Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc.4th Sem. (Mathematics)

By
Dr.Gyanvendra Pratap Singh
Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Deen Dayal Upadhayaya Gorakhpur University
Gorakhpur, U.P.-273009
(India)

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Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

 Almost Sasakian Manifold-An almost Grayan manifold on which the fundamental 2- form

'F such that 2'F = du

is satisfied is called an almost Sasakian manifold or a contact Riemannian manifold.

Thus, if D is an affine connection on a contact Riemannian manifold then

2 'F(X, Y) = du (X, Y) = (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) − (𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑋) − 𝑢(𝑆(𝑋, 𝑌)0

Where S is the torsion tensor of the connection.

In case D is symmetric i.e. S = 0 then

2 'F(X, Y) = (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) − (𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑋)

Note- We shall use in this section D as a Riemannian Connection.

 Quasi- Sasakian Manifold- An almost Grayan manifold on which ‘F is closed

i.e. d 'F = 0 ⟹ d 'F(X,Y,Z) = 0

⇔ (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹)(𝑌, 𝑍) + (𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹)(𝑍, 𝑋) + (𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) = 0

is satisfied is called Quasi- Sasakian Manifold.

 Theorem- Show that on an almost Sasakian manifold

d 'F = 0 ⟹ d 'F(X, Y,Z) = 0

⇔ (𝑫𝑿 ′𝑭)(𝒀, 𝒁) + (𝑫𝒀 ′𝑭)(𝒁, 𝑿) + (𝑫𝒁 ′𝑭)(𝑿, 𝒀) = 𝟎

Proof- On an almost Sasakian manifold we have

2 'F = du

⟹ 2 d'F = d2u = 0 [By Poincare’s Lemma d2 = 0⟹ d2u = 0]

⟹ d'F = 0

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Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

⟹ d 'F(X, Y,Z) = 0

⇔ (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹)(𝑌, 𝑍) + (𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹)(𝑍, 𝑋) + (𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) = 0 Proved

 Theorem-Show that on an almost Sasakian manifold is Quasi-Sasakian manifold but the

converse is not true in general.

Proof- On an almost Sasakian manifold we have

2 'F = du

⟹ 2 d'F = d2u = 0 [By Poincare’s Lemma d2 = 0⟹ d2u = 0]

⟹ d'F = 0

⟹ d 'F(X, Y,Z) = 0

⟹ (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹)(𝑌, 𝑍) + (𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹)(𝑍, 𝑋) + (𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) = 0

Hence it is a Quasi-Sasakian manifold. Proved

Conversely, Since d'F = 0

⇏ 2 'F = du in general.

Hence the converse is not true in general. Proved

 K-Contact Riemannian Manifold-An almost Sasakian manifold on which U is killing vector

𝐿𝑈 𝑔 = 0

i.e. (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) + ((𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑋) = 0

is called K-Contact Riemannian Manifold.

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 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

Note- Let U is killing vector i.e. 𝐿𝑈 𝑔 = 0

Taking Lie derivative of g(X, Y) then we have

𝐿𝑈 (𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌 )) = (𝐿𝑈 𝑔)(𝑋, 𝑌) + 𝑔(𝐿𝑈 𝑋, 𝑌) + 𝑔(𝑋, 𝐿𝑈 𝑌)

Or 𝑈(𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌)) = 0 + 𝑔([𝑈, 𝑋], 𝑌) + 𝑔(𝑋, [𝑈, 𝑌])

{𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑜 [𝑋, 𝑌] = 𝐷𝑋 𝑌 − 𝐷𝑌 𝑋}

Or 𝑈(𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌)) = 𝑔(𝐷𝑈 𝑋 − 𝐷𝑋 𝑈, 𝑌) + 𝑔(𝑋, 𝐷𝑈 𝑌 − 𝐷𝑌 𝑈)

Or 𝑈(𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌)) = 𝑔(𝐷𝑈 𝑋, 𝑌) − 𝑔(𝐷𝑋 𝑈, 𝑌) + 𝑔(𝑋, 𝐷𝑈 𝑌) − 𝑔(𝑋, 𝐷𝑌 𝑈)

Or 𝑈(𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌)) − 𝑔(𝐷𝑈 𝑋, 𝑌) − 𝑔(𝑋, 𝐷𝑈 𝑌) = − 𝑔(𝐷𝑋 𝑈, 𝑌) − 𝑔(𝑋, 𝐷𝑌 𝑈) ……….. (1)

Taking covariant derivative of g(X,Y) with respect to U then we have

𝐷𝑈 (𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌 )) = (𝐷𝑈 𝑔)(𝑋, 𝑌) + 𝑔(𝐷𝑈 𝑋, 𝑌) + 𝑔(𝑋, 𝐷𝑈 𝑌)

Or 𝑈(𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌)) = 0 + 𝑔(𝐷𝑈 𝑋, 𝑌) + 𝑔(𝑋, 𝐷𝑈 𝑌) {Since 𝐷𝑈 𝑔 = 0}

Or 𝑈(𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌)) − 𝑔(𝐷𝑈 𝑋, 𝑌) − 𝑔(𝑋, 𝐷𝑈 𝑌) = 0 ………………….. (2)

From (1) & (2) we get

− 𝑔(𝐷𝑋 𝑈, 𝑌) − 𝑔(𝑋, 𝐷𝑌 𝑈) = 0

{Since (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) = 𝑔(𝐷𝑋 𝑈, 𝑌) = 𝑔(𝑌, 𝐷𝑋 𝑈)}

Or (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) + (𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑋) = 0

This equation is known as killing equation.

Thus, in a K-Contact Riemannian manifold we have

i) 𝑋̿ + 𝑋 = 𝑢(𝑋)𝑈

̅=0
ii) 𝐹𝑈 = 𝑈

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 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

iii) 𝑔(𝑋̅, 𝑌̅) = 𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌) − 𝑢(𝑋)𝑢 (𝑌)

iv) 2′ 𝐹(𝑋, 𝑌) = (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) − (𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑋)

v) 𝐿𝑈 𝑔 = 0 i.e. (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) + ((𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑋) = 0

 Theorem-Show that in a K-Contact Riemannian manifold

̅
𝑫𝑿 𝑼 = 𝑿 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑫𝑼 𝑼 = 𝟎

Proof- In a K-Contact Riemannian manifold we have

2′ 𝐹 (𝑋, 𝑌) = (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) − (𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑋) ……………(1)

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑈 𝑔 = 0 i.e. (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) + ((𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑋) = 0………….(2)

Using (2) in (1) we get

2′ 𝐹 (𝑋, 𝑌) = (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) + (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) = 2(𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌)

⟹ ′𝐹 (𝑋, 𝑌) = (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌)

{Since ′𝐹 (𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝑔(𝑋̅, 𝑌) & (𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑌) = 𝑔(𝐷𝑋 𝑈, 𝑌) = 𝑔(𝑌, 𝐷𝑋 𝑈)}

⟹ 𝑔(𝐷𝑋 𝑈, 𝑌) = 𝑔(𝑋̅, 𝑌)

⟹ 𝐷𝑋 𝑈 = 𝑋̅ Proved ………..(3)

Take X = U in (3) we get

̅=0
𝐷𝑈 𝑈 = 𝑈 Proved

5|P a ge
Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

 Theorem- Prove that on a K-Contact Riemannian manifold

i) (𝑫𝒁 ′𝑭)(𝑿, 𝒀) = ′𝑲(𝑿, 𝒀, 𝒁, 𝑼) = 𝒈((𝑫𝒁 𝑭)(𝑿), 𝒀)

ii) (𝑫𝒁 𝑭)(𝑿) = 𝑲(𝒁, 𝑼, 𝑿)

̅, 𝒀
iii) (𝑫𝒁 ′𝑭)(𝑿 ̅ ) = ′𝑲(𝑿
̅, 𝒀
̅ , 𝒁, 𝑼)

Proof-In a K-Contact Riemannian manifold we have

𝐷𝑌 𝑈 = 𝑌̅ ………………………………….. (1)

So, 𝑔(𝐷𝑌 𝑈, 𝑍) = 𝑔(𝑌̅, 𝑍)

Or (𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑍) = ′𝐹(𝑌, 𝑍)

Or ′𝐹 (𝑌, 𝑍) = (𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑍) …………………………………. (2)

Taking its covariant derivative with respect to X we get

(𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑍) + ′𝐹 (𝐷𝑋 𝑌, 𝑍) + ′𝐹 (𝑌, 𝐷𝑋 𝑍) = (𝐷𝑋 𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑍) + (𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝐷𝑋 𝑍)

Or (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑍) + ′𝐹 (𝐷𝑋 𝑌, 𝑍) + ′𝐹 (𝑌, 𝐷𝑋 𝑍) = (𝐷𝑋 𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑍) + ′𝐹 (𝑌, 𝐷𝑋 𝑍)

Or (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑍) + ′𝐹 (𝐷𝑋 𝑌, 𝑍) = (𝐷𝑋 𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑍) …………………………….. (3)

Interchanging X & Y in (3) we get

(𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹 )(𝑋, 𝑍) + ′𝐹 (𝐷𝑌 𝑋, 𝑍) = (𝐷𝑌 𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑍) ………………………..(4)

In (2) we replace Y by [X, Y] then we get

′𝐹([𝑋, 𝑌], 𝑍) = (𝐷[𝑋,𝑌] 𝑢)(𝑍) ………………………………………(5)

Now we find (3) – (4) – (5) we get

(𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑍) − (𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹 )(𝑋, 𝑍)+′ 𝐹(𝐷𝑋 𝑌 − 𝐷𝑌 𝑋 − [𝑋, 𝑌], 𝑍)

= (𝐷𝑋 𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑍) − (𝐷𝑌 𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑍) − (𝐷[𝑋,𝑌] 𝑢)(𝑍) ……………(6)

Since D is a Riemannian connection so 𝐷𝑋 𝑌 − 𝐷𝑌 𝑋 = [𝑋, 𝑌]

6|P a ge
Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

And we know that Ricci- identity

(𝐷𝑋 𝐷𝑌 𝑢)(𝑍) − (𝐷𝑌 𝐷𝑋 𝑢)(𝑍) − (𝐷[𝑋,𝑌] 𝑢)(𝑍) = −𝑢(𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍))

