የከሰል ቅመሞች አብዛኛውን ጊዜ በሚከተሉት ሥር ይወድቃሉ - ፍም መፈወስ - የከሰል ፍም ፣ የከሰል ቅጣት ፣

የማዕድን ካርቦን ፣ የድንጋይ ከሰል እና ባዮማስ ጥሩ ይሆናሉ ። - Accelerants ሶዲየም ናይትሬት እና ሰም ታላቅ
ምርጫዎች ናቸው, ነገር ግን sawdust ደግሞ ጥቅም ላይ ሊውል ይችላል.

Most briquettes are compressed tightly from various materials such as coal dust, borax,
sawdust, wax, chaff and more. A few companies such as Better Wood Products create
briquettes made of pure wood, free of any filler compounds.

አብዛኞቹ የብሪኬት ዝርያዎች የድንጋይ ከሰል አቧራ፣ ቦራክስ፣ ዳውድ፣ ሰም፣ ገለባና ሌሎች ነገሮች ካሉባቸው የተለያዩ
ቁሳቁሶች ጋር በጥብቅ ይጨመራሉ። እንደ Better Wood Products ያሉ ጥቂት ኩባንያዎች ከንጹህ እንጨት የተሠሩ
ብሪኬቶችን ይፈጥራሉ, ከማንኛውም የ filler ውሂብ ነፃ.

White Ash: Whiting, lime, limestone, or calcium carbonate are cheap options. - Binders:
Starches (cassava, corn, or wheat), acacia gum, and waste paper pulp work well. - Press
Releases: Borax is generally best. - Fillers: Cement, clay, or sandy soil can help bulk up your
briquettes

ነጭ አሽ፦ ነጭ አሽ፦ ዋይትሪንግ፣ ሎሚ፣ በሃ ድንጋይ ወይም ካልሲየም ካርቦኔት ርካሽ አማራጮች ናቸው። - ጥረዶች
Starches (cassava, በቆሎ, ወይም ስንዴ), acacia ድድ, እና ቆሻሻ ወረቀት pulp በሚገባ ይሰራሉ. - Press Releases
ቦራክስ በአጠቃላይ የተሻለ ነው. - Fillers ሲሚንቶ, ሸክላ, ወይም አሸዋማ አፈር የእርስዎን briquettes በብዛት ለማገዝ
ሊረዳ ይችላል

Charcoal briquettes
 Wood charcoal (fuel)
 Lignite coal (fuel)
 Anthracite coal (fuel)
 Limestone (ash colourant)
 Starch (binder)
 Borax (release agent)
 Sodium nitrate (accelerant)
 Sawdust.
የከሰል ፍም

የእንጨት ከሰል (ነዳጅ)

Lignite የድንጋይ ከሰል (ነዳጅ)

አንትራሳይት የድንጋይ ከሰል (ነዳጅ)

በሃድንጋይ ድንጋይ (አሽ ቀለም)

ስታርች (ጥረዛ)
ቦራክስ (የመልቀቂያ ወኪል)

ሶዲየም ናይትሬት (accelerant)

ሳውዳብት

Charcoal
Briquette
Production
SECIL
EMPLOYMENT & LIVELIHOODS
Sustainable Employment
Creation and
Improved Livelihoods for
Vulnerable Urban
Communities in
Mogadishu
A Practical Training
Manual
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE
PRODUCTION - A Practical Training
Manual
Principal author: Mary Njenga
First published in Nairobi in 2014 by UN-
Habitat.
Copyright © UN-Habitat Somalia Programme
2014.
All rights reserved. Content may not be
reprinted without permission.
UN-Habitat Somalia Programme
Tel. +254 20 7625030
[email protected]
www.unhabitat.org/somaliregion
Disclaimer:
The designations employed and the presentation
of the material in this guide do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the
part of Secretariat of the United Nations
concerning the legal status of any country,
territory, city or area of its authorities, or
concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Views expressed in this publication do not
necessarily reect those of the United Nations
Human
Settlements Programme, United Nations
Member States, or UN-Habitat donors and
partners.
For more information on the SECIL project,
please contact:
Britta Peters
[email protected]

