
concentration
months will it take to earn at least $600 in interest?

* Let I₀ = 1 in all problems *

polynomials, radicals + rationals
(all of RF is~ 55% of exam)
RF11: FACTORING POLYNOMIALS
RF12: GRAPH + ANALYZE POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
RF13: GRAPH + ANALYZE RADICAL FUNCTIONS
RF14: GRAPH + ANALYZE RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Outcome 11 is to be done without technology

Analyzing graphs includes, but is not limited to, determining and describing the effects of a transformation
General Notes
on the domain, range, intercepts, invariant points and key points. The term key points on a relation or
function may include vertices, endpoints, maximum and minimum points, etc.
RF11: FACTORING POLYNOMIALS
The form of a polynomial function is Important terms:
f(x) = aₙxⁿ + aₙ ₋ ₁xⁿ ⁻ ¹ + aₙ ₋ ₂xⁿ ⁻ ² + ... + a₂x² + a₁x + a₀ Leading Coefficient - aₙ, which is the coefficient of the
highest power of x
Synthetic Division (preferred method): Dividing a
Constant Term - a₀, which is the term independent of x
polynomial function of a degree > 2 by a binomial.
Degree - the value of n
Ex) Divide P(x) = x³ - 2x² - 4 by x + 1.
-1 1 -2 0 -4 Note: Roots of variables, negative or factorial powers of a variable
Q = x² - 3x + 3 R= -7 or any non-real coefficient are NOT polynomial functions.
1 -1 3 1-3
1 -3 13 -7 Factor Theorem: The binomial (x - a) is a factor of the
polynomial function P(x) if, and only if, P(a) = 0.
Remainder Theorem: When a polynomial function P(x) is
a is then a zero of the polynomial function P(x) as well.
divided by a binomial, (x - a), the remainder obtained is
equal to the value of the polynomial when x = a, i.e. the
Integral Zero Theorem: Zeros of an integral polynomial
remainder is P(a).
function with a leading coefficient of 1 must be factors
Proof: P(x) = D(x) · Q(x) + R(x)
of the constant terms.
Using (x - a) as the divisor; P(x) = (x - a) · Q(x) + R(x)
Ex) P(x) = x³ - 7x - 6. The factors of - 6 are +1, +2, +3, +6.
Substitute a for x to find P(a)
This list of factors is also a list of all potential zeros of the
P(a) = (a - a) · Q(a) + R
polynomial, which can then be tested.
) ) = 0 · Q(a) + R ∴ P(a) = R
) )=0+R
RF11: FACTORING POLYNOMIALS
Example 1 - Integral Zero Theorem + Fully factoring: Consider the polynomial P(x) = x⁴ + 2x³ - 7x² - 8x + 12.
a) List the potential zeros of the polynomial: + { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12}
b) Express the polynomial in factored form:
Step 1: Find a factor of P(x) (test through all the listed potential zeros until one gives you a remainder of 0)
P(1) = (1)⁴ + 2(1)³ - 7(1)² - 8(1) + 12 ∴
P(1) = 0, the factor is x - 1
Step 2: Synthetic division. Step 4 work:
1 1 2 -7 -8 12 2 1 3 -4 -12
1 3 -4 -12 2 10 12
1 3 -4 -12 0 1 5 6 0

Step 3: Factor the quotient, Q(x) = x³ + 3x² - 4x - 12. Use the same step as before for finding the factor (list
∴
potential zeros and test them.) Result: Q(2) = 0, the factor is x - 2.
Step 4: Synthetic division. (see the work done above) Result: x² + 5x + 6
Step 5: Put it all together:
x⁴ + 2x³ - 7x² - 8x + 12 Note: Once you've reached a quadratic function, there is no need
(x - 1) (x³ + 3x² - 4x - 12) to go through the whole list and synthetic function process since
(x - 1)(x - 2)(x² + 5x + 6) these functions are much more easily factored.