Using these in (6) we get

(𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑍) − (𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹 )(𝑋, 𝑍) = −𝑢(𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍))

⟹ (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑍) + (𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹 )(𝑍, 𝑋) = −𝑢(𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍)) ………………………..(7)

{Since (𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹 )(𝑋, 𝑍) = −(𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹 )(𝑍, 𝑋)}

But in a K-Contact Riemannian manifold we have

(𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹)(𝑌, 𝑍) + (𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹)(𝑍, 𝑋) + (𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) = 0

⟹ (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹)(𝑌, 𝑍) + (𝐷𝑌 ′𝐹)(𝑍, 𝑋) = −(𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) …………………..(8)

Using (8) in (7) we get

−(𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) = −𝑢(𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍))

⟹ (𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝑢(𝐾 (𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍)) {Since 𝑢 (𝑋) ≝ 𝑔(𝑈, 𝑋) ∀ 𝑋}

⟹ (𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝑔(𝑈, 𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍)) = 𝑔(𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍), 𝑈) {𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝑔(𝑌, 𝑋)}

⟹ (𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) = ′𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑈) {𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑔(𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍), 𝑈) ≝ ′𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑈)}

⟹ 𝑔((𝐷𝑍 𝐹 )(𝑋), 𝑌) = ′𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑈) {𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐷𝑍′ 𝐹 )(𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝑔((𝐷𝑍 𝐹 )(𝑋), 𝑌)}

Hence (𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) = ′𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑈) = 𝑔((𝐷𝑍 𝐹 )(𝑋), 𝑌) Proved …………(9)

From (9) we have

𝑔((𝐷𝑍 𝐹 )(𝑋), 𝑌) = ′𝐾(𝑍, 𝑈, 𝑋, 𝑌 ) = 𝑔(𝐾(𝑍, 𝑈, 𝑋), 𝑌) {𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 ′𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑈) = ′𝐾 (𝑍, 𝑈, 𝑋, 𝑌)}

⟹ (𝐷𝑍 𝐹 )(𝑋) = 𝐾 (𝑍, 𝑈, 𝑋) Proved ……………………….(10)

Barring X & Y in (9) we get

(𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋̅, 𝑌̅) = ′𝐾(𝑋̅, 𝑌̅, 𝑍, 𝑈) Proved

7|P a ge
Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

 Theorem-Prove that on a K-Contact Riemannian manifold

̅, 𝒀
(𝑫𝑿 ′𝑭)(𝒀, 𝑼) = −𝒈(𝑿 ̅)

Proof-Since ′𝐹 (𝑌, 𝑈) = 𝑔(𝑌̅, 𝑈)

⟹ ′𝐹 (𝑌, 𝑈) = 𝑔(𝑌̅ , 𝑈) = 𝑢 (𝑌̅) = 0 … … … … … … … … … … (1)

{𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑔(𝑈, 𝑋) = 𝑢 (𝑋) & 𝑢(𝑋̅) = 0 ∀𝑋 }

Taking covariant derivative of (1) with respect to X we get

(𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑈) + ′𝐹 (𝐷𝑋 𝑌, 𝑈) + ′𝐹 (𝑌, 𝐷𝑋 𝑈) = 0

Or (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑈) + 0 + ′𝐹(𝑌, 𝐷𝑋 𝑈) = 0 (Using (1))

Or (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑈) + 0 + ′𝐹(𝑌, 𝑋̅) = 0 {𝐷𝑋 𝑈 = 𝑋̅}

Or (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑈) + 0 + ′𝐹(𝑌, 𝑋̅) = 0 { ′𝐹(𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝑔(𝑋̅ , 𝑌)}

Or (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑈) + 𝑔(𝑌̅, 𝑋̅ ) = 0

Or (𝐷𝑋 ′𝐹 )(𝑌, 𝑈) = −𝑔(𝑋̅, 𝑌̅) Proved

 Sasakian Manifold-If on a K-Contact Riemannian manifold

(𝐷𝑍 ′𝐹)(𝑋, 𝑌) = ′𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑈) = ′𝐾(𝑍, 𝑈, 𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝑢(𝑋)𝑔(𝑌, 𝑍) − 𝑢(𝑌)𝑔(𝑋, 𝑍)

⟺ 𝑔((𝐷𝑍 𝐹 )(𝑋), 𝑌) = 𝑔(𝐾(𝑍, 𝑈, 𝑋), 𝑌) = 𝑢(𝑋)𝑔(𝑍, 𝑌) − 𝑔(𝑋, 𝑍)𝑔(𝑈, 𝑌)

⟺ (𝐷𝑍 𝐹)(𝑋) = 𝐾(𝑍, 𝑈, 𝑋) = 𝑢 (𝑋)𝑍 − 𝑔(𝑋, 𝑍)𝑈

holds, then the manifold is called a Sasakian Manifold.

8|P a ge
Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

 Theorem- Show that on a Sasakian manifold the following holds

i) 'K(X,Y,𝒁,W)+K(X,Y,Z, 𝑾)='F(X,Z)g(Y,W)- 'F(Y,Z)g(X,W)- 'F(X,W)g(Y,Z)+'F(Y,W)g(X,Z)

ii) 'K(X,Y,𝒁,𝑾)-'K(X,Y,Z,W)='F(Z,X)'F(Y,W)+'F(Y,Z)'F(X,W)+g(X,Z)g(Y,W)-g(X,W)g(Y,Z)

iii) 'K(𝑿 , 𝒀, 𝒁, 𝑾)+ 'K(𝑿, 𝒀 , 𝒁, 𝑾)+ 'K(𝑿 , 𝒀, 𝒁, 𝑾)+ 'K(𝑿 , 𝒀, 𝒁, 𝑾) = 0

iv) 'K(𝑿 , 𝒀, 𝒁, 𝑾) ='K(𝑿 , 𝒀, 𝒁, 𝑾)

v) 'K(𝑿 , 𝒀, 𝒁, 𝑾) = 'K(X,Y,Z,W)+u(X) { u(Z) g(Y,W) – u(W) g(Y,Z)} – u(Y){u(Z) g(X,W)-u(W)

g(X,Z)}

vi) 'K(𝑿 , 𝒀, 𝒁, 𝑼) = 0

Proof- On a Sasakian Manifold we have

a) DXU=𝑋

b) 'F(X,Y)= (DXu)(Y) = (DYu)(X)

c) (DZ'F)(X,Y) = 'K(X,Y,Z,U) =u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

i) Since 'K(Z,W,Y,U) =u(Z) g(W,Y) – u(W)g(Z,Y) ………………………….(1)

Taking covariant derivative of (1) with respect to X we have

(DX'K)(Z,W,Y,U)+'K(DXZ,W,Y,U) + 'K(Z,DXW,Y,U) + 'K(Z,W,DXY,U) + 'K(Z,W,Y,DXU) =

(DXu)(Z) g(W,Y)+ u(DXZ) g(W,Y) + u(Z) (DXg)(W,Y) + u(Z) g(DXW,Y) + u(Z) g(W,DXY) –

(DXu)g(Z,Y) – u(DXW)g(Z,Y) – u(W) (DXg)(Z,Y) – u(W) g(DXZ,Y) – u(W) g(Z,DXY)

Or (DX'K)(Z,W,Y,U)+'K(DXZ,W,Y,U) + 'K(Z,DXW,Y,U) + 'K(Z,W,DXY,U) + 'K(Z,W,Y, 𝑋) = (DXu)(Z)

g(W,Y)- (DXu)g(Z,Y)+ u(Z) (DXg)(W,Y)- u(W) (DXg)(Z,Y)+{ u(DXZ) g(W,Y)- u(W) g(DXZ,Y)}

+ { u(Z) g(DXW,Y) - u(DXW)g(Z,Y)} + { u(Z) g(W,DXY) - u(W) g(Z,DXY)}

[using (a) ]

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Or (DX'K)(Z,W,Y,U)+'K(DXZ,W,Y,U) + 'K(Z,DXW,Y,U) + 'K(Z,W,DXY,U) + 'K(Z,W,Y, 𝑋) = (DXu)(Z)

g(W,Y)- (DXu)g(Z,Y) + 'K(DXZ,W,Y,U) + 'K(Z,DXW,Y,U) + 'K(Z,W,DXY,U)

[Since DXg=0 and also using (c) ]

Or (DX'K)(Z,W,Y,U) + 'K(Z,W,Y, 𝑋) = (DXu)(Z) g(W,Y)- (DXu)g(Z,Y)

Or (DX'K) (Y,U,Z,W) + 'K(Y, 𝑋,Z,W) = 'F(X,Z)g(W,Y)-'F(X,W)g(Z,Y)………………………..(2)

[Since 'K(Z,W,Y,U) = 'K(Y,U,Z,W) ⟹(DX'K) (Z,W,Y,U) = (DX'K) (Y,U,Z,W) and also using (b) ]

Interchanging the role of X and Y in (2) we get

(DY'K) (X,U,Z,W) + 'K(X, 𝑌,Z,W) = 'F(Y,Z)g(W,X)-'F(Y,W)g(Z,X) ……………………….(3)

We find (2) – (3) we get

(DX'K) (Y,U,Z,W) - (DY'K) (X,U,Z,W) + 'K(Y, 𝑋,Z,W) - 'K(X, 𝑌,Z,W) = 'F(X,Z)g(W,Y)-'F(X,W)g(Z,Y)

- 'F(Y,Z)g(W,X) + 'F(Y,W)g(Z,X)

Or (DX'K) (Y,U,Z,W) + (DY'K) (U,X,Z,W) + 'K(Y, 𝑋,Z,W) - 'K(X, 𝑌,Z,W) = 'F(X,Z)g(W,Y)

- 'F(X,W)g(Z,Y) - 'F(Y,Z)g(W,X) + 'F(Y,W)g(Z,X)…………………………………………..(4)

[Since 'K(X,U,Z,W) = - 'K(U,X,Z,W) ⟹(DY'K) (X,U,Z,W) = - (DY'K) (U,X,Z,W) ]

We know that Bianchi second identity

(DX'K) (Y,U,Z,W)+ (DY'K) (U,X,Z,W) + (DU'K) (X,Y,Z,W) = 0 …………………………………………..(5)

