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3 - Corrigé TD1 - Complément de Probabilités

1. The document provides solutions to probability exercises involving events, random variables, probability distributions, characteristic and moment generating functions. 2. Key concepts covered include unions and intersections of events, probability mass functions, probability density functions, expectation, variance, binomial, Poisson, exponential and Gaussian distributions. 3. Formulas are derived and applied for expectation, variance, and characteristic/moment generating functions of random variables following various probability distributions.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views7 pages

3 - Corrigé TD1 - Complément de Probabilités

1. The document provides solutions to probability exercises involving events, random variables, probability distributions, characteristic and moment generating functions. 2. Key concepts covered include unions and intersections of events, probability mass functions, probability density functions, expectation, variance, binomial, Poisson, exponential and Gaussian distributions. 3. Formulas are derived and applied for expectation, variance, and characteristic/moment generating functions of random variables following various probability distributions.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Corrigé TD1 : Complément de Probabilités

Exercice 1
Soit (Ω, A, P ) un espace de probabilité.
1) Soient (An )n≥0 ∈ A tel que A0 ⊂ A1 ⊂ .. ⊂ An ⊂ An+1 ⊂ ..
Posons :
∀k ≥ 1 A ek = Ak \ Ak−1 , A
e0 = A0

ek sont 2 à 2 disjoints et ∪n A n
A k=1 k = An = ∪k=1 Ak .
e

P (∪k≥0 Ak ) = P (∪Aek )
X
= P (A
ek )
k≥0
n
X
= lim P (A
ek )
n→∞
k=0

= lim P (An ).
n→∞

2) (Bn )n>0 ∈ A tel que B0 ⊃ B1 ⊃ .. ⊃ Bn ⊃ Bn+1


Posons :
ek = Bk \ Bk+1
B
ek sont 2 à 2 disjoints et ∩k≥0 Bk = B0 \ ∪k≥0 B
B ek

P (∩k≥0 ) = P (B0 ) − P (∪Bek )


X
= P (B0 ) − P (B
ek )
k≥0
n
X
= P (B0 ) − lim p(B
ek )
n→∞
k=0

= P (B0 ) − lim P (∪nk=0 B


ek )

= lim P (B0 ) − P (∪nk=0 B


ek )

= lim P (B0 \ ∪nk=0 B


ek )
n→∞

= lim P (Bn ).

1
Exercice 2
X v.a de densité f (x) = λe−|x| sur R.
1) Z Z ∞
f (x)dx = 2λ e−x dx = 2λ[−e−x ]∞
0 = 2λ
R 0
1
⇒λ=
2
Rt
F (t) = −∞ f (x)dx
et
1
Rt x dx
Si t ≤ 0 F (t) = 2 −∞ e = 2
Si t > 0

1 0 x 1 t −x
Z Z
F (t) = e dx + e dx
2 −∞ 2 0
1 1 1
= + (1 − e−t ) = 1 − e−t
2 2 2
(
1 t
2e si t ≤ 0
F (t) = 1 −t
1− 2e si t > 0

2) E(X n ) = 12 R xn e−|x| dx
R

Si n est impair alors E(X n ) = 0


Si n est pair alors
Z ∞
n
E(X ) = xn e−x dx = Γ(n)
0
Z ∞
−x ∞
= [−xe ]0 + n xn−1 e−x dx
0
= nΓ(n − 1).

Γ(n) = n!Γ(1) = n! car Γ(1) = 1


(
0 si n impair
E(X n ) =
n! si n pair
Alors, E(X) = 0 et V (X) = 2.
3)
E(S) = 2E(X) − E(Y ) = 0

2
V (S) = 4V (X) + V (Y ) = 8 + 2 = 10

E(T ) = E(X 2 ) = V (X) = 2

V (T ) = E(X 4 ) − (E(X 2 ))2 = 4! − 4 = 20

Exercice 3
X(Ω) = Z∗
∀k ∈ Z∗ P (X = k) = 2−(|k|+1)
Y (ω) = X(ω) si X(ω) > 0.
Y (ω) = −X(ω) + 1 si X(ω) < 0.
On a Y (ω) = N∗
• P (Y = 1) = P (X = 1) = 2−2 = 1
4
• ∀k ≥ 2

P (Y = k) = P (X = k) + P (X = 1 − k)
= 2−k−1 + 2−(k−1)−1
= 2−k−1 + 2−k
= 3.2−k−1

Exercice 4
X(Ω) = N

X
GX (s) = E(sX ) = P (X = k)sk
k∈N

n)sn
P
1) La série k∈N P (X = est absolument convergente pour | s |≤ 1 car
n
P
| P (X = n)s |≤ P (X = n) et P (X = n) = 1 donc GX (s) est bien définie
sur [−1, 1].
2) GX est la somme de la série entière de terme général P (X = n)sn . Elle
est donc indéfiniment dérivable sur ] − 1, 1[.
De plus,
X
GkX (s) = n(n − 1)..(n − k + 1)P (X = n)sn−k
n≥k

et
GkX (0) = k!P (X = k)