(x - 1)(x - 2)(x + 3)(x + 2)

RF12: GRAPH + ANALYZE POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
Unique Factorization Theorem: Every polynomial function of degree n > 1 can be written as the product of a
leading coefficient, c, and n linear factors to get P(x) = c(x - a₁)(x - a₂)(x - a₃) ... (x - aₙ)
Two Important Points (for polynomial functions degree n > 1)
1. Every polynomial function can be written as a product of its factors and a leading coefficient.
2. Every polynomial function has the same number of factors as its degree. The factors may be real or complex,
and may be repeated.
If the graph of a polynomial has two rising arms, then the
DEGREE NAME degree of the polynomial is EVEN
leading coefficient is POSITIVE

1 Linear If the graph of a polynomial has two falling arms, then the
degree of the polynomial is EVEN
2 Quadratic leading coefficient is NEGATIVE

If the graph of a polynomial has a right arm rising and a left arm falling, then the
3 Cubic degree of the polynomial is ODD
leading coefficient is POSITIVE
4 Quartic
If the graph of a polynomial has a right arm falling and a left arm rising, then the
degree of the polynomial is ODD
5 Quintic leading coefficient is NEGATIVE
RF12: GRAPH + ANALYZE POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
Things to be looking for: zeros, multiplicities, x- and y- intercepts, domain and range. Understand the relationship
between zeros of a polynomial function and the x-intercepts of a graph and the roots of an equation.

P(x) = x⁴ + 2x³ - 7x² - 8x + 12 Multiplicities: The multiplicity of a zero corresponds to

QUARTIC the number of times a factor is repeated in the function.

y-intercept is the same value

as the constant term
When a polynomial graph is tangent to the x-axis, it is at
a point where the graph touches the x-axis but does not
The factored form of
a polynomial function cross through it.
can be found through
the process on PG 19,
RF11, or it can be When a polynomial graph has a point of inflection, the
found by analyzing
graph changes concavity at a point on the x-axis.
the x-intercepts of
the graph. concave up

x-intercepts are the tangent

concave down
same values as the
zeros of the function:
point of
inflection
P(x) = (x - 1)(x - 2)(x + 3)(x + 2)
Example: P(x) = (x + 1)²(x - 1)³
QUINTIC
RF13: GRAPH + ANALYZE RADICAL FUNCTIONS
y = √f(x) is a radical function that affects the y values. (x, y) (x, √y)
This creates a restriction of all negative y values, since we cannot take the square root of a negative number.
When f(x) < 0, the graph of y = √f(x) does not exist. (negative numbers are restricted)
When f(x) = 0, √f(x) = 0, and when f(x) = 1, √f(x) = 1 (these are invariant points and should be noted)
When 0 < f(x) < 1, the graph of y = √f(x) lies above the graph of y = f(x) (this is because fractions become greater
when we take their square roots; e.g. √0.25 = 0.5)
When f(x) > 1, the graph of y = √f(x) lies below the graph of y = f(x)
If the graph of y = f(x) has intervals containing oblique straight line segments, the graph of y = √f(x) will be
concave down on those intervals.
∊
Domain: {x | x > -3, x ℝ}
Example 1: Sketching y = √f(x) from y = f(x)
∊
Range: {y | y > 0, y ℝ}

Concaved lines are y = f(x)

present where f(x) < 0
and where f(x) > 0 as well.
Invariant points at (-3, 0),
y = √f(x) (10, 0), and (16, 0)
RF14: GRAPH + ANALYZE RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Rational Functions take the form f(x) = n(x) ÷ d(x), where n(x) and d(x) are polynomial functions and d(x) ≠ 0. The
degree of d(x) must be greater than zero in order for it to be a rational function and not just a polynomial
function. Numerators and denominators, at the 30-1 level, will be limited to monomial, binomials and trinomials.

Discontinuities: The denominator of a rational function cannot equal zero. Therefore the non-permissible values
of a rational function are values that make the denominator equal to zero. Not all rational functions have them,
like f(x) = 1/(x² + 1). If there are non-permissible values, the graph will not be continuous, rather there will be
discontinuities:
a. Infinite Discontinuity: Leads to a vertical asymptote on the graph
b. Point Discontinuity: Leads to a hole on the graph
Asymptotes: A line a curve approaches more and more closely, but never reaches. For example, f(x) = 1/(x-1):
a. Vertical Asymptote: ex) a vertical asymptote at x = 1 means that x will never reach 1 but will get infinitely
closer. This occurs because 1 is a zero of the rational function's denominator.
b. Horizontal Asymptote: ex) as |x| increases in value, the graph of f(x) gets closer + closer to the x-axis (line
with the equation y = 0). y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote of f(x).
RF14: GRAPH + ANALYZE RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Vertical Asymptote Point of Discontinuity