Charcoal
Briquette
Production
Charcoal
Briquette
Production
A Practical Training
Manual
July 2014
iv CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT
PREFACE
This manual has been developed as part
of the EU funded project “Sustainable
Employment Creation and Improved
Livelihoods for Vulnerable Urban
Communities in Mogadishu (SECIL),
implemented by UN-Habitat in
partnership
with the Benadir Regional
Administration (BRA), Cooperazione E
Sviluppo (CESVI) and Human Relief
Foundation (HRF)
with the specic purpose of
“Improvement of livelihoods of
vulnerable households in urban and peri-
urban areas of
Mogadishu”.
The 20 year civil war in Somalia has
put immense pressure on the country’s
resources. In Mogadishu, where many
communities cannot aord fuels such
as liquid petroleum gas, kerosene or
electricity, rewood and charcoal are
the principal cooking fuels consumed
by more than 70% of households. This
has multiple negative impacts on the
local, national and global level. There is
a serious need to develop cheaper and
cleaner alternatives to rewood and
charcoal, especially in cities such as
Mogadishu where the majority of users
spend a considerable amount of time
both collecting fuel and cooking in
conned and badly ventilated buildings.
Charcoal briquette production is a local
innovation that can help to assuage such
issues by providing a more aordable
and cleaner source of cooking energy.
Charcoal briquettes consist of charcoal
dust mixed with water and a binder:
often soil, composted organic waste or
paper.
This manual has been developed for
training community groups interested in
starting up sustainable community
level enterprises in Mogadishu; it can
also be used by the community groups
following the training as an operational
manual and reference text, or to further
train new members or other potential
groups. Although formulated around
the Mogadishu context this manual may
also be relevant to other contexts.
Community groups trained through this
manual will produce two types of
charcoal briquettes:
(i) Charcoal dust bonded with paper,
(ii) Charcoal dust bonded with
composted organic waste or soil with
high clay content (sticking capacity).
The manual provides background
information on the need for charcoal
briquettes in Mogadishu, discusses the
socio-
economic and environmental benets of
charcoal briquettes and describes step by
step the procedures for charcoal
briquette production, marketing and
utilisation. It also oers advise on
how community groups should
govern
themselves and develop charcoal
briquette enterprises. In combination
with other SECIL activities, this manual
hopes
to be able to contribute to the
introduction of low-cost, energy-
ecient fuel in Mogadishu; to
reduce household
expenditure on cooking fuel and reduce
the negative impacts of these fuels on
public health. By introducing this new
and innovative livelihood option to
Mogadishu, SECIL also hopes to
contribute to reducing unemployment
and, more
broadly, to the building of peace in
Somalia.
The SECIL team would like to express
its gratitude to the EU for enabling this
initiative to take place and wishes all
users of this manual the best of luck in
the development of their businesses.
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT v
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Section 1: Introduction
What are Charcoal Briquettes?
Section 2: Before Production
Site Selection
Building of Structures
Sourcing Raw Materials
Section 3: Producing Raw
Materials
Producing Charcoal Dust
Producing Compost
Section 4: Producing Briquettes
Sorting, Sieving, and Grinding Charcoal
Dust and Compost
Briquette Production Process
Pressing Briquettes
Drying Briquettes
Testing the Durability of Briquettes
Section 5: Using Charcoal
Briquettes for Cooking
Use of Charcoal Briquettes for Cooking
Participatory Cooking Demonstrations
Section 6: Business
Development
Packaging and Pricing
Business Plan
Group Governance and Leadership
1
1
2
2
3
4
6
6
8
11
11
12
14
16
16
17
17
18
20
20
20
21
vi CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 1
Introduction

SECTION 1:
INTRODUCTION
Charcoal briquettes are made by
combining a binder (often soil, compost,
or paper) with charcoal dust and water.
The
mixed materials are then compressed
into a uniform solid unit (either by hand
or in a mechanised press) and used
like lump charcoal or rewood.
What are Charcoal
Briquettes?
++=
• Charcoal dust
• Carbonized organic
waste
• Carbonized
branches
Water
Binders:
• Paper
• Composted
organic waste
Briquettes
Charcoal briquette composition:
Benets of charcoal briquettes
Economic
• Cheap
• Generates income and employment
opportunities
• Easy to make
Social
• Similar to charcoal and rewood
• Reduces time and energy collecting
rewood
• Compatible with daily chores
• Group work and team building
Environmental
• Ecient burning rate
• Low emissions
• Saves trees
• Mitigates climate change
• Contributes to managing solid waste
Health and Safety
• Reduced health risks
• Safe to use indoors
• Increased variety of food able to be
cooked
• Increased safety of women and
children
2 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 2
Before Production