3
Par suite,
Gk (0)
P (X = k) = X
P k!
3) X est intégrable donc nP (X = n) est convergente.
nP (X = n)sn−1 est normalement convergente pour | s |≤ 1 car
P
La série
sup | nP (X = n)sn−1 |= nP (X = n).
Par suite,
X X
(P (X = n)sn )0 = G0X (s) = nP (X = n)sn−1
n≥1

De même
X
E(X(X − 1)) existe et G00X (s) = n(n − 1)P (X = n)sn−2 .
n≥2

Pour s = 1,
X
G0x (1) = nP (X = n) = E(X)
et
X
G00x (1) = n(n − 1)P (X = n) = E(X(X − 1))
n≥2
On déduit,
V ar(X) = G00X (1) + G0X (1) − (G0X (1))2 .
Exercice 5
GX (s) = E(sX )
1) X ∼ B(p)
1
X
GX (s) = sk pk
k=0
0
= s (1 − p) + sp
= (1 − p) + sp.

2) X ∼ B(n, p)
n
X
GX (s) = Cnk pk (1 − p)n−k sk
k=0
X
= Cnk (ps)k (1 − p)n−k
= (ps + 1 − p)n .

4
3) X ∼ P(λ)
X λk
GX (s) = e−λ sk
k!
k≥0
X (λs)k
= e−λ
k!
k≥0

= e−λ eλs
= eλ(s−1) .

4) X ∼ G(p)
X
GX (s) = p(1 − p)k−1 sk
k≥1
X
= sp (s(1 − p))k−1
k≥1
1
= sp
1 − s(1 − p)
sp
= .
1 − s(1 − p)
5) En utilisant les résultats de l’exercice 4 :

G0X (1) = E(X) et V ar(X) = G00X (1) + G0X (1) − (G00X (1))2

On obtient facilement l’espérance et la variance de X dans chaque cas.


Exercice 6
1
1) X ∼ U[a,b] f (x) = b−a 1[a,b] (x)

b
eitx eitb − eita
Z
ϕX (t) = E(eitX ) = dx =
a b−a it(b − a)
2) X ∼ E(λ) f (x) = λe−λx 1x>0

Z +∞
ϕX (t) = E(e itX
)=λ eitx e−λx dx
0
Z +∞
=λ ex(it−x) dx
0
λ
=
it − λ

5
x 2
3) X ∼ N (0, 1) f (x) = √1 e− 2 ∀x ∈ R

Z
1 2 /2
ϕX (t) = E[e itX
]= √ eitx × e−x dx
2π R
2 2 2
x → eitx × e−x /2 est intégrable : | eitx × e−x /2 |≤| e−x /2 | intégrable.
2 2 2 2
t → eitx × e−x /2 est dérivable : | ixeitx × e−x /2 |=| xe−x /2 |=| x | e−x /2
intégrable.
Z +∞
0 1 −x2 /2 +∞ 1 2
itx
ϕX (t) = √ [−e × e ]−∞ − √ eitx × e−x /2 dx
2π 2π −∞
2 /2
ϕ0t (t) = −tϕ(t) ⇒ ϕ(0)e−t
2
− t2
ϕ(0) = 1 ⇒ ϕ(t) = e .
4) X ∼ N (m, σ) alors Z = X−m
σ ∼ N (0, 1) ⇒ X = m + σZ
Donc
2 2
ϕX (t) = eimt × e−σ t /2
Exercice 7
1) D’après l’inégalité de B.T :
V (X)
P (| X − E(X) |> a) ≤
a2
16
P (| X − 16 |) > a ≤ 2
a
16 4
P (10 < X < 16) = P (| X − 16 |< 6) ≥ =
36 9
2) Xn : nombre de pile après n lancers Xn ∼ B(n, p)

Xn
P (0.4 < < 0.6) > 0.9 (∗)
n
Xn E(Xn ) np
Fn = , E(Fn ) = = =p
n n n
et
V (Xn) p(1 − p) 1
V (Fn ) = 2
= =
n n 4n
1
(∗) ⇔ P (−0.1 < Fn − < 0.1) > 0.9
2
1
⇔ P (| Fn − |) > 0.9
2

6
Donc il suffit de chercher n tel que
1
P (| Fn − |≥ 0.1) < 0.1
2
Or
V (Fn ) 1
P (| Fn − E(Fn ) | 0.1) < =
0.12 4n(0.1)2
Donc
1
< 0.1
4n × 0.01
1
n> = 250
4 × 0.001

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