Discontinuities y = (x + 3)/(x - 2) --- VA is at x = 2 y = ((x - 2)(x + 3))/(x - 2), POD at (2, 5)

Horizontal Asymptote No Horizontal Asymptote

End Behaviours y = (x + 1)/x², HA @ y = 0 y = (x² + 1)/(x - 1)
y = (2x + 3)/(5x - 1), HA is not 0 It is all dependent on a
difference in degrees

To find x-intercept sub y for 0: To find y-intercept sub x for 0:

x- and y- y = (x + 3)/(x - 2) y = (x + 3)/(x - 2)
Intercepts 0 = (x + 3)/(x - 2) y = (0 + 3)/(0 - 2)
x=-3 y = -3/2

Domain/Range Domain: {x | x ≠ VA, x-coord POD, x ℝ} ∊ Range: {y | y ≠ HA, y-coord POD, y ℝ} ∊

RF14: GRAPH + ANALYZE RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
trigonometry (~ 30% of exam)
T1: ANGLES, DEGREES, RADIANS AND ARC LENGTH
T2: THE UNIT CIRCLE
T3: TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
T4: GRAPHING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
T5: SOLVE TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
T6: PROVE TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
The restricted domain may be something other than 0° < θ < 360° or 0 < θ < 2π
Differentiate between "exact value" and "approximate value" in problems
General Notes
Express exact value answers with either a rationalized or unrationalized denominator
Perform, analyze and describe transformations on sinusoidal functions
T1: ANGLES, DEGREES, RADIANS AND ARC LENGTH

Coterminal Angles: Angles with the same terminal arm;

they are seperated by a multiple of 360° or 2π radians. Converting degrees to radians and vice versa
Principal Angles: The principal angle of a set of Degrees to Radians: multiply by π / 180°
coterminal angles is the smallest positive rotation angle Radians to Degrees: multiply by 180° / π
with the same terminal arm. The principal angle is in the
Arc Length: The formula for arc length can be used
domain of 0° < θ < 360° or 0 < θ < 2π. a
to solve problems involving arc length, radius and θ=
θ=
Reference Angles: The acute angles formed between the
central angle (the angle must be in radians) r
the terminal arms of the rotation angles and the x-axis.
Example 1: A circle has a radius of 8 cm. Determine (in
QUADRANT ROTATION ANGLE (°) ROTATION ANGLE (RAD)
radians) the measure of the central subtended by an arc with
a length 5.6 cm. θ = 5.6 cm / 8 cm θ = 0.7 rad.
1 Reference angle Reference angle
Example 2: Calculate the arc length (to the nearest tenth of a
2 180° - Reference angle π - Reference angle metre) of a sector of a circle with radius 8.4 m if the sector
angle is 80°.
3 180° + Reference angle π + Reference angle
Step 1: Convert to radians - 80° x π / 180°
Step 2: a = 8.4 m (1.39...) a = 11.7 m
4 360° - Reference angle 2π - Reference angle
T2: THE UNIT CIRCLE UNDEFINED

-√3 -1 , √3 (0 , 1) √3
1 ,√3
2 2 2 2
-√2 , √2 90°
-1 √2 , √2
2 2 1
120° 60° 2 2
π
The unit circle has a radius of 1 (a unit -√3 -√3, 1 135° 2π 2 π 45°
√3, 1 √3
radius). It is useful when working with 3 2 2 3π 3 3 π
2 2 3
150° 4 4 30°
trigonometric functions, and the 5π π
Pythagorem Theorem is also applicable. 6 2 1 6

