The Effects of The Hazards & Risk in Electrical Installation and Maintenance in

The Performance of Senior-High School Eim Learners

Chapter 1

The Problem and its Background

This chapter includes the problem of the study and its background, the scope

and limitation, definition of terms and significance of the study.

Background of the study

Electricity is important in our daily lives. Electricity is essential in providing heat

and light and powering appliances in homes and factories. It must, however, be treated

with great care, because the consequences of an electrical fault can be serious and

sometimes fatal. Generally, voltages greater than 50 volts can present a serious hazard

and currents of more than about 50 milliamps flowing through the human body can lead

to death by electrocution. Electrical hazards, risks of injury or death arising from

exposure to electricity. Harm can be caused to any person when they are exposed to

‘live parts’ that are either touched directly or indirectly by means of some.

Electrical installation and maintenance work are an essential aspect of modern

society, providing power for homes, businesses, and industries. However, it also
involves significant risks and hazards that can result in serious injury, death, and

property damage if not properly managed

The risks associated with electrical installation and maintenance work include

electrical shock, electrocution, fire, explosion, and arc flash. These risks can arise from

a variety of factors, including improper installation, inadequate maintenance, faulty

equipment, and human error. To address these risks and hazards, various regulations,

standards, and guidelines have been developed to ensure that electrical work is carried

out safely and effectively. These include requirements for proper training and

education, the use of personal protective equipment, the implementation of safety

procedures and protocols, and the use of specialized equipment and tools.

Despite these efforts, accidents and incidents continue to occur in the electrical

installation and maintenance industry, highlighting the ongoing need for vigilance and

attention to safety. As such, further research is needed to better understand the risks

and hazards associated with electrical work, and to develop more effective strategies for

managing and mitigating these risks.

Theoretical Framework

This study presents the theory of Electrical installation & maintenance.

The main protection against electrical shock in and the active measure based on

preventing resistance of the electrical installation limiting the time duration of the
exposure to the electric contact Hazard - is any potential source of harm (the possibility

to cause harm).

Risk - is the probability of harm occurring under defined circumstances.

Safety - is the condition of not being exposed to or being protected from harm; not likely

to be harmed.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework that determines the Effects of Hazards in Risk in Electrical

Installation and Maintenance in Malaya Integrated National High School.

INPUT OUTPUT PROCESS

Effects of hazards and risk Survey Questionnaire Were going to film

in electrical installation and ourselves doing electrical

maintenance installation and explain

 Academics everything that is need to

 confidence be explained

The research process that this study utilized is shown in figure 1.

Frame 1 It shows the input variables involved, the process conducted and the

result of the study.

Frame 2 these data were gathered through a survey questionnaire.

Frame 3 of this study is to propose an action plan to expand the knowledge about

hazards and risk in performing electrical installation.

This study aims the effects of hazards and risk in electrical installations and

maintenance in Malaya Integrated National High school

1. What is the effect of hazards and risk to SHS - EIM learners’ performance in terms of:

1.1. academics;

1.2. confidence?

2. Is there a significant difference between the effects of hazards and risk to SHS - EIM

in terms of:

2.1 academics;

2.2 confidence?

3. base on the result to the study, what output can be developed?

Significance of the Study

Students they will gain improvement from their previous electrical installation

performance. They will be more aware of hazards and risk in their future profession

after graduation.

Teachers would benefit from knowing a student’s awareness of hazards and risk since

it would allow them to avoid accident.

Parents should provide their children advice about taking the risk

of performing electrical installation in order to help them succeed their work

Future researchers would benefit from knowing the students’ degree of electrical

proficiency, therefore it would be beneficial for them to have that information.

This study will focus on the effects of hazard and risk in Electrical Installation and

Maintenance of Senior high school students in Malaya Integrated National high school.

The respondents were limited to EIM learners during the school year 2022-2023

Assumptions

The study focusses on the hazards and risk of electrical installation and

maintenance of senior high school EIM learners.

1. Researchers and respondents focused on learning the hazards and risk in

electrical installation because they needed to know what are those.

2. the researchers believe in the knowledge of the respondents when it comes to

electricity.

3. The researchers could help EIM learners to enhance their knowledge about

hazards and risk in electrical installation.

4. The researchers believe that the respondents will receive a thorough explanation

of the objectives of hazards and risk and the researcher also believes that they will be

able to understand them correctly and be able to carry out the activity they will do.