Using (5) in (4) we get

- (DU'K) (X,Y,Z,W) -'K( 𝑋, 𝑌,Z,W) - 'K(X, 𝑌,Z,W) = 'F(X,Z)g(W,Y) - 'F(X,W)g(Z,Y) - 'F(Y,Z)g(W,X)

+ 'F(Y,W)g(Z,X) ………………………………………………(6)

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For a K-Contact Riemannian Manifold ( Sasakian Manifold) we know that

'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) + (DU'K) (X,Y,Z,W) = 0………………….(7)

Adding (6) and (7) we get

'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) = 'F(X,Z)g(W,Y) - 'F(X,W)g(Z,Y) - 'F(Y,Z)g(W,X) + 'F(Y,W)g(Z,X)

[Since g(X,Y) = g(Y,X) ]

Or 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) = 'F(X,Z)g(Y,W) - 'F(Y,Z)g(X,W) - 'F(X,W)g(Y,Z)

+ 'F(Y,W)g(X,Z) Proved

(ii)Barring W in result (i) we get

'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, ̿̿̿̿

𝑊 )= 'F(X,Z)g(Y, 𝑊) - 'F(Y,Z)g(X, 𝑊) - 'F(X, 𝑊)g(Y,Z) + 'F(Y, 𝑊)g(X,Z)

̿̿̿̿ = -W + u(W)U , 𝑈 = FU = 0]
[Since g (𝑋,Y) = 'F(X,Y) = g(Y, 𝑋) and 𝑊

Or 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, −W + u(W)U ) = 'F(X,Z) 'F(W,Y) - 'F(Y,Z) 'F(W,X) - 'F(X, 𝑊)g(Y,Z) +

'F(Y, 𝑊)g(X,Z)

Or 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) - 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) + u(w) 'K(X,Y,Z,U) = 'F(X,Z) 'F(W,Y) - 'F(Y,Z) 'F(W,X) -

g (𝑋, 𝑊) g(Z,Y) + g(𝑌, 𝑊)g(X,Z)

[Since 'F(X,Y) = - 'F(Y,X) , g (𝑋, 𝑌) = g(X,Y) – u(X) u(Y) and (DZ'F)(X,Y) = 'K(X,Y,Z,U)

=u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y) g(X,Z) ]

Or 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) - 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) + u(w) 'K(X,Y,Z,U) = 'F(X,Z) 'F(W,Y) + 'F(Y,Z) 'F(X,W) –

{ g(X,W) – u(X) u(W) } g(Z,Y) + { g(Y,W) – u(Y) u(W) } g(X,Z)

Or 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) - 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) + u(W) 'K(X,Y,Z,U) = 'F(X,Z) 'F(W,Y) + 'F(Y,Z) 'F(X,W) +

g (X,Z) g( Y,W) – g(X,W) g(Y,Z) + u(W) { u(X) g(Z,Y) - u(Y) g(X,Z) }

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Or 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) - 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) + u(w) 'K(X,Y,Z,U) = 'F(X,Z) 'F(W,Y) + 'F(Y,Z) 'F(X,W) +

g (X,Z) g( Y,W) – g(X,W) g(Y,Z) + u(W) 'K(X,Y,Z,U)

Or 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) - 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) = 'F(Z,Y) 'F(Y,W) + 'F(Y,Z) 'F(X,W) + g (X,Z) g( Y,W)

– g(X,W) g(Y,Z) Proved

(iii) By result (i) we have

'K(X,Y,𝑍,W)+K(X,Y,Z, 𝑊)='F(X,Z)g(Y,W)- 'F(Y,Z)g(X,W)- 'F(X,W)g(Y,Z)+'F(Y,W)g(X,Z) ………….(8)

Or 'K(𝑍,W,X,Y)+K(Z, 𝑊,X,Y)='F(X,Z)g(Y,W)- 'F(Y,Z)g(X,W)- 'F(X,W)g(Y,Z)+'F(Y,W)g(X,Z) ……….(9)

Interchanging the role of X ⟷Z and Y ⟷W in (9) we get

'K(𝑋,Y, Z,W)+K(X, 𝑌,Z,W)='F(Z,X)g(W,Y)- 'F(W,X)g(Z,Y)- 'F(Z,Y)g(W,X)+'F(W,Y)g(Z,X)

Or 'K(𝑋,Y, Z,W)+K(X, 𝑌,Z,W)= - 'F(X,Z)g(Y,W)+ 'F(X,W)g(Y,Z)+'F(Y,Z)g(X,W)- 'F(Y,W)g(X,Z) ....(10)

Adding (8) and (10) we get

'K(𝑋,Y, Z,W) + K(X, 𝑌,Z,W) + 'K(X,Y,𝑍,W)+K(X,Y,Z, 𝑊) = 0 Proved

(iv) By result (ii) we have

'K(X,Y,𝑍,𝑊) = 'K(X,Y,Z,W) + 'F(Z,X)'F(Y,W)+'F(Y,Z)'F(X,W)+g(X,Z)g(Y,W)-g(X,W)g(Y,Z)……..(11)

Or 'K(𝑍,𝑊,X,Y) = 'K(Z,W ,X,Y) + 'F(Z,X)'F(Y,W)+'F(Y,Z)'F(X,W)+g(X,Z)g(Y,W)-g(X,W)g(Y,Z) …(12)

Interchanging the role of X ⟷Z and Y ⟷W in (12) we get

'K(𝑋,𝑌,Z,W) = 'K(X,Y,Z,W) + 'F(X,Z)'F(W,Y)+'F(W,X)'F(Z,Y)+g(Z,X)g(W,Y)-g(Z,Y)g(W,X)

Or 'K(𝑋,𝑌,Z,W) = 'K(X,Y,Z,W) + 'F(Z,X)'F(Y,W)+'F(Y,Z)'F(X,W)+g(X,Z) g(Y,W)-g(Y,Z)g(X,W) ..(13)

[Since 'F(X,Y) = - 'F(Y,X) and g(X,Y) = g(Y,X) ]

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From (11) and (13) we find that

'K(X,Y,𝑍,𝑊) ='K(𝑋,𝑌,Z,W) Proved

(v) Barring X and Y in result (iv) we get

‘K (𝑋,𝑌,𝑍,𝑊) = ‘K (𝑋̿ ,𝑌̿ , 𝑍, 𝑊) [Since 𝑋̿ = -X + u(X)U ]

Or ‘K (𝑋,𝑌, 𝑍 ,𝑊) = ‘K (-X+u(X)U,-Y+u(Y)U,Z,W)

Or ‘K (𝑋,𝑌, 𝑍 ,𝑊) = 'K(X,Y,Z,W) – u(Y) 'K(X,U,Z,W) – u(X) 'K(U,Y,Z,W) – u(X) u(Y) 'K(U,U,Z,W)

[ Since 'K(Z,W,X,Y) = - K(Z,W,Y,X) ⇒'K(Z,W,U,U) = -'K(Z,W,U,U) ⇒'K(Z,W,U,U)=0)

⇒ 'K(U,U.Z,W)=0 and 'K(X,Y,Z,U) =u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ]

Or ‘K (𝑋,𝑌, 𝑍 ,𝑊) = 'K(X,Y,Z,W) - u(Y) 'K(Z,W ,X,U) + u(X) 'K(Z,W,Y,U)

Or ‘K (𝑋,𝑌, 𝑍 ,𝑊) = 'K(X,Y,Z,W) + u(X) { u(Z) g(W,Y) – u(W)g(Z,Y) }- u(Y){ u(Z) g(W,X)

-u(W)g(Z,X) }

Or ‘K (𝑋,𝑌, 𝑍 ,𝑊) = 'K(X,Y,Z,W) + u(X) { u(Z) g(Y,W) – u(W)g(Y,Z) }- u(Y){ u(Z) g(X,W)

-u(W)g(X,Z) } Proved

(vi) Since 'K(X,Y,Z,U) =u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………………(14)

Barring X and Y in (14) and using u (𝑋) =0 ∀ X we get

'K (𝑋,𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) = u(𝑋 )g(𝑌,Z) - u(𝑌 )g(𝑋,Z) = 0

Or 'K (𝑋,𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) = 0 Proved

 Theorem- On a Sasakian manifolds prove that the Ric is parallel along U.

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Or

 On a Sasakian manifolds prove that

DU'K = 0 ⟹ D U Ric = 0

Proof- Since we know that for a K-Contact Riemannian Manifold ( Sasakian Manifold) we know that

'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) + (DU'K) (X,Y,Z,W) = 0………….(1)

But in a Sasakian manifold we have

'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) = 0 ………………………(2)

Using (2) in (1) we get

(DU'K) (X, Y, Z, W) = 0

Or g ((DUK)(X,Y,Z),W) =0

So (DUK)(X,Y,Z) = 0

On Contracting with respect to X we get

(DURic)(Y, Z) = 0

Or DURic = 0

Thus DU'K = 0 ⟹ DURic = 0 Proved

 Theorem- Prove that on a Sasakian manifold

i) Ric(𝒀 , Z) + Ric( 𝐘, 𝒁 ) = 0

ii) Ric(𝒀 , 𝒁) = Ric(Y,Z) – (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

Proof- i) Since we know that for a K-Contact Riemannian Manifold ( Sasakian Manifold) we know that

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'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊)+ 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑊) + (DU'K) (X,Y,Z,W) = 0………….(1)

So g(K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍), 𝑊) + g(K(𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑍), 𝑊) + g(K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍), 𝑊) + g(K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍), 𝑊)

+ g((DUK)(X,Y,Z),W) =0

[Since g (𝑋, 𝑌) = g(X,Y) – u(X) u(Y) ⟹ g(𝑋, 𝑌) = - g(X , 𝑌) ]

Or g(K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍), 𝑊) + g(K(𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑍), 𝑊) + g(K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍), 𝑊) - g(K( 𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍) , 𝑊)

+ g((DUK)(X,Y,Z),W) =0

⟹ K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍) + K(𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑍) + K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍) - K( 𝐾(𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍) + (DUK)(X,Y,Z) = 0……………(2)

On contracting with respect to Z we get

Ric (𝑋 , 𝑌) + Ric (𝑋, 𝑌 )+ 0-0 + (DURic) (X, Y) = 0 ∀ X, Y

So Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) + Ric (𝑌, 𝑍 ) + (DURic) (Y, Z) = 0 ……………..(3)

But in a Sasakian manifold we have

(DURic) (Y, Z) = 0

Using this fact in (3) we get

Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) + Ric (𝑌, 𝑍 ) = 0 Proved

ii) By result (i) we have

Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) + Ric (𝑌, 𝑍 ) = 0 ……………… (4)

Barring Z in (4) and using 𝑍̿ = -Z + u (Z) U we get

Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) + Ric (𝑌, 𝑍̿ ) = 0

Or Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) + Ric (𝑌, -Z + u (Z) U) = 0

Or Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) - Ric(Y,Z) + u(Z) Ric(Y,U) = 0

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Or Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - u(Z) Ric(Y,U) …………………………………..(5)

We know that

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or - 'K(X,Y,U,Z ) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or 'K(X,Y,U,Z ) = u(Y)g(X,Z) - u(X) g(Y,Z)

Or g(K(X,Y,U),Z) = u(Y)g(X,Z) - u(X) g(Y,Z)

⟹ K(X,Y,U) = u(Y) X - u(X) Y …………………….(6)

On contracting (6) with respect to X we get

Ric(Y,U) = n u(Y) – u (Y) = (n-1) u(Y) ………………….(7)

Using (7) in (5) we find that

Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z) Proved

 Theorem- Prove that a Sasakian manifold cannot be flat.