Identities unique to the unit circle: S A

(x , y) is equal to (cosθ , sinθ) 0 (-1 , 0) 180° π 0, 2π 0°, 360° (1 , 0) 0
x = cosθ T C
y = sinθ 3 4 11π
7π
tanθ = sinθ/cosθ = y/x 6
6
x² + y² = 1 which means that 210° 5π 7π 330°
√3 -√3 , -1 4 4π 5π 4 √3 , -1 -√3
cos²θ + sin²θ = 1 3π
3 2 2 225° 3 3 315° 2 2 3
2
-√2 , -√2 240° 300° √2 , -√2
1 270° -1
2 2 2 2
-1 ,-√3 1 ,-√3
(0 , -1)
√3 2 2 2 2 -√3
UNDEFINED
 T3: TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS hypotenuse
side opposite of θ
Primary Trigonometric Ratios:
sine ratio sinθ = opposite/hypotenuse The six trig ratios can be
θ
cosine ratio cosθ = adjacent/hypotenuse written in terms of x, y, and r
side adjacent of θ
tangent ratio tanθ = opposite/adjacent
sinθ = y/r cosθ = x/r tanθ = y/x
Remember these ratios with SOCAHTOA
Reciprocal Trigonometric Ratios:
cosecant ratio cscθ = 1/sinθ or hypotenuse/opposite cscθ = r/y secθ = r/x cotθ = x/y
secant ratio secθ = 1/cosθ or hypotenuse/adjacent
cotangent ratio cotθ = 1/tanθ or adjacent/opposite
Example 1: The point (-15, 8) lies on the terminal arm of a rotation angle θ in standard position. Determine the exact values
of the primary and reciprocal trig ratios. We have our x and y values but have to find r. Pythagorem Theorem time!
x² + y² = r² becomes (8)² + (-15)² = r² which becomes 289 = r². That means that r = + √289 or + 17. It has to be positive so r = 17.
Once we have x, y and r values we
sinθ = 8/17 cosθ = -15/17 tanθ = -8/15
can determine all six ratios

cscθ = 17/8 secθ = -17/15 cotθ = -15/8 Make sure calculator mode is in degrees!

Example 2: Determine the measure of x, to the nearest degree, to the equation sec(x) = -9.092, where 0° < θ < 360°.
The reciprocal of sec(x) is cos(x) = -1/9.092. Next step is to find the reference angle, using cos⁻¹(1/9.092) = 84°
Since the value given is negative, then we have to give our solutions in the quadrants where cos(x) and sec(x) are
negative; quadrants 2 and 3. x₂ = 180° - 84° = 96° and x₃ = 180° + 84° = 264° are the two solutions.
 T4: GRAPHING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
y = sin x starts its period at (0, 0) and
moves upwards to its maximum. Characteristics of y = sinx:
Period: 2π
Amplitude: 1
Midline: 0
∊
x-intercepts: x = πₙ , n ℤ
y-intercepts: (0, 0)
Domain: (-∞, ∞)
Range: [-1, 1]

y = cos x starts its period at (0, 1) and

moves downwards to its minimum. Characteristics of y = cosx:
Period: 2π
Amplitude: 1
Midline: 0
∊
x-intercepts: x = π/2 + πₙ , n ℤ
y-intercepts: (0, 1)
Domain: (-∞, ∞)
Range: [-1, 1]
T4: GRAPHING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Characteristics of y = tanx:
Period: π
x-intercepts: x = 0, π, 2π
y-intercepts: y = 0
∊
Domain: { x | x ≠ π/2, 3π/2, x ℝ}
Range: (-∞, ∞)
Vertical asymptotes:
x = π x = 3π/2
Note: Transformations do not
have to be performed for
tangent functions; only an
analysis of their characteristics
including determining and
describing period, asymptotes,
intercepts, domain and range.
T4: GRAPHING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Transformations on sinusoidal functions (y = sinx and y = cosx)

Effects of the parameters a, b, c and d Note: Transformations on sinusoidal functions will

for y = a sin [b(x - c)] + d include changes to amplitude, period, vertical
y = a cos [b(x - c)] + d displacement and horizontal phase shift. Remember
to factor out b ("bad b"!) and be prepared to
amplitude = | a | = (max - min) ÷ 2
determine and analyse all changes listed above as
period = (2π) ÷ | b |
well as intercepts, domain and range.
horizontal phase shift = c
shifts to the right if c > 0
Examples of possible questions (not solved but included for
shifts to the left if c < 0
understanding of what real-world situation questions may look like):
vertical displacement = d = (max + min) ÷ 2
up if d > 0 The height of a tidal wave approaching the face of a cliff on an island
down if d < 0 is represented by the equation h(t) = 7.5 cos ((2π/9.5)t) where h(t) is
the height, in metres, of the wave above normal sea level t minutes
Note: Questions may ask for a graph to be
after the wave strikes the cliff. What are the maximum and minimum
sketched, or for the equation of the function to
heights of the wave relative to normal sea level?
be determined (plus other details).

