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Lecture 3

This document provides an overview of networking concepts including: - Physical layer transmission media like coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless communication - Network interface cards that provide ports for network connection and perform layer 2 functions - MAC addresses that uniquely identify devices on a network - The TCP/IP protocol stack including the application, transport, internet, and network layers - Similarities and differences between the OSI and TCP/IP models

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118 views

Lecture 3

This document provides an overview of networking concepts including: - Physical layer transmission media like coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless communication - Network interface cards that provide ports for network connection and perform layer 2 functions - MAC addresses that uniquely identify devices on a network - The TCP/IP protocol stack including the application, transport, internet, and network layers - Similarities and differences between the OSI and TCP/IP models

Uploaded by

api-3701823
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network And

Internet
Application
LECTURE-03

 Physical Layer: Transmission medium


 MAC address
 Network Interface Card
 Introduction to TCP/IP Protocol Stack
 Function of different layer of TCP/IP
Physical Layer

 The function of Physical layer is the transmission of


data.
 The transmission process is typically accomplished
through networking media.
 Common types networking media includes
 Coaxial cable
 Shielded twisted-pair cable
 Unshielded twisted-pair cable
 Fiber-optic cable
 Wireless
Coaxial cable

 Coaxial cable consists of two conducting elements.


 One of these elements - located in the center of the
cable - is a copper conductor. Surrounding it is a layer
of flexible insulation.
 Over this insulating material is a woven copper braid
or metallic foil that acts as the second wire in the
circuit, and as a shield for the inner conductor.
 Covering this shield is the cable jacket.
Coaxial cable
Coaxial cable

 Two types of coaxial cable are commonly used in


networking:
 Thicknet or 10BASE5 – Approximately .4 inches in diameter.
 Thinnet or 10BASE2 – Approximately .2 inches in diameter.

 For LANs coaxial cable offers the following advantages:


 It can run for longer distances than either STP or UTP
cable.
 Coaxial cable is less expensive than fiber-optic cable, and
the technology is well known
 Its reduces EMI and RFI
Coaxial cable
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

 Shielded twisted-pair cable (STP) combines the techniques of


shielding, cancellation, and twisting of wires.
 As specified for use in Ethernet network installations.
 STP provides resistance to both EMI and RFI without
significantly increasing the weight or size of the cable.
 STP affords greater protection from all types of external
interference, but is more expensive than unshielded twisted-
pair cable.
 Shielded twisted-pair cable has all of the advantages and
disadvantages of unshielded twisted-pair cable.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (STP)

 Unshielded twisted-pair cable (UTP) is a four-pair wire medium


- used in a variety of networks.
 Each pair of wires is insulated from the others.
 This type of cable relies solely on the cancellation effect,
produced by the twisted wire pairs, to limit signal degradation
caused by EMI and RFI.
 To further reduce crosstalk between the pairs in UTP cable, the
number of twists in the wire pairs varies.
 UTP cable must follow precise specifications as to how many
twists or braids are permitted per foot of cable.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Unshielded Twisted Pair (STP)

 It is easy to install and is less expensive than other types of


networking media.
 UTP costs less per meter than any other type of LAN cabling,
 Since it has such a small external diameter, UTP does not fill
up wiring ducts as rapidly as other types of cable.
 UTP cable is installed using an RJ connector, potential sources
of network noise are greatly reduced, and a good solid
connection is practically guaranteed.
Optical Fiber Cable

 Fiber-optic cable is a networking medium capable of


conducting modulated light transmissions.
 It is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference.
 It is capable of higher data rates than any of the other types of
networking media.
 Fiber-optic cable does not carry electrical impulses. Instead,
signals that represent bits, are converted into beams of light.
 Compared to other networking media, it is more expensive.
Optical Fiber Cable
Wireless communication

 Wireless signals are electromagnetic waves, which can travel


through the vacuum of outer space and through media such as
air.
 No physical medium is necessary for wireless signals, making
them a very versatile way to build a network.
 The most common application of wireless data communications
is for mobile users.
 There are three basic types of wireless communication:
1. Radio waves transmission at 10kHz to 1GHz
2. Microwaves transmission at 1GHz to 500GHz
3. Infrared transmission at 500GHz to 1THz
MAC Address

 Every computer, whether it is attached to a network or not, has


a physical address.
 This address is known as MAC address and located on
Network Interface Card (NIC).
 MAC addresses are 48 bits in length and are expressed as
twelve hexadecimal digits.
 The first six hexadecimal digits, which are administered by the
IEEE, identify the manufacturer or vendor and thus comprise
the Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI).
 The remaining six hexadecimal digits comprise the interface
serial number, or another value administered by the specific
vendor.
MAC Address

 MAC addresses are


sometimes referred to
as burned-in addresses
(BIAs) because they
are burned into read-
only memory (ROM)
and are copied into
random-access
memory (RAM) when
the NIC initializes.
Network Interface Card (NIC)

 A network interface card (NIC) plugs into a motherboard and


provides ports for network connection.
 NICs can provide connection for any type of networking media.
 A NIC uses a piece of software known as driver to
communicate with the computer’s operating system.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
 NICs perform important Layer 2
data link layer functions, such as
the following:
 logical link control -
communicates with upper
layers in the computer
 naming - provides a unique
MAC address identifier
 framing - part of the
encapsulation process,
packaging the bits for
transport
 signaling - creates signals
and interface with the media
by using built-in transceivers
TCP/IP Protocol

 TCP/IP reference model was created by the U.S.


Department of Defense (DoD).
 TCP/IP model has four layers:
 The application layer
 The transport layer
 The Internet layer
 The network layer
TCP/IP Protocol

 Application Layer
The designers of TCP/IP felt that the higher level
protocols should include the session and presentation
layer details. They simply created an application layer
that handles high-level protocols, issues of
representation, encoding, and dialog control. The
TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into
one layer, and assumes this data is properly packaged
for the next layer.
TCP/IP Protocol

 Transport Layer
The transport layer deals with the quality-of-service
issues of reliability, flow control, and error correction.
One of its protocols, the transmission control protocol
(TCP), provides excellent and flexible ways to create
reliable, well-flowing, low-error network
communications. TCP is a connection-oriented
protocol. It dialogues between source and destination
while packaging application layer information into units
called segments.
TCP/IP Protocol

 Internet Layer
The purpose of the Internet layer is to send source
packets from any network on the internetwork and
have them arrive at the destination independent of the
path and networks they took to get there. The specific
protocol that governs this layer is called the Internet
protocol (IP). Best path determination and packet
switching occur at this layer. Think of it in terms of the
postal system. When you mail a letter, you do not
know how it gets there (there are various possible
routes), but you do care that it arrives.
TCP/IP Protocol

 Network Layer
The name of this layer is very broad and somewhat
confusing. It is also called the host-to-network layer. It
is the layer that is concerned with all of the issues that
an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link,
and then to make another physical link. It includes the
LAN and WAN technology details, and all the details in
the OSI physical and data link layers.
OSI model and the TCP/IP model
OSI model and the TCP/IP model

 Similarities
 both have layers
 both have application layers, though they include very different
services
 both have comparable transport and network layers
 packet-switched (not circuit-switched) technology is assumed
 networking professionals need to know both

 Differences
 TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into
its application layer
 TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one
layer
 TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers

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