Definition of Terms

HAZARD- a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition

MAINTENANCE- the process of ensuring that electrical equipment is kept in good

working order
INSTALLATION- the complete system of wiring and apparatus which is used to feed

electrical energy from the position at which it is made available in the building,

concerned to the point or points at which it is to be used

Review of related literature

This part of the study shows different sides, the local and foreign study which is

relevant to the present study.

Foreign literature

Dennis K Neitzel (2016) Owners, operators, installers, and maintainers of

industrial and commercial electric power systems and equipment, along with design

consultants and manufacturers, should be concerned with the electrical safety aspects

associated with these systems and equipment. Electrical safety must be an integral part

of all electrical equipment and systems design, installation, and maintenance. An in-

depth knowledge and understanding of all applicable codes, standards, and regulations,

as well as the manufacturer's instructions, is a must for electrical safety through design.

Safety professionals, knowledgeable in electrical equipment and systems and electrical

safety, should be included in the planning and design phases of all projects to ensure

that safety is discussed and included in the design. Electrical safety by design and
maintenance is critical in order to help prevent or reduce electrical accidents due to

failure of electrical equipment.

John madden (2017) Electrical Safety and the Law describes the hazards and

risks from the use of electricity, explaining with the help of case studies and accident

statistics the types of accidents that occur and how they can be prevented by the use of

safe installations, equipment and working practices. It describes the British legislation

on the safety of electrical systems and electrotechnical machinery control systems,

much of which stems from European Directives, and which will therefore be affected by

the UK’s decision to leave the EU (Brexit), and the main standards and guidance that

can be used to secure compliance with the law. There are detailed descriptions covering

the risks and preventive measures associated with electrical installations, construction

sites, work near underground cables and overhead power lines, electrical equipment

and installations in explosive atmospheres, electrical testing and electrotechnical control

systems. Duty holders’ responsibilities for designing, installing, and maintaining safe

systems are explained, as well as their responsibilities for employing competent staff.

According to Samuel O ezenaya (2017) Electrical safety is a very important factor

that needs urgent attention. This paper provides an overview of basic electrical safety

on the job and at home. Electricity is essential to modern life, both at home and on the

job. The purpose of this article is to inform the community and users of electricity about

electrical safety and the serious consequences when it is not properly and regularly

performed. Information and data were collected from Occupational Safety and Health

Administration 3075. Results revealed that some multi-socket power lines, as well as

some power cords were outside of the limits provided by the international protocols.
Observations were properly analyzed, and conclusions were made based on the

observation.

According to AFNAN TAJUDDIN (2029) Electricity is an essential part of modern

life, and it is used in almost every

aspect of our lives. However, it can also be extremely hazardous if proper safety

measures are not taken. Electrical hazards can cause serious injuries, burns, and even

death. In this article, we will discuss electrical hazards, their causes, and control

measures that can be taken to ensure electrical safety.

Local literature

According to J.J Cruz (2017) that Electrical burns are the fourth most prevalent

type of burn, and they remain one of the most painful trauma injuries in impoverished

countries. The number of electrical injuries in the Philippines is often underreported.

Therese in electrical burns could be linked to the country's growing industrialization,

particularly when basic education and training in electrical safety and handling is

neglected. Because the bulk of the casualties are working-age males, this could have a-

significant impact on the workforce.

Normel S. Nabatilan jr (2019) Electrical installation is dangerous because it

involves electricity. To be an effective electrician, one must follow the rules and

regulation of the Philippines Electrical Code for safety. EIM students are facing different

kinds of challenges while studying. Some problems are really difficult to handle. Some

students can solve the challenges, but others cannot. Building wiring is one of the
purposes of Electrical Installation and Maintenance. It teaches those students about

installing electricity or any activities related to this.