A gymnast does timed bounces on a trampoline. The trampoline mat is 1m above ground level. When they bounce up, their feet
reach a height of 3 metres above the mat, and when they bounce down their feet depress the mat by 0.5 metres. A stopwatch is
used by their coach to make the following readings: at highest point the reading is 0.5s and at lowest it is 1.5s. Sketch two periods of
the sinusoidal function which represents the gymnast's height above the ground, in metres, as a function of time, in seconds.
T5: SOLVE TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
First Degree Trig Equations

Solving Using an Algebraic Approach

1. Solve the equation where the domain is one period of the graph of the function
2. The general solution can then be determined by adding/subtracting multiples of the period to the solutions
found in step 1.
∊
Example: Find the general solution of the equation 2 cos x - √3 = 0, x ℝ, where x is in radian measure.
Steps to solve (isolate cos x): 2 cos x = √3 divide by 2 to isolate; cos x = √3/2
Since we know that cos x is positive, we can determine that the solutions will be in Q1 and Q4.
Q2 Q1
In quadrant 1, the reference angle is x₁ = π/6. In quadrant 4, the solution is x₄ = 11π/6.
∊
The general solution is: x = π/6 + 2πₙ, 11π/6 + 2πₙ, n ℤ
Q3 Q4
Solving on a Restricted Domain
1. Determine the period of the trigonometric function
2. Solve the equation on the domain 0 < x < period.
3. Add or subtract multiples of the period to the solutions in step 1 to solve in the restricted domain.
Example: 2 sin x - √2 = 0 for 360° < x < 720°
Steps to solve (isolate sin x): 2 sinx = √2 divide by 2 to isolate; sin x = √2/2
Since we know that sin x is positive, the solutions will be in Q1 and Q2.
In quadrant 1, the reference angle is x₁ = 45°. In quadrant 2 it is x₂ = 135°.
Next, add 360° to each so that they fit within the restricted domain.
The solutions are x₁ = 405° x₂ = 495°
T5: SOLVE TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Second Degree Trig Equations

Solving Using an Algebraic Approach

Example: Determine the roots of the equation 2 sin²x = 1 - sin x where 0 < x < 2π. Give solutions as exact values.
Treat like a quadratic function and set the whole equation to 0; 2 sin²x + sin x - 1 = 0
Let x = sin x and factor (since it is easier for me to work with x; remember to switch back to sin x later)
2x² + x - 1 = 0 (2x - 1)(x + 1) = 0, which means that x = 1/2 and x = -1, or sin x = 1/2 and sin x = -1
Solve from here like the first degree trig equations. For sin x = 1/2: solutions are in Q1 and Q2. x₁ = π/6 and x₂ = 5π/6
For sin x = -1: x = 3π/2
Final solution: x = π/6, 5π/6, 3π/2
T6: PROVE TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Basic Identities
Reciprocal Identities Pythagorean Identities
sin θ = y/r Quotient Identities
csc x = 1/sin x sin²x + cos²x = 1
cos θ = x/r tan x = sin x/cos x
sec x = 1/cos x 1 + tan²x = sec²x
tan θ = y/x cot x = cos x/sin x
cot x = 1/tan x 1 + cot²x = csc²x
where x² + y² = r²

Sum and Difference Identities Double Angle Identities

Note: Basic and Reciprocal sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB cos2A = 2sinA cosA tan2A = (2tanA)/(1 - tan²A)
identities are used to sin(A - B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB cos2A = 2cos²A - 1
prove the Quotient and
Pythagorean identities. cos(A + B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB cos2A = 1 - 2sin² A sin2A = 2sinA cosA
cos(A - B) = cosA cosB - cosA cosB Note: I struggle with these the most! Practice them!

Hints in Proving an Identity

1. Begin with the more complex side.
2. If possible, use the reciprocal, quotient or pythagorean identities. For example, use the pythagorean
identities when squares of trigonometric functions are involved.
3. If necessary, change all trig ratios to sines and/or cosines. For example, replace tan x by sin x/cos x
4. Look for factoring as a step in trying to prove an identity.
5. If there is a sum or difference of fractions, combine as a single fraction.
T6: PROVE TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
2 tan x
Example - Double Angle Identity Proof: Prove that the identity = sin 2x is valid and state the NPV's
1 + tan²x
(non-permissible values).
First, NPV's: tan x = sin x/cos x; therefore cos x ≠ 0. 1 + tan²x is also a denominator; so 1 + tan²x ≠ 0
∊
Full NPV: x ≠ π/2 + πₙ, n ℤ
Proof: LS RS