Proof- Suppose a Sasakian manifold is flat then

K(X, Y, Z) = 0

On contracting with respect to X we get

Ric(Y, Z) = 0…………………………………… (1)

Barring Y and Z in (1) we get

Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = 0 …………………………… (2)

But in a Sasakian manifold we have

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y, Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u (Z) ……………………………. (3)

Using (1) and (2) in (3) we get

(n-1) u(Y) u (Z) = 0

Or u(Y) = 0 ∀ 𝑌

Which is not possible in a Sasakian manifold because structure is not define here.

Hence our supposition a Sasakian manifold is flat is wrong.

Therefore a Sasakian manifold cannot be flat.

 Weyl projective curvature tensor - The Weyl projective curvature tensor W of type (1,3) on a

Riemannian manifold is defined by

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
1
W(X, Y, Z) =
⏞ K(X, Y, Z) - 𝑛−1{Ric(Y, Z) X – Ric(X, Z) Y}

 Projectively Flat Manifold - A manifold is said to be projectively flat if

W(X, Y, Z) = 0

⟹ 'W = 0

 Einstein Manifold- A Riemannian manifold is said to an Einstein manifold if

Ric ∝ g

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

 Theorem- Let W be Weyl projective curvature of a Sasakian manifold then prove that

𝟏 𝟏
i) 'W(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) {g(Y,Z) - 𝒏−𝟏 Ric(Y,Z)} - u(Y) { g(X,Z) - 𝒏−𝟏 Ric(X,Z) }

𝟏
ii) 'W(U,Y,Z,P) = u(P) { g(Y,Z) - 𝒏−𝟏 Ric(Y,Z)}

𝟏
iii) 'W(U,Y,Z,U) = g(Y,Z) - 𝒏−𝟏 Ric(Y,Z)

iv) 'W(X,Y,U,P) = 0

v) 'W(𝑿, 𝒀,Z,U) = 0

𝟏
vi) 𝑾(𝑼, 𝒀, 𝒁) = {g(Y,Z) -- 𝒏−𝟏 Ric(Y,Z)} U

vii) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑾(𝑼, 𝒀, 𝒁) = 0

Proof- We have

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
1
W(X,Y,Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛−1{Ric(Y,Z)X – Ric(X,Z)Y} ………………..(1)

1
So g( W(X,Y,Z),P) = g(K(X,Y,Z),P) - 𝑛−1{Ric(Y,Z)g(X,P) – Ric(X,Z)g(Y,P)}

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
[ Since 'W(X,Y,Z,P) =
⏞ g( W(X,Y,Z),P) and 'K(X,Y,Z,P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) ]

1
Or 'W(X,Y,Z,P)= 'K(X,Y,Z,P) - 𝑛−1{ g(X,P) Ric(Y,Z) –g(Y,P) Ric(X,Z)} …………………….(2)

i) Take P=U in (2) we get

1
'W(X,Y,Z,U)= 'K(X,Y,Z,U) - 𝑛−1{ g(X,U) Ric(Y,Z) –g(Y,U) Ric(X,Z)} ……………..(3)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………………(4)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(5)

Using (4) and (5) in (3) we get

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

1
'W(X,Y,Z,U)= u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) − 𝑛−1{ u(X) Ric(Y,Z) – u(Y) Ric(X,Z)}

1 1
Or 'W(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) {g(Y,Z) - 𝑛−1 Ric(Y,Z)} - u(Y) { g(X,Z) - 𝑛−1 Ric(X,Z) } Proved

ii) Take X = U in (2) we get

1
'W(U,Y,Z,P)= 'K(U,Y,Z,P) - 𝑛−1{ g(U,P) Ric(Y,Z) –g(Y,P) Ric(U,Z)} …………..(6)

We know that

'K(U,Y,Z,P)= 'K(Z,P,U,Y) = - 'K(Z,P,Y,U) = -u(Z)g(P,Y) + u(P)g(Z,Y)…………….(7)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ………………………..(8)

Using (7) and (8) in (6) we get

1
'W(U,Y,Z,P)= -u(Z)g(P,Y) + u(P)g(Z,Y) - 𝑛−1{ u(P) Ric(Y,Z) –(n-1) g(Y,P) u(Z) }

1
Or ‘W (U, Y, Z, P) = u (P) {g(Y, Z) - 𝑛−1 Ric(Y, Z)} Proved

iii) Take P= U in result (ii) and using u(U) =1 we get

1
‘W (U, Y, Z, U) = g(Y, Z) - 𝑛−1 Ric(Y, Z) Proved

iv) Take Z=U in (2) we get

1
'W(X,Y,U,P)= 'K(X,Y,U,P) - { g(X,P) Ric(Y,U) –g(Y,P) Ric(X,U)}…………..(9)
𝑛−1

We know that

'K(X,Y,U,P) = - 'K(X,Y,P,U) = -u(X)g(Y,P) + u(Y)g(X,P)…………….(10)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

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⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ………..(11)

Using (10) and (11) in (9) we get

1
'W(X,Y,U,P)= -u(X)g(Y,P) + u(Y)g(X,P) - 𝑛−1{ g(X,P) (n-1) u(Y) –g(Y,P) (n-1) u(X) }

Or 'W(X,Y,U,P)= -u(X)g(Y,P) + u(Y)g(X,P) - u(Y) g(X,P) + u(X)g(Y,P)

Or 'W(X,Y,U,P) = 0 Proved

v) By result (i) and using u(𝑋) = 0 ∀ 𝑋 we have

1 1
'W(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) {g(Y,Z) - Ric(Y,Z)} + u(Y) { g(X,Z) - Ric(X,Z) } ……….(11)
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

Barring X and Y in (11) and using u(𝑋) = 0 ∀ 𝑋 we get

1 1
'W(𝑋, 𝑌,Z,U) = u(𝑋) {g(𝑌,Z) - Ric(𝑌,Z)} + u(𝑌) { g(𝑋,Z) - Ric(𝑋,Z) }
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

Or ‘W (𝑋, 𝑌, Z,U) = 0 Proved

vi) By (1) we have

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
1
W(X, Y, Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛−1{Ric(Y,Z)X – Ric(X,Z)Y}……………(12)

Take X=U in (12) we get

1
W (U, Y, Z) = K (U, Y, Z) - 𝑛−1{Ric(Y, Z)U – Ric(U,Z)Y} ……………..(13)

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In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………………(14)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(15)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ……………….(16)

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
From (14) and (15) and also using 'K(X, Y, Z, P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) we get

'K(X, Y, Z, U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or ‘K (Z, U, X, Y) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or - ‘K (U, Z, X, Y) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ∀ 𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍

Or - ‘K (U, Y, Z, X) = u(Z) g(X,Y) – u(X)g(Z,Y)

Or ‘K (U, Y, Z, X) = g(Z,Y) g(U,X) – u(Z) g(X,Y)

Or g (K (U, Y, Z), X) = g(Y, Z) g (U, X) – u (Z) g(Y, X)

So K (U, Y, Z) = g(Y, Z) U - u (Z) Y ……………….(17)

Using (16) and (17) in (13) we get

1
W (U, Y, Z) = g(Y, Z) U - u (Z) Y - 𝑛−1{Ric(Y, Z) U – (n-1) u(Z) Y}

1
Or W (U, Y, Z) = g(Y, Z) U - u (Z) Y - 𝑛−1 Ric(Y, Z) U + u (Z) Y

1
0r W (U, Y, Z) = {g(Y, Z) - 𝑛−1 Ric(Y, Z)} U Proved

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vii) Barring in result (vi) and using 𝑈 = 0 we get

1
Or ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑊 (𝑈, 𝑌, 𝑍) = { ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑔(𝑌, 𝑍) - ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑖𝑐(𝑌, 𝑍) } 𝑈̅
𝑛−1

Or ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑊(𝑈, 𝑌, 𝑍) = 0 Proved

 Theorem- If a Sasakian manifold of a constant Riemannian curvature k is projectively flat then

prove that it is an Einstein manifold and k = 1 , r = (n-1)

Proof- We have

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
1
W(X,Y,Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) -
𝑛−1
{Ric(Y,Z)X – Ric(X,Z)Y} ………………..(1)

1
So g( W(X,Y,Z),P) = g(K(X,Y,Z),P) - 𝑛−1{Ric(Y,Z)g(X,P) – Ric(X,Z)g(Y,P)}

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
[ Since 'W(X,Y,Z,P) =
⏞ g( W(X,Y,Z),P) and 'K(X,Y,Z,P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) ]

1
Or 'W(X,Y,Z,P)= 'K(X,Y,Z,P) - 𝑛−1{ g(X,P) Ric(Y,Z) –g(Y,P) Ric(X,Z)} …………………….(2)

Take X = P = U and using g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) , u(U) =1 ⟹ g(U,U) = 1 we get