SECTION 2: BEFORE
PRODUCTION
Before beginning the production process
some important decisions and
arrangements need to be made.
• Selection of a suitable site.
• Building of production and selling
units.
• Sourcing of raw materials.
An ideal site should:
• Be within or near residential
neighbourhoods
• Be near sources of
◦ Water
◦ Charcoal dust
◦ Organic residues or biodegradable
paper
• Have a suitable amount of production
space
◦ Small scale production = 5x3m
◦ Large scale production = 13x7m
(production and selling unit of 10x5m
Site Selection
Paper
Market
Water
Organic Waste
Town
Briquette Production & Sales
School
Oces
Ideal location for production site
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 3
Before Production
Some basic construction needs to be
done on site before production can
begin. This may include:
• Production unit including
◦ Open production space
◦ Drying racks
◦ Secure storage for raw materials
◦ Water source/storage
• Sales unit (if required and if land and
resources are available)
Building of Structures
SALES UNIT
STORAGE ROOM
CHARCOAL DUST
ORGANIC WASTE
PAPER

RAW MATERIAL DRYING RACKS

WATER
TANK
Briquette production site
4 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 4
Before Production
Charcoal dust can be sourced from
existing charcoal traders or vendors or
produced by carbonizing organic waste.
Sourcing Raw Materials
Charcoal dust
Before beginning production the
community group must establish
working relationships with local raw
material
producers and make suitable agreements
for pricing, storage and transportation.
Paper is used as a binder and can be
sourced from schools, universities,
oces and other institutions.
Paper must be shredded as below before
use.
Paper
DO use:
• Newspaper
• Printing paper
• Old exercise books
DO NOT use:
• Cardboard or cartons
• Magazines
• Any coated, waterproofed or
laminated paper

✓
Ⅹ
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 5
Before Production
Organic waste
Organic waste can be used as a binder
and to produce charcoal
dust on site.
Organic waste can be collected from
markets, local traders,
vendors, businesses, households, or
branches from invasive
trees collected from around the local
area. If necessary,
community group can raise awareness in
the local area to sort
waste at home into organic and non-
organic waste. They can
also arrange a fee system for collecting
organic waste directly
from markets, institutions or households.
DO use:
• Fruits
• Vegetables
• Roots and tubers such as
potatoes
• Grains and legumes
• Other biodegradable materials
• Tree branches from the
invasive
plant Prosopis Juliora
DO NOT use:
• Plastic
• Metal
• Wood
• Glass
• Cloth
• Other non-biodegradable
materials
• Indigenous plants without
prior
permission from authorities
Water is needed for the production of all
types of briquettes. The community
group should ensure measures are in
place to be able to aord the ongoing
costs of sourcing water.
Water
DO use:
Water from
• Clean shallow wells
• Clean rivers
• Taps
• Vendors
• Boreholes
DO NOT use:
Water from
• Dirty shallow wells
• Dirty rivers
• Contaminated ground water
sources
✓
✓
Ⅹ
Ⅹ
6 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 6
Producing Raw Materials
SECTION 3:
PRODUCING RAW
MATERIALS
If a community group does not have
access to charcoal dust they can produce
charcoal dust by burning organic waste,
bones or trees branches through a
process called carbonisation.
Before producing charcoal dust a drum
kiln must be attained or made.
To make a drum kiln the
following steps must be taken:
1) Acquire a drum with a lid
at the top
2) Make a small window about
5cm by 5cm with a handle on
the lid of the drum
3) Fix a handle on two sides
of the drum.
4) Cut a door of about 5 cm
by 5cm and 1 cm from the
base of the drum
5) Fix metal stand inside the
drum about 15 cm from the
base of the drum
6) Fix a mesh with 5mm holes
on the stands inside the drum
7) Make three stands about 30
cm from the ground
Producing Charcoal Dust
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 7
Producing Raw Materials
Option 1: Producing charcoal
dust from
organic waste
Option 2: Producing charcoal
dust from
Prosopis Juli ora (Ali Garoob)

1 1
Dry organic waste is in the sun.