(2 tan x) / (1 + tan²x) sin 2x

replaced with
replaced with pythagorean identity
quotient identity
(2(sin x/cos x))÷(sec²x)
replaced with
reciprocal identity

(2(sin x/cos x))÷(1/cos²x)

(2sin x)/(cos x) · (cos²x)/(1)

keep change flip
replaced with a 2sin x cos x
double angle
identity
sin 2x

LS = RS
permutations, combinations + the
binomial theorem (~ 15% of exam)
PCB1: FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPAL
PCB2: UNDERSTANDING AND APPLYING nPr
PCB3: UNDERSTANDING AND APPLYING nCr ( r )
n

PCB4: EXPANDING BINOMIALS INCLUDING

USING THE BINOMIAL THEOREM

General Notes You are expected to algebraically simplfy expressions involving permutations, combinations and factorials
PCB1: FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRINCIPAL
The Fundamental Counting Principal (a.k.a FCP) is a method used to solve problems in which there are multiple
stages with multiple choices for each, and amounts of possible ways this can be done must be determined. The
FCP can be written in a general form of A x B x C x ..., where each variable represents the amount of choices
possible per stage.
Example 1 - no restrictions: If you must choose an outfit, with a shirt (options being black, white and blue), pants
(brown and green) and socks (yellow, red, orange, purple) this can be solved with FCP. It would be written as
such: 3 x 2 x 4 - with 3 being the amount of shirt choices, 2 being pant choices and 4 being sock choices. The
solution would therefore be 24.
There exists two prominent types of questions with restrictions that require attention. Those that require
cases, and those where there are limits to certain variables that affect the solution. It is important that the
restriction is dealt with first when solving.
Example 2 - Cases: Determine the number of four letter "words" that can be formed from the letters of the word
AMPLIFY if each letter can only be used once and the "words" must contain the letter P. This is solved by creating
cases for each possible location of the single variable P, and then filling the other spaces with the letters that are left.
Case 1: 1 x 6 x 5 x 4 = 120 Case 3: 6 x 5 x 1 x 4 = 120 Once all cases have been created and solved, their
Case 2: 6 x 1 x 5 x 4 = 120 Case 4: 6 x 5 x 4 x 1 = 120 answers are added together for the final answer: 480

Example 3: Determine all four letter "words" that can be formed from the word ELASTIC if each letter can only be used
once and the first letter must be E. No cases must be made, but there is still a restriction that has to be considerered.
1 x 6 x 5 x 4 is how it would be set up; with the first variable representing E. The solution would be 120.
 n!
PCB2: UNDERSTANDING AND APPLYING nPr nPr =
(n - r)!

nPr represents permutations. Permutations are used when determining an arrangement of a set of elements
where the order of the elements matters. The n variable represents the total number of elements, and r
represents the number of elements being arranged. The full formula or expanded version of nPr is
Example 1 - Solving a simple permutation problem: Determine the number of arrangements of the given letters
in the word KINGDOM by writing in nPr form and evaluating.
1) Two letters: ₇P₂ = 42
Remember: evaluate on calculator by clicking MATH > PRB > 2: nPr
2) Four letters: ₇P₄ = 840
Example 2 - Permutations with restrictions: In how many ways can all of the letters of the word ZEALOUS be arranged:
1) If the first letter must be Z: 1 x 6! which can also be written as ₁P₁ x ₆P₆
2) If the vowels must be together in the order U, O, E, and A: Solve by placing the letters that must be together in
brackets; they then become their own group that is arranged as one, combined with the letters that are left - [U,O,E,A],
Z, L, S = 4! or ₄P₄

Example 3 - Permutations with repetitions: The number of permutations of n objets, where a are the same of one type,
b are the same of another, and c are the same of yet another can be expressed as:
n!
This is used to solve problems that have repeating letters, for example, such as this:
a! b! c!
Find the number of permutations of the letters of the word FOSSILS:
To solve, take the entire number of letters, 7, which is the n variable and divide that by the number of repeating letters
which in this case is three letter S (a variable): 7!
3!
 PCB3: UNDERSTANDING AND APPLYING nCr ( r )
n nCr =
n!
(n - r)r!

nCr represents combinations. Combinations are used when determining a selection of a set of elements where
the order of the elements does not matter. The n variable represents the total number of elements, and r
represents the number of elements being selected. The full formula or expanded version of nCr is