1
'W(U,Y,Z,U)= 'K(U,Y,Z,U) - 𝑛−1{ g(U,U) Ric(Y,Z) –g(Y,U) Ric(U,Z)}

1
Or 'W(U,Y,Z,U)= 'K(U,Y,Z,U) - 𝑛−1{ Ric(Y,Z) –g(Y,U) Ric(U,Z)}…………….(3)

In a Sasakian manifold

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ……….(4)

⟹ 'K(U,Y,Z,U) = u(U) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(U,Z)

⟹ 'K(U,Y,Z,U) = g(Y,Z) – u(Y) u(Z) ……………..(5)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ……………..(6)

Using (5) and (6) in (3) we get

1
'W(U,Y,Z,U)= g(Y,Z) – u(Y) u(Z) - 𝑛−1
{ Ric(Y,Z) –(n-1) u(Z) u(Y) }

1
⟹ 'W(U,Y,Z,U)= g(Y,Z) - Ric(Y,Z) ……….(7)
𝑛−1

Since it is projectively fiat so W = 0 ⟹ 'W = 0

Using this fact in (7) we get

Ric(Y,Z) = ((n-1) g(Y,Z) ∀Y,Z …………(8)

⟹ Ric ∝ g

Hence Sasakian manifold is an Einstein manifold. Proved

From (8) and using Ric(Y,Z) = g(RY,Z) we get

g(RY,Z) = ((n-1) g(Y,Z)

⟹ RY = (n-1) Y

On contracting with respect to Y we get

r = n (n-1) Proved

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Since a Riemannian manifold is said to be of constant curvature if

K(X, Y, Z) = k {g(Y, Z) X – g(X,Z) Y }

So g (K(X, Y, Z),U) = k { g(X,U) g(Y,Z) – g(Y,U) g(X,Z) }

⟹ 'K (X,Y,Z,U ) = k { u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y) g(X,Z) } …………………….(9)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ……….(10)

Using (10) in (9) we get

'K (X,Y,Z,U ) = k 'K (X,Y,Z,U )

⟹ k=1 Proved

 Conformal Curvature Tensor- The conformal curvature tensor war first discovered by Hermann

Weyl in 1918. The conformal curvature tensor V of type (1,3) on a Riemannian manifold is defined

by

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
1
V(X, Y, Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)X – Ric(X,Z)Y – g(X,Z)RY + g(Y,Z)RX }

𝑟
+ (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y }

 Theorem – Let V be a conformal curvature tensor on a Sasakian manifold then prove that

following
𝒓
i) (n-2) 'V(X,Y,Z,U) = (1- (𝒏−𝟏) ) { u(Y)g(X,Z) –u(X)g(Y,Z) } + u(Y) Ric(X,Z) – u(X) Ric(Y,Z)

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𝒓
ii) (n-2) 'V(U,Y,Z,P) = (1- (𝒏−𝟏) ) { u(Z)g(Y,P) –u(P)g(Y,Z) } - u(P) Ric(Y,Z) + u(Z) Ric(Y,P)

𝒓 𝒓
iii) (n-2) 'V(U,Y,Z,U) = (n- (𝒏−𝟏) ) u(Y) u(Z) - (1- (𝒏−𝟏) ) g(Y,Z) –Ric(Y,Z)

𝒓
iv) (n-2) V(X,Y,U) = (1- (𝒏−𝟏) ) {u(X) Y – u(Y) X } + u(X) RY – u(Y) RX

𝒓
v) (n-2) V(U,Y,Z) = (1- (𝒏−𝟏) ) {u(Z) Y – g(Y,Z) U } –Ric(Y,Z)U + u(Z) RY

𝒓 𝒓
vi) (n-2) V(U,Y,U) = - (n- (𝒏−𝟏) ) u(Y)U + (1- (𝒏−𝟏) ) Y + RY

vii) V(𝑿, 𝒀,U) = 0

viii) 'V(𝑿, 𝒀,Z,U) = 0

Proof- The conformal curvature tensor V of type (1,3) on a Riemannian manifold is defined by

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
1
V(X, Y, Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)X – Ric(X,Z)Y – g(X,Z)RY + g(Y,Z)RX }

𝑟
+ (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y }…………………(1)

1
So, g(V(X, Y, Z),P) = g(K(X,Y,Z),P) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)g(X ,P)– Ric(X,Z)g(Y,P) – g(X,Z)g(RY,P)

𝑟
+ g(Y,Z)g(RX ,P)} + (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)g(X,P) – g(X,Z)g(Y ,P)}

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
[ Since 'V(X,Y,Z,P) =
⏞ g( V(X,Y,Z),P) and 'K(X,Y,Z,P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) ]

1
⟹ 'V(X, Y, Z,P) = 'K(X,Y,Z,P) - {Ric(Y,Z)g(X ,P)– Ric(X,Z)g(Y,P) – g(X,Z)g(RY,P)
𝑛−2

𝑟
+ g(Y,Z)g(RX ,P)} + (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)g(X,P) – g(X,Z)g(Y ,P)} …………..(2)

i)Take P = U in (2) we get

1
'V(X, Y, Z,U) = 'K(X,Y,Z,U) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)g(X ,U)– Ric(X,Z)g(Y,U) – g(X,Z)g(RY,U) + g(Y,Z)g(RX ,U)}

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

𝑟
+ (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)g(X,U) – g(X,Z)g(Y ,U)} ……………..(3)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………………(4)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(5)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ g (RZ,U) = Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ……………….(6)

Using (4) ,(5) & (6) in (3) we get

1
'V(X, Y, Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)u(X)– Ric(X,Z)u(Y) – g(X,Z)(n-1)u(Y) +

𝑟
g(Y,Z)(n-1)u(X)} + (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)u(X) – g(X,Z)u(Y)}

⟹(n-2) 'V(X, Y, Z,U) = (n-2) u(X) g(Y,Z) – (n-2)u(Y)g(X,Z) - Ric(Y,Z)u(X)+ Ric(X,Z)u(Y)

𝑟 𝑟
+ g(X,Z)(n-1)u(Y) - g(Y,Z)(n-1)u(X) + (𝑛−1) g(Y,Z)u(X) – (𝑛−1) g(X,Z)u(Y)

𝑟 𝑟
⟹ (n-2) 'V(X, Y, Z,U) = u(Y)g(X,Z) { -n+2+n-1 – (𝑛−1) } - u(X) g(Y,Z) {-n+2+n-1 - (𝑛−1) }

+ u(Y)Ric(X,Z) - u(X)Ric(Y,Z)

𝑟 𝑟
⟹ (n-2) 'V(X, Y, Z,U) = u(Y)g(X,Z) { 1 – (𝑛−1) } - u(X) g(Y,Z) {1- (𝑛−1) }

+ u(Y)Ric(X,Z) - u(X)Ric(Y,Z)

𝑟
⟹(n-2) 'V(X,Y,Z,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) { u(Y)g(X,Z) –u(X)g(Y,Z) } + u(Y) Ric(X,Z) – u(X) Ric(Y,Z)

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Proved

ii)Take X = U in (2) we get

1
'V(U, Y, Z,P) = 'K(U,Y,Z,P) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)g(U ,P)– Ric(U,Z)g(Y,P) – g(U,Z)g(RY,P)

𝑟
+ g(Y,Z)g(RU ,P)} + (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)g(U,P) – g(U,Z)g(Y ,P)} …………..(7)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

⟹'K(U,Y,Z,P) = 'K(Z,P,U,Y)= - 'K(Z,P,Y,U)= -u(Z) g(P,Y) + u(P) g(Z,Y)……..(8)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(9)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ g (RZ,U) = Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z

⟹ g(RU,P) = Ric(P,U)=Ric(U,P) = (n-1) u(P)……………..(10)

Using (8),(9) & (10) in (7) we get

1
'V(U, Y, Z,P) = -u(Z) g(P,Y) + u(P) g(Z,Y) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)u(P)– (n-1)u(Z) g(Y,P) – u(Z) Ric(Y,P)

𝑟
+ g(Y,Z)(n-1)u(P) } + (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)u(P) – u(Z) g(Y ,P)}

⟹(n-2) 'V(U, Y, Z,P) = -(n-2)u(Z) g(P,Y) + (n-2) u(P) g(Z,Y) - Ric(Y,Z)u(P)+ (n-1)u(Z) g(Y,P) +

𝑟 𝑟
u(Z) Ric(Y,P) - g(Y,Z)(n-1)u(P) + (𝑛−1) g(Y,Z)u(P) – (𝑛−1)
u(Z) g(Y ,P)

𝑟 𝑟
⟹(n-2) 'V(U, Y, Z,P) = u(Z) g(Y,P){-n+2+n-1– (𝑛−1)
} - u(P) g(Y,Z) { -n+2+n-1 -(𝑛−1) }

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- u (P) Ric(Y,Z) + u(Z) Ric(Y,P)

𝑟 𝑟
⟹(n-2) 'V(U, Y, Z,P) = u(Z) g(Y,P){1– (𝑛−1)
} - u(P) g(Y,Z) { 1 -(𝑛−1) } - u (P) Ric(Y,Z)

+ u(Z) Ric(Y,P)

𝑟
⟹(n-2) 'V(U,Y,Z,P) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) { u(Z)g(Y,P) –u(P)g(Y,Z) } - u(P) Ric(Y,Z) + u(Z) Ric(Y,P)

Proved

iii)Take X = U and using u(U) = 1 in result (i) we get

𝑟
(n-2) 'V(U,Y,Z,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) { u(Y)g(U,Z) –u(U)g(Y,Z) } + u(Y) Ric(U,Z) – u(U) Ric(Y,Z)

𝑟
⟹(n-2) 'V(U,Y,Z,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) { u(Y)g(U,Z) –g(Y,Z) } + u(Y) Ric(U,Z) – Ric(Y,Z) ………(11)

In a Sasakian manifold

g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(12)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ……….(13)

Using (12) & (13) in (11) we get

𝑟
(n-2) 'V(U,Y,Z,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) { u(Y)u(Z) – g(Y,Z) } + u(Y) (n-1)u(Z) – Ric(Y,Z)

𝑟 𝑟
⟹ (n-2) 'V(U,Y,Z,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) + n-1) u(Y)u(Z) – (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(Y,Z)– Ric(Y,Z)

𝑟 𝑟
⟹ (n-2) 'V(U,Y,Z,U) = (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y)u(Z) – (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(Y,Z)– Ric(Y,Z) Proved

iv) Take Z = U in (1) we get

28 | P a g e
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 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