Bautista, M.F. N., (2018) The National Electrification Administration (NEA) under

the umbrella of the Department of Energy (DoE) has the mandate for rural electrification

program in the country. At present, NEA is continually doing its best to serve the

remaining 2.7 million households without electricity in the country (Laput, 2019). Clearly,

the demand and consumption of electricity in residential buildings is highly increasing as

it becomes a basic need of the Filipino people. But with the benefits, convenience and

comfort it brings, the dangers and hazards that electricity might cause should not be

forgotten. Electrical fire is caused by electrical materials and house wiring systems

affected by unexpected faults and errors such as short circuit, overloading, arcing and

unplug television or other appliances (Campbell, 2019 & Lee et. al, 2016). It is a Class C

type of fire in which types of ABC Powder, Water Mist and Clean Agent fire

extinguishers are being used to quench this type of flame (Koorsen Fire & Security,

2017). Electrical ignition is gradually becoming a serious issue as it posted a higher

percentage of 5,366 electrical-related fires out of 19,292 fire incidents, which is

equivalent to 27.81% last 2018 nationwide.

According to Ver Pangonilo (2022) An important issue for occupational health

and safety is electrical injuries. Many employees who get electrical injuries lack the

necessary training to work with or around electrically powered equipment. The best way

for anyone who works with electrical systems to avoid harming themselves or other

people as well as causing property damage is to put electrical safety procedures into

practice. Electrical safety procedures at work not only reduce the risk of injury but also
shield employers and staff from the financial burdens associated with a work-related

mishap

Foreign studies

Allison haluik, (2016) Electricity is unique among energy sources in that its use is

ubiquitous in everyday life, yet it also has the potential to be instantly fatal when

contacted. Due to its familiarity and everyday use, people are often complacent to

electrical hazards and underestimate the risks associated with exposure to electricity.

Many veterans in the electrical industry came of age in an era when best practices for

electrical work had not yet been established, and as a result experienced firsthand the

consequences of electrical incidents. Over the past several decades there has been a

movement in the industry to improve safe work practices based on these experiences.

This has resulted in great improvements in electrical safety, making electrical incidents

less common. The challenge faced today is to transfer the knowledge gained from past

experience to workers who may not have witnessed serious electrical incidents, and as

a result, may fail to recognize the potential for injury associated with electrical work.

A Adekunle, GO Asaolu, K Adiji, HA Bamiduro (2016) Electrical hazard remains a

global occurrence that plagues construction industries in Nigeria Electricity is one of the

most common causes of fires, electric shocks, electrocutions and thermal burns in

construction industries. Because electricity is a familiar part of our lives, it is often not

treated with enough caution. As a result, an average of one worker is electrocuted on

the job every day of every year during construction work.

consequence of an electrical accident. Researchers are of the opinion that electrical

safety in the construction sector is an indispensable component for economic

development of the country. In the light of the above, this paper examines the impacts of

electrical hazards on the Nigerian construction industries with a view to provide safety

measures using Kaaptron technologies as case study. The amount of current the body

can withstand, the time it takes a body to be electrocuted when in contact with electricity

and risk analyses were issues considered in this study. This study also used a

participatory appraisal technique whereby, the electrical engineers and technicians were

made to identify the types and magnitude of electrical hazards they encounter in their

daily lives. The overall study shows that tasks performed under wet conditions could

draw current as high as 480mA and that a body of 500â „¦ resistance has just 0.2 s to be

electrocuted when in contact with a 120v supply. The risk analysis revealed that 6 out of

10 construction devices were not safe to work on. Safety measures to eliminate injuries

or deaths at construction sites were proffered.

Elisabeth Krausmann, Ana Maria Cruz, Ernesto Salzano Elsevier, (2016) Natech

Risk Assessment and Management: Reducing the Risk of Natural-Hazard Impact on

Hazardous Installations covers the entire spectrum of issues pertinent to Natech risk

assessment and management. After a thorough introduction of the topic that includes

definitions of terms, authors Krausmann, Cruz, and Salzano discuss various examples

of international frameworks and provide a detailed view of the implementation of Natech

Risk Management in the EU and OECD. There is a dedicated chapter on natural-hazard

prediction and measurement from an engineering perspective, as well as a

selected Natech accidents, including recent examples, and provide specific ‘lessons

learned' from each, as well as an analysis of all essential elements of Natech risk

assessment, such as plant layout, substance hazards, and equipment vulnerability. The

final section of the book is dedicated to the reduction of Natech risk, including structural

and organizational prevention and mitigation measures, as well as early warning issues

and emergency foreword planning. Teaches chemical engineers and safety managers

how to safeguard chemical processing plants and pipelines against natural disasters

Includes international regulations and explains how to conduct a natural hazards risk

assessment, both of which are supported by examples and case studies Discusses a

broad range of hazards and the multidisciplinary aspects of risk assessment in a

detailed and accessible style.