Example 1 - Solving a simple combination problem: LTCHS has a 16-member student council. A 5 member sub-
committee must be selected to organize a pizza party. How many different sub-committees are possible?
16 is our n variable and 5 is our r variable; ₁₆C₅ Remember: evaluate on calculator by clicking MATH > PRB > 3: nCr
Example 2 - Combination problems with "at least" and "at most": An all-week film festival event will be showing
five films. There are fourteen different films that were nominated - ten action films and four fantasy films. How
many different selections are possible if they include:
1) at least one action film: ₁₄C₅ - ₄C₀ x ₁₀C₅
2) at most three fantasy films: ₄C₂ x ₁₀C₃ + ₄C₃ x ₁₀C₂ +₄C₄ x ₁₀C₁
₄C₂ x ₁₀C₃ + ₄C₃ x ₁₀C₂ +₄C₄ x ₁₀C₁
At most three
FANTASY ACTION
That means the most FANTASY ACTION
means that we
At least one efficient way to solve is
are considering
means that we 0 5 to subtract the only 0 5
only options < 3.
have to 1 4 option that isn't needed 1 4 For the sake of
Since its almost
consider all 2 3 from the whole 2 3 contrast, we will
half+half, both
options > 1; this 3 2 problem, option one: subtracting from the
3 2 add the options
is the majority. 4 1 ₁₄C₅ - ₄C₀ x ₁₀C₅ whole picture or adding 4 1 < 3 together.
together options are
almost equally efficient.
MORE PERMS, COMBS + FACTORIALS
Example 1 - Cases where items cannot be together: A class is made up of 5 girls and 7 boys (12 students total).
A chess club is to be formed, made up of 3 girls and 2 boys. Determine the number of ways a teacher can
choose the club if Jim and Harris cannot both take part.
All of the
All options possible:
possible Boys + girls left
Both While adding together all of the options that don't include both options without Jim + Harry
Only Jim Jim + Harry would work and give us the right solution, the most
₅C₂ x ₇C₃ - 1 x 1 x ₅C₂ x ₅C₁
Only Harry efficient way to calculate the solution is to subtract the one
Jim + Harry
Neither situation we dont want from the entirety of the problem.

Example 2 - Require both permutations and combinations: Lindsay Thurber's Symphonic band has 5 marches and 6
contemporary pieces to choose from for their repertoire for nationals. They must choose 3 marches and 2
contemporary pieces to perform, and the order in which they are performed matters.
Choosing 3 marches: ₅C₃ Combinations
Choosing 2 contemporary: ₆C₂
₅C₃ x ₆C₂ x 5!
Permutations
The 5 chosen pieces must then be arranged, since the performance order matters. 5 things can be arranged 5! ways.

Factorials - Things to remember: to simplify fractions with factorials when solving, factorials can always be
expanded; 5! is equal to 5 x 4! or 5 x 4 x 3! and so on. With the n variable, it can be expanded like this; (n + 1)! is
equal to (n + 1)n(n - 1) x (n - 2)! and that continues forever. Important to know when solving for variables
algebraically involving perms, combs and factorials!
PCB4: EXPANDING POWERS OF A BINOMIAL
Expanding (x + y)ⁿ can be done by using Pascal's Triangle which is an excellent visual of the patterns in binomial
expansions. When expanding (x + y)ⁿ there are several things to remember:
Pascal's Triangle
There are n + 1 terms in the expansion
The sum of the exponents of x and y in each term is n
The exponents of x decrease term by term from n to 0
The exponents of y increase term by term from 0 to n
The coefficients of each term form the triangular arrangement that is Pascal's Triangle
Example 1 - Expanding (x + y)⁵: I like to write out the x and y structure first.
x + xy + xy + xy + xy + y
Then, add coefficients: x + 5xy + 10xy + 10xy + 5xy + y
Lastly, the decreasing x exponents and increasing y exponents
x⁵ + 5x⁴y + 10x³y² + 10x²y³ + 5xy⁴ + y⁵ Pascal's Triangle can also
The Binomial Theorem - General expansion formula be written with
combinations (this is in n/r
form but it can be written
in nCr form as well)
The Binomial Theorem - General formula for a specific term
tₖ ₊ ₁ = ₙCₖxⁿ ⁻ ᵏ yᵏ