1
V(X, Y, U) = K(X,Y,U) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,U)X – Ric(X,U)Y – g(X,U)RY + g(Y,U)RX }

𝑟
+ (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,U)X – g(X,U)Y }…………………(14)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………………(15)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(16)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ……………….(17)

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
From (15) and (16) and also using 'K(X, Y, Z, P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) we get

'K(X, Y, Z, U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or - ‘K (X,Y,U,Z) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or g(K (X,Y,U),Z) = u(Y)g(X,Z) - u(X) g(Y,Z)

⟹ K (X,Y,U) = u(Y)X - u(X) Y ………..(18)

Using (16) ,(17) & (18) in (14) we get

1
V(X, Y, U) = u(Y) X - u(X) Y - 𝑛−2{(n-1) u(Y) X – (n-1) u(X)Y – u(X) RY + u(Y) RX }

𝑟
+ (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { u(Y) X – u(X) Y }

⟹ (n-2) V(X, Y, U) = (n-2) u(Y) X – (n-2) u(X) Y - (n-1) u(Y) X + (n-1) u(X)Y + u(X) RY

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 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

𝑟 𝑟
- u(Y) RX + (𝑛−1) u(Y) X – (𝑛−1) u(X) Y

𝑟 𝑟
⟹ (n-2) V(X, Y, U) = u(X) Y {-n+2+n-1 – (𝑛−1) } - u(Y) X {-n+2+n-1 – (𝑛−1) }+ u(X) RY - u(Y) RX

𝑟 𝑟
⟹ (n-2) V(X, Y, U) = u(X) Y {1– (𝑛−1) } - u(Y) X {1– (𝑛−1) }+ u(X) RY - u(Y) RX

𝑟
⟹(n-2) V(X,Y,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) {u(X) Y – u(Y) X } + u(X) RY – u(Y) RX Proved

v) Take X = U in (1) we get

1
V(U, Y, Z) = K(U,Y,Z) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)U – Ric(U,Z)Y – g(U,Z)RY + g(Y,Z)RU }

𝑟
+ (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)U – g(U,Z)Y }…………………(19)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………………(20)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(21)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ……………….(22)

⟹g(RU,Z) = (n-1) g(U,Z)

⟹ RU =(n-1) U …………….(23)

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
From (20) and (21) and also using 'K(X, Y, Z, P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) we get

'K(X, Y, Z, U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or ‘K (Z, U, X, Y) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

30 | P a g e
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 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

Or - ‘K (U, Z, X, Y) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ∀ 𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍

Or - ‘K (U, Y, Z, X) = u(Z) g(X,Y) – u(X)g(Z,Y)

Or ‘K (U, Y, Z, X) = g(Z,Y) g(U,X) – u(Z) g(X,Y)

Or g (K (U, Y, Z), X) = g(Y, Z) g (U, X) – u (Z) g(Y, X)

So K (U, Y, Z) = g(Y, Z) U - u (Z) Y ……………….(24)

Using (21) ,(22),(23) & (24) in (19) we get

1
V(U, Y, Z) = g(Y, Z) U - u (Z) Y - {Ric(Y,Z)U – (n-1) u(Z) Y – u(Z) RY + g(Y,Z)(n-1)U }
𝑛−2

𝑟
+ (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)U – u(Z) Y }

⟹(n-2) V(U,Y,Z) = (n-2)g(Y, Z) U –(n-2) u (Z) Y - Ric(Y,Z)U + (n-1) u(Z) Y + u(Z) RY

𝑟 𝑟
- g(Y,Z)(n-1)U } + (𝑛−1) g(Y,Z)U – (𝑛−1)
u(Z) Y

𝑟 𝑟
⟹(n-2) V(U,Y,Z) = u(Z)Y{ -n+2+n-1- (𝑛−1) } - g(Y, Z) U {-n+2+n-1-(𝑛−1) } - Ric(Y,Z)U+ u(Z) RY

𝑟 𝑟
⟹(n-2) V(U,Y,Z) = u(Z)Y{ 1- (𝑛−1) } - g(Y, Z) U {1- (𝑛−1) } - Ric(Y,Z)U+ u(Z) RY

𝑟
⟹(n-2) V(U,Y,Z) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) {u(Z) Y – g(Y,Z) U } –Ric(Y,Z)U + u(Z) RY Proved

vi)Take Z = U and using u(U) = 1 in result (v) we get

𝑟
(n-2) V(U,Y,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) {u(U) Y – g(Y,U) U } –Ric(Y,U)U + u(U) RY

𝑟
⟹ (n-2) V(U,Y,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) { Y – g(Y,U) U } –Ric(Y,U)U + RY ………..(25)

In a Sasakian manifold

g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(26)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

31 | P a g e
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 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ……………….(27)

Using (26) & (27) in (25) we get

𝑟
(n-2) V(U,Y,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) { Y – u(Y) U } –(n-1) u(Y) U + RY

𝑟 𝑟
⟹(n-2) V(U,Y,U) = u(Y) U { -1+ (𝑛−1)-n+1} +(1- (𝑛−1) ) Y +RY

𝑟 𝑟
⟹(n-2) V(U,Y,U) = - (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y)U + (1- (𝑛−1) ) Y + RY Proved

vii) Barring X & Y and using u(𝑋) = 0 ∀ 𝑋 in result (iv) we get

𝑟
(n-2) V(𝑋, 𝑌,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) {u(𝑋) 𝑌 – u(𝑌) 𝑋 } + u(𝑋) R𝑌 – u(𝑌) R𝑋

⟹(n-2) V(𝑋, 𝑌,U) = 0

⟹ V(𝑋, 𝑌,U) = 0 Proved

viii) Barring X & Y and using u(𝑋) = 0 ∀ 𝑋 in result (i) we get

𝑟
(n-2) 'V(𝑋, 𝑌,Z,U) = (1- (𝑛−1) ) { u(𝑌)g(𝑋,Z) –u(𝑋)g(𝑌,Z) } + u(𝑌) Ric(𝑋,Z) – u(𝑋) Ric(𝑌,Z)

⟹'V(𝑋, 𝑌,Z,U) = 0 Proved

 Theorem-Prove that the necessary condition for Sasakian manifold to be conformally flat is
𝒓 𝒓
Ric(Y,Z) = (n- (𝒏−𝟏) ) u(Y) u(Z) - (1- (𝒏−𝟏) ) g(Y,Z)

Proof – Since we know that

𝑟 𝑟
(n-2) 'V(U,Y,Z,U) = (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y) u(Z) - (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(Y,Z) –Ric(Y,Z) ……….(1)

32 | P a g e
Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

Let a Sasakian manifold to be conformally flat then V = 0 ⟹ 'V = 0

Using this fact in (1) we find that

𝑟 𝑟
(n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y) u(Z) - (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(Y,Z) –Ric(Y,Z) = 0

𝑟 𝑟
⟹ Ric(Y,Z) = (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y) u(Z) - (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(Y,Z) Proved

 Theorem – For a conformally flat Sasakian manifold, prove that

𝒓 𝒓
(n-2) K(X,Y,Z) = ( (𝒏−𝟏) − 𝟐 ) {g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y } + (n- (𝒏−𝟏) ) {g(Y,Z) u(Z)- g(X,Z) u(Y)}U

𝒓
+ (n- (𝒏−𝟏) ) u (Z) { u(Y) X – u(X)Y}

Proof- The conformal curvature tensor V of type (1,3) on a Riemannian manifold is defined by

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
1
V(X, Y, Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)X – Ric(X,Z)Y – g(X,Z)RY + g(Y,Z)RX }

𝑟
+ (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) { g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y }…………………(1)

Let a Sasakian manifold to be conformally flat then V = 0

Using this fact in (1) we find that

𝑟
(n-2) K(X,Y,Z) = {Ric(Y,Z)X – Ric(X,Z)Y – g(X,Z)RY + g(Y,Z)RX } - (𝑛−1) { g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y }

………………………(2)

Since we know that the necessary condition for Sasakian manifold to be conformally flat is

𝑟 𝑟
Ric(Y,Z) = (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y) u(Z) - (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(Y,Z) …………………...(3)

Using (3) in (2) we find that

𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
(n-2) K(X,Y,Z) =(n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y) u(Z) X - (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(Y,Z) X -(n- (𝑛−1) ) u(X) u(Z)Y

33 | P a g e
Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

𝑟 𝑟
+ (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(X,Z)Y– g(X,Z)RY + g(Y,Z)RX - (𝑛−1) { g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y } …………..(4)

In a Sasakian manifold

g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(5)

Since we know that

𝑟 𝑟
(n-2) V(U,Y,U) = - (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y)U + (1- (𝑛−1) ) Y + RY & V =0

𝑟 𝑟
⟹ RY= (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y)U - (1- (𝑛−1) ) Y………………..(6)

Using (6) in (4) we get

𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
(n-2) K(X,Y,Z) =(n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y) u(Z) X - (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(Y,Z) X -(n- (𝑛−1) ) u(X) u(Z)Y

𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
+ (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(X,Z)Y– g(X,Z) (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Y)U + (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(X,Z) Y + g(Y,Z) (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(X)U

𝑟 𝑟
- (1- (𝑛−1) ) g(Y,Z) X - (𝑛−1) { g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y }

𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
⟹(n-2) K(X,Y,Z) ={- 1+ (𝑛−1) – 1+ (𝑛−1) - (𝑛−1) } g(Y,Z)X – {-1+ (𝑛−1) -1 + (𝑛−1) − (𝑛−1)
} g(X,Z)Y

𝑟 𝑟
+ (n- (𝑛−1) ) {g(Y,Z) u(X) – g(X,Z) u(Y) } U + (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Z) { u(Y)X – u(X)Y}

𝑟 𝑟
⟹ (n-2) K(X,Y,Z) ={(𝑛−1) - 2 } g(Y,Z)X – {(𝑛−1) − 2 } g(X,Z)Y

𝑟 𝑟
+ (n- (𝑛−1) ) {g(Y,Z) u(X) – g(X,Z) u(Y) } U + (n- (𝑛−1) ) u(Z) { u(Y)X – u(X)Y}