Huiyuan Yang, Kanjun Zhang, Aihong Tang IEEE, (2022) In order to ensure the

safe and stable operation of the electricity grid, it is necessary to carry out the risk

assessment of the electricity connection at the substation. In traditional methods, the

influences of the regional power grid on the main electrical connection method are

ignored. This paper aims to propose a new method of basic risk assessment in

electricity connection related to regional grid safety. First, the traditional risk indices are

modified by considering the load drop in the regional grid, and the indices of safety

constraints are developed by using severity functions. Second, the analytic method is

adopted to analyze the faults in the substation and determine the consequences, and

the external equivalent of the substation is situation. Finally, regional grid power flow

and optimal scheduling are calculated, and risk assessment results are obtained. Prove
the professionalism of the proposed method so that the IEEE-RTBS system and a real

220kV substation and its adjacent grid are taken for evaluation. results show that

compared to the traditional method, the risk indices obtained by the proposed method

are more conservative, and the vulnerability of the main electrical connection under the

condition conditions can be obtained, which proves the feasibility and being the course

of the proposed method.

Local studies

Eunice Care Lanaja (2018) The main purpose of this study is to determine the

effect of the hazard and risks in the students’ performance. The study considers the

students

personal information such as their name, gender, and age. The researcher limits the

study to 50 EIM students only here in Kidapawan city National High School of school

year 2017-2018. Each of the students is given a questionnaire to answer. The

respondents are selected from student's inseam to prevent bias and get objective

perception.

According to the Congressional Accountability Office of Compliance, NFPA’s

National Electric Code (NFPA 70 110.26) also requires a minimum clearance of 3 feet

for electrical equipment with 600 volts or less. Please take the time to read both OSHA

and ANSI’s standards in their entirety! It is important that your facility follows the

standards put forth by these electrical panel regulations as well as all the marking

requirements. This will help you avoid any OSHA fines as well as prevent your workers

from sustaining serious injuries or even death.

safety precautions on electrical fire prevention among residents in the City of Bislig,

Philippines. The study uses descriptive method of research utilizing a researcher-made

survey-questionnaire. Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 21 were used to analyze the

collected data. The study revealed areas of concern that need immediate intervention.

In terms of practices, respondents have low level of practice for annual house wiring

inspection, poor habit in securing building permits and clearances; and no structured

house routines for electrical fire prevention. Respondents level of awareness showed

that they are not highly aware of the correct ampere rating of fuse and circuit breaker,

standard size and type of electrical wire intended for lighting, convenience outlets, and

extension wires. With regards to their behavior, most of them have a low level of

behavioral consistency in participating in activities involving electrical fire prevention and

are not consistent in seeking additional knowledge about fire prevention.

According to Phelps Dodge Philippines (2022). Electricity is a type of energy that

we cannot see, hear or smell; this type of energy is a necessity in our daily lives but we

have to be aware of the hazards it can pose to us and our families. That is why we

should make sure that the systems we have in place can effectively and safely manage

this energy to ensure the safety of the family

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH AND SOURCE OF DATA

This chapter presents the research design, the setting of the study, subject of the

study sources of data, procedure of the study, and statistical treatment

Research Design

The researchers used descriptive research design, which is a type of research

that

described a population, situation, or phenomenon study.

Descriptive research design is a type of research design that aims to

systematically obtain information to describe a phenomenon, situation, or population.

the research problem rather than the why

The descriptive research design is appropriate to the study because the

researchers used a survey questionnaire or interview to assess the effects of hazard

and risk in Electrical Installation and Maintenance of Senior High school learners in

Malaya Integrated National High school

Setting of the Study

The study will be conducted in Malaya Integrated National High school. MINHS is

located at Vicencio Street, Malaya Pililla Rizal, with the population of 1364, it was

established on January 1, 1975; it was formerly named Malaya Barangay High School,

But in 2001, Malaya Barangay High School became nationally funded and became

Malaya National High School, in March 2020, it became Malaya Integrated National

High School

Figure 2

Location Map of Malaya Integrated National High School

The subject of the study is the Effects of hazard and risk in Electrical Installation

and Maintenance in Malaya Integrated National High School. Sampling was used to

calculate the ideal sample size of selected learners Only 30 EIM students will be

selected out of 55 EIM students.