𝑟 𝑟
⟹(n-2) K(X,Y,Z) = ( (𝑛−1) − 2 ) {g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y } + (n- (𝑛−1) ) {g(Y,Z) u(Z)- g(X,Z) u(Y)}U

𝑟
+ (n- (𝑛−1) ) u (Z) { u(Y) X – u(X)Y} Proved

34 | P a g e
Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

Concircular Curvature Tensor – In 1940,Yano introduced and define Concircular Curvature Tensor of

type (1,3) on a Riemannian manifold in terms of curvature tensor K ,scalar curvature r and metric tensor g

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
𝑟
as C(X, Y, Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛(𝑛−1){ g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y }

 Theorem-Let C be a concircular curvature tensor ,then for Sasakian manifold prove that following
𝒓
i) 'C(X,Y,Z,U) = (1- 𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) ) {u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y) g(X,Z) }

𝒓
ii) 'C(U,Y,Z,U) = (1- 𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) ) g(𝒀, 𝒁)

iii) 'C(𝑿, 𝒀,Z,U) = 0

𝒓
iv) C(U, Y, Z) = (1- 𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) ) { g(Y,Z) U – u(Z) Y }

𝒓
v) C(X, Y, U) = (1- ) { u(Y) X – u(X) Y }
𝒏(𝒏−𝟏)

𝒓
vi) C(U, Y, U) = (1- ) { u(Y) U – Y }
𝒏(𝒏−𝟏)

vii) 'C(𝑿, 𝒀, Z,P) = 'C(X, Y, 𝒁, 𝑷)

Proof- We have

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
𝑟
C(X, Y, Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛(𝑛−1){ g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y }…………………….(1)

𝑟
So, g(C(X, Y, Z),P) = g(K(X,Y,Z),P) - 𝑛(𝑛−1){ g(Y,Z)g(X,P) – g(X,Z)g(Y,P) }

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
[ Since 'C(X,Y,Z,P) =
⏞ g( C(X,Y,Z),P) and 'K(X,Y,Z,P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) ]

𝑟
⟹ 'C(X, Y, Z,P) = 'K(X,Y,Z,P) - { g(Y,Z)g(X,P) – g(X,Z)g(Y,P) }…………………………….(2)
𝑛(𝑛−1)

35 | P a g e
Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

i)Take P=U in (2) we get

𝑟
'C(X, Y, Z,U) = 'K(X,Y,Z,U) - { g(Y,Z)g(X,U) – g(X,Z)g(Y,U) }…………….(3)
𝑛(𝑛−1)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………………(4)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(5)

Using (4) & (5) in (3) we get

𝑟
'C(X, Y, Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) - 𝑛(𝑛−1)
{ g(Y,Z)u(X) – g(X,Z)u(Y) }

𝑟 𝑟
⟹'C(X, Y, Z,U) = {1 − } u(X) g(Y,Z) - {1 − } u(Y)g(X,Z)
𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)

𝑟
⟹'C(X,Y,Z,U) = (1- ) {u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y) g(X,Z) } Proved
𝑛(𝑛−1)

ii)Take X=U and using u(U)=1 & g(𝑋, 𝑌) = 𝑔(𝑋, 𝑌) − 𝑢 (𝑋)𝑢(𝑌) in result (i) we get

𝑟
'C(U,Y,Z,U) = (1- ) {u(U) g(Y,Z) – u(Y) g(U,Z) }
𝑛(𝑛−1)

𝑟
⟹ 'C(U,Y,Z,U) = (1- 𝑛(𝑛−1) ) {g(Y,Z) – u(Y) u(Z) }

𝑟
⟹ 'C(U,Y,Z,U) = (1- 𝑛(𝑛−1) ) g(𝑌, 𝑍) Proved

iii)Barring X & Y and using u(𝑋)=0 ∀𝑋 in result (i) we get

𝑟
'C(𝑋, 𝑌,Z,U) = (1- ) {u(𝑋) g(𝑌,Z) – u(𝑌) g(𝑋,Z) }
𝑛(𝑛−1)

⟹ 'C(𝑋, 𝑌,Z,U) = 0 Proved

iv)By (1) we have

36 | P a g e
Dr.G.P.Singh
 Contact Manifold / Sasakian Manifold & K- Contact Riemannian Manifold

M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

𝑟
C(X, Y, Z)= K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛(𝑛−1){ g(Y,Z)X – g(X,Z)Y } ………………..(6)

Take Z = U in (6) we get

𝑟
C(X, Y, U)= K(X,Y,U) - { g(Y,U)X – g(X,U)Y } ………………………..(7)
𝑛(𝑛−1)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………………(8)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(9)

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
From (8) and (9) and also using 'K(X, Y, Z, P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) we get

'K(X, Y, Z, U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or - ‘K (X,Y,U,Z) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or g(K (X,Y,U),Z) = u(Y)g(X,Z) - u(X) g(Y,Z)

⟹ K (X,Y,U) = u(Y)X - u(X) Y ………..(10)

Using (9) & (10) in (7) we get

𝑟
C(X, Y, U) = u(Y)X - u(X) Y - 𝑛(𝑛−1){ u(Y) X – u(X) Y }

𝑟 𝑟
⟹ C(X, Y, U) = {1- } u(Y) X - {1- } u(X)Y
𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)

𝑟
⟹ C(X, Y, U) = (1- 𝑛(𝑛−1) ) { u(Y) X – u(X) Y } Proved

vi) Take X = U and using u(U) = 1 in result (v) we get

𝑟
C(U, Y, U) = (1- 𝑛(𝑛−1) ) { u(Y)U – u(U) Y }

𝑟
⟹ C(U, Y, U) = (1- 𝑛(𝑛−1) ) { u(Y)U – Y } Proved

vii)Barring X & Y and using 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑃) ='K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑃) & g (𝑋, 𝑌) = g(X,Y) – u(X) u(Y)

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so g(𝑋, 𝑌) = - g(X , 𝑌) in (2) we get

𝑟
'C(𝑋 , 𝑌, Z,P) = 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌,Z,P) - 𝑛(𝑛−1){ g(𝑌,Z)g(𝑋,P) – g(𝑋,Z)g(𝑌,P) }

𝑟
⟹'C(𝑋 , 𝑌, Z,P) = 'K(𝑋 , 𝑌, 𝑍, 𝑃) - { g(𝑌, 𝑍)g(𝑋, 𝑃) – g(𝑋, 𝑍)g(𝑌, 𝑃) }
𝑛(𝑛−1)

⟹'C(𝑋, 𝑌, Z,P) = 'C(X, Y, 𝑍, 𝑃) Proved

 Theorem- Prove that

𝒓
'C(X, Y, 𝒁, 𝑷) - 'C(X, Y, 𝒁, 𝑷) = (1- 𝒏(𝒏−𝟏) ) { 'K(𝑿 , 𝒀, 𝒁, 𝑷) - 'K(𝑿 , 𝒀, 𝒁, 𝑷) }

Proof-Please Do Itself.

 Theorem- Prove that the vanishing of any one of following

'C(X,Y,Z,U) , 'C(U,Y,Z,U) , C(U, Y, Z) , C(X, Y, U) , C(U, Y, U)

implies the vanishing of any other.

Proof – Let 'C(X,Y,Z,U) or 'C(U,Y,Z,U) or C(U, Y, Z) or C(X, Y, U) or C(U, Y, U)=0 then by above

theorem

r= n(n-1)

Hence, any other 'C(X,Y,Z,U) or 'C(U,Y,Z,U) or C(U, Y, Z) or C(X, Y, U) or C(U, Y, U)=0

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

 Con-Harmonic Curvature Tensor- In 1957, Ishii introduced and defined con-harmonic curvature

tensor of type (1,3) on a Riemannian manifold in terms of curvature tensor K, Ricci tensor R,

scalar curvature r and metric tensor g as

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
1
L(X, Y, Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)X – Ric(X,Z)Y – g(X,Z)RY + g(Y,Z)RX }

 Theorem-Let L be a con-hormonic curvature tensor .Then prove that for a sasakian manifold

following holds

i) (n-2) 'L(X,Y,Z,U) =g(X,Z) u(Y) – g(Y,Z) u(X) + Ric(X,Z) u(Y) – Ric(Y,Z) u(X)

ii) (n-2) 'L(U,Y,Z,U) =n u(Y) u(Z) – g(Y,Z)– Ric(Y,Z)

iii) (n-2) 'L(U,Y,Z,U) = u(Z) { g(Y,P) + Ric(Y,P) } – u(P) { g(Y,Z) + Ric(Y,Z) }

iv) (n-2) L(X,Y,U) =u(X) Y – u(Y) X + u(X) RY – u(Y) RX

v) (n-2) L(U,Y,Z) = u(Z) {RY+Y} – g(Y,Z) U – Ric(Y,Z) U

vi) (n-2) L(U,Y,U) = RY+Y – n u(Y)

vii) 'L(𝑿, 𝒀,Z,U) = 0

viii) L(𝑿, 𝒀,U) = 0

Proof- We have

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
1
L(X, Y, Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)X – Ric(X,Z)Y – g(X,Z)RY + g(Y,Z)RX } …………..(1)

1
So, g (L(X, Y, Z),P) = g(K(X,Y,Z),P) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)g(X,P) – Ric(X,Z)g(Y,P) – g(X,Z)g(RY,P)

+ g(Y,Z)g(RX ,P)}

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
[ Since 'L(X,Y,Z,P) =
⏞ g( L(X,Y,Z),P) and 'K(X,Y,Z,P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) ]

1
⟹'L(X,Y,Z,P) = 'K(X,Y,Z,P) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)g(X,P) – Ric(X,Z)g(Y,P) – g(X,Z)g(RY,P)

+ g(Y,Z)g(RX ,P)}………………………………………………………………..(2)

i) Take P = U in (2) we get

1
'L(X,Y,Z,U) = 'K(X,Y,Z,U) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)g(X,U) – Ric(X,Z)g(Y,U) – g(X,Z)g(RY,U)

+ g(Y,Z)g(RX ,U)}………………………………………………………………..(3)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………..(4)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(5)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ g (RZ,U) = Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z………..(6)

Using (4),(5) & (6) in (3) we get

1
'L(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)u(X) – Ric(X,Z)u(Y) – g(X,Z)(n-1)u(Y)

+ g(Y,Z)(n-1) u(X) }

⟹(n-2) 'L(X,Y,Z,U)= (n-2) u(X) g(Y,Z) – (n-2) u(Y)g(X,Z) - Ric(Y,Z)u(X) + Ric(X,Z)u(Y)

+ g(X,Z)(n-1)u(Y) - g(Y,Z)(n-1) u(X) }

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

⟹(n-2) 'L(X,Y,Z,U)= g(X,Z) u(Y) { -n+2+n-1} – g(Y,Z) u(X) { -n+2+n-1} + Ric(X,Z)u(Y)

- Ric(Y,Z)u(X)

⟹(n-2) 'L(X,Y,Z,U)= g(X,Z) u(Y)– g(Y,Z) u(X) + Ric(X,Z)u(Y) - Ric(Y,Z)u(X) Proved

ii)Take X = U in result (i) we get

⟹(n-2) 'L(U,Y,Z,U)= g(U,Z) u(Y)– g(Y,Z) u(U) + Ric(U,Z)u(Y) - Ric(Y,Z)u(U)……………(7)

In a Sasakian manifold

g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) & u(U) = 1 ………………………(8)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z………..(9)

Using (8) & (9) in (7) we get

(n-2) 'L(U,Y,Z,U)= u(Z) u(Y)– g(Y,Z) + (n-1) u(Z) u(Y) - Ric(Y,Z)

⟹(n-2) 'L(U,Y,Z,U)= u(Z) u(Y) {1+n-1} – g(Y,Z) - Ric(Y,Z)

⟹(n-2) 'L(U,Y,Z,U)= n u(Z) u(Y)– g(Y,Z) - Ric(Y,Z) Proved

iii)Take X =U in (2) we get

1
'L(U,Y,Z,P) = 'K(U,Y,Z,P) - {Ric(Y,Z)g(U,P) – Ric(U,Z)g(Y,P) – g(U,Z)g(RY,P)
𝑛−2

+ g(Y,Z)g(RU ,P)}………………..(10)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

⟹'K(U,Y,Z,P) = 'K(Z,P,U,Y)= - 'K(Z,P,Y,U)= -u(Z) g(P,Y) + u(P) g(Z,Y)……..(11)

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(12)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ g (RZ,U) = Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z

⟹ g(RU,P) = Ric(P,U)=Ric(U,P) = (n-1) u(P)……………..(13)

Using (11) ,(12) & (13) in (10) we get

1
'L(U,Y,Z,P) = 'K(U,Y,Z,P) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z) u(P) – Ric(U,Z)g(Y,P) – g(U,Z)g(RY,P)

+ g(Y, Z)g(RU ,P)}

⟹(n-2) 'L(U,Y,Z,P) = -(n-2) u(Z) g(P,Y) +(n-2) u(P) g(Z,Y)- Ric(Y,Z) u(P) + (n-1) u(Z) g(Y,P) –

u(Z) Ric(Y,P) + g(Y, Z)(n-1)u(P)

⟹(n-2) 'L(U,Y,Z,P) = u(Z)[ { -n+ 2+n-1} g(Y,P) + Ric(Y,P)] – u(P)[{-n+2+n-1} g(Y,Z) + Ric(Y,Z)]

⟹(n-2) 'L(U,Y,Z,P) = u(Z){ g(Y,P) + Ric(Y,P)} – u(P){ g(Y,Z) + Ric(Y,Z)} Proved

iv)By (1) we have

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
1
L(X, Y, Z) =
⏞ K(X,Y,Z) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)X – Ric(X,Z)Y – g(X,Z)RY + g(Y,Z)RX }……….(14)

Take Z = U in (14) we get

1
L(X, Y, U) =K(X,Y,U) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,U)X – Ric(X,U)Y – g(X,U)RY + g(Y,U)RX }……………(15)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………………(16)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(17)

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𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
From (16) and (17) and also using 'K(X, Y, Z, P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) we get

'K(X, Y, Z, U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or - ‘K (X,Y,U,Z) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or g(K (X,Y,U),Z) = u(Y)g(X,Z) - u(X) g(Y,Z)

⟹ K (X,Y,U) = u(Y)X - u(X) Y ………..(18)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ………………..(19)

Using (17),(18) & (19) in (15) we get

(n-2) L(X, Y, U) = (n-2) u(Y)X – (n-2) u(X) Y – {(n-1) u(Y) X – (n-1) u(X) Y – u(X) RY + u(Y) RX }

⟹(n-2) L(X, Y, U) =u(X) Y { -n+2+n-1} – u(Y) X { -n+2+n-1} + u(X) RY – u(Y) RX

⟹(n-2) L(X, Y, U) =u(X) Y– u(Y) X + u(X) RY – u(Y) RX Proved

v) Take X =U in (14) we get

1
L(U, Y, Z) = K(U,Y,Z) - 𝑛−2{Ric(Y,Z)U – Ric(U,Z)Y – g(U,Z)RY + g(Y,Z)RU }……….(20)

In a Sasakian manifold

'K(X,Y,Z,U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ………………(21)

And g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(22)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ……………….(23)

⟹g(RU,Z) = (n-1) g(U,Z)

⟹ RU =(n-1) U …………….(24)

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑛
From (21) and (22) and also using 'K(X, Y, Z, P) =
⏞ g( K(X,Y,Z),P) we get

'K(X, Y, Z, U) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or ‘K (Z, U, X, Y) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z)

Or - ‘K (U, Z, X, Y) = u(X) g(Y,Z) – u(Y)g(X,Z) ∀ 𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍

Or - ‘K (U, Y, Z, X) = u(Z) g(X,Y) – u(X)g(Z,Y)

Or ‘K (U, Y, Z, X) = g(Z,Y) g(U,X) – u(Z) g(X,Y)

Or g (K (U, Y, Z), X) = g(Y, Z) g (U, X) – u (Z) g(Y, X)

So K (U, Y, Z) = g(Y, Z) U - u (Z) Y ……………….(25)

Using(22),(23),(24) & (25) in (20) we get

(n-2) L(U, Y, Z) = (n-2) g(Y, Z) U –(n-2) u (Z) Y - {Ric(Y,Z)U – (n-1)u(Z) Y – u(Z) RY

+ g(Y,Z)(n-1)U }

⟹ (n-2) L(U, Y, Z) =u(Z) { (-n+2+n-1) Y + RY} – g(Y,Z)U (-n+2+n-1) – Ric(Y,Z) U

⟹ (n-2) L(U, Y, Z) =u(Z) { Y + RY} – g(Y,Z)U – Ric(Y,Z) U Proved

vi)Take Z = U and u(U) = 1 in result (v) we get

(n-2) L(U, Y, U) =u(U) { Y + RY} – g(Y,U)U – Ric(Y,U) U …………(26)

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

In a Sasakian manifold

g(U,X) = g(X,U) = u(X) ………………………(27)

And Ric (𝑌 , 𝑍) = Ric(Y,Z) - (n-1) u(Y) u(Z)

⟹ Ric (𝑈 , 𝑍) = Ric (U, Z) - (n-1) u(U) u(Z)

[Since 𝑈 = 0 and u(U) =1]

⟹ Ric (U, Z) = Ric (Z, U) = (n-1) u(Z) ∀ Z ……………….(28)

Using (27) & (28) in (26) we get

(n-2) L(U, Y, U) = Y + RY – u(Y) U – (n-1) u(Y) U

⟹(n-2) L(U, Y, U) = RY + Y – u(Y) U (1+n-1)

⟹(n-2) L(U, Y, U) = RY + Y – n u(Y) U Proved

vii) Barring X & Y and using u(𝑋)=0 ∀𝑋 in result (i) we get

(n-2) 'L(𝑋, 𝑌,Z,U) =g(𝑋,Z) u(𝑌) – g(𝑌,Z) u(𝑋) + Ric(𝑋,Z) u(𝑌) – Ric(𝑌,Z) u(𝑋)

⟹ 'L(𝑋, 𝑌,Z,U) = 0 Proved

viii) Barring X & Y and using u(𝑋)=0 ∀𝑋 in result (iv) we get

(n-2) L(𝑋, 𝑌, U) =u(𝑋) 𝑌– u(𝑌) 𝑋 + u(𝑋) R𝑌 – u(𝑌) R𝑋

⟹ L(𝑋, 𝑌, U) = 0 Proved

 Theorem- Theorem-Prove that the necessary condition for Sasakian manifold to be con-

hormonically flat is

Ric(Y,Z) = n u(Y) u(Z) – g(Y,Z)

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

Proof – Since we know that

(n-2) 'L(U,Y,Z,U) =n u(Y) u(Z) – g(Y,Z)– Ric(Y,Z )……….(1)

Let a Sasakian manifold to be conformally flat then L = 0 ⟹ 'L = 0

Using this fact in (1) we find that

n u(Y) u(Z) - g(Y,Z) –Ric(Y,Z) = 0

⟹ Ric(Y,Z) = n u(Y) u(Z) - g(Y,Z) Proved

 Theorem- Prove that the vanishing of any one of following

'L(U,Y,Z,U) or L(U, Y, U)

implies the L(U, Y, Z), L(X, Y, U) , 'L(U,Y,Z,P), 'L(X,Y,Z,U) vanishing of any other.

Proof – Let ‘L (U,Y,Z,U) or L(U, Y, U) = 0 then by above theorem

Ric(Y,Z) + g(Y,Z) = n u(Y) u(Z) ⟺ RY +Y =n u(Y) U

Hence, L(U, Y, Z), L(X, Y, U) , 'L(U,Y,Z,P), 'L(X,Y,Z,U) =0 Proved

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M.Sc. 4th Sem.(Mathematics)

References
1) R. S. Mishra: Structures on a differentiable manifold and their applications, Chandrama Prakashan,
Allahabad, India, 1984.
2) R. S. Mishra: Almost contact metric manifolds, Monograph-1, Tensor Society of India, 1991.
3) U.C. De and A.A.Shaikh: Complex manifolds and Contact manifolds, Narosa Publishing House, New

Delhi, 2009.

4) U.C. De and A.A.Shaikh: Differential Geometry of Manifolds, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi,

2009.

5) Quddus Khan: Differential Geometry of Manifolds PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2012.

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