Harvest branches of Prosopis juliora

(Ali Garoob)

and remove leaves.

5
Burn organic waste for about 10

minutes *bones

may take longer.

5
Burn branches for 6-12 hours

6
Remove charcoal from drum.

Charcoal is now

ready to be turned into charcoal dust.

6
Remove charcoal from drum.

Charcoal is now

ready to be turned into charcoal dust.

2
Sort organic waste to remove

impurities such as:

• pieces of wood
• stones
• metal
• plastic
• glass

2
Dry tree branches in the sun.
3
Place organic waste on a wire mesh

and place

inside the drum.

3
Arrange wood carefully in the

drum

4
Ignite material through the window

at the bottom

and then close window and lid.

4
Bury the drum under soil or sand,

ignite wood and

close door to drum

15 cm

8 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION

AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 8
Producing Raw Materials
Organic waste can be composted to
make a binder which is then mixed
with charcoal dust and water to make
briquettes. Composted organic waste is
used as a binder where soil is lacking.
Producing Compost
1
Sort organic waste to remove

impurities.

2
Clear land of 1.5x1.5m. Set aside

similar sized space for turning of

organic material.

1.5 meters
1.5 meters
By hand Sieving
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 9
Producing Raw Materials
3
Make layers of organic waste as

follows:

i. Spread larger dry waste up to a

thickness of 15cm.
ii. Sprinkle water to moisten the
material.
iii. Add another 15cm layer of smaller
dry vegetation (chop/shred if
necessary).
iv. Sprinkle water to moisten the
material.
v. Add layer of 30cm of green waste.
vi. Sprinkle water to moisten material.
vii. Repeat whole layering process until
the pile is about 1.5m high.
1.5 m
2.5 cm
30 cm
15 cm
15 cm
2.5 cm
30 cm
15 cm
15 cm

4
Insert long sharpened stick

diagonally to the

centre of pile and leave the process to

start.
1.5 m
2.5 cm
30 cm
15 cm
15 cm
2.5 cm
30 cm
15 cm
15 cm

5
Check pile every 3-4 days.
1.5 m
2.5 cm
30 cm
15 cm
15 cm
2.5 cm
30 cm
15 cm
15 cm
Coee Pulp or Animal Manure
or Finished Compost
Coee Pulp or Animal Manure
or Finished Compost
Smaller Dry Vegetation
Large Dry Waste
Large Dry Waste
(straw, banana leaves)
Smaller Dry Vegetation
Green Waste
Green Waste
DAY
1
DAY
2
DAY
3
DAY
4
CHECK!
*if the stick is hot, the process is going
well. If the stick
is not hot, water and air ow should
be altered. If the
stick shows signs of a white substance,
add more water.
10 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 10
Producing Raw Materials

6
Turn pile on weekly basis to

increase air and

7
In 6-8
improve quality of compost.
weeks impurities are removed and

the

compost is ready for briquette

production.
This whole process can also be
conducted in a plastic or wooden box of
1.5x1.5m (height of 1.2m). An
additional box
of similar dimensions would then be
required for turning the material.
Compost boxes must be properly
constructed
with sturdy walls. They must be well
maintained and covered to stop the
spread of disease and vermin.
Composting box
1.5 m
1.5 m
1.2 m
DAY
1
DAY
2
DAY
3
DAY
4
DAY
5
DAY
6
DAY
7
TURN
PILE!
WEEK
1
WEEK
2
WEEK
3
WEEK
4
WEEK
5
WEEK
6
WEEK
7
WEEK
8
READY!
TURN
PILE!
TURN
PILE!
TURN
PILE!
TURN
PILE!
TURN
PILE!
TURN
PILE!
TURN
PILE!
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 11
Producing Briquettes

SECTION 4:
PRODUCING
BRIQUETTES
Impurities must be removed from raw
materials to prevent briquettes smoking
too much. This can be done by hand
for larger particles or by sieving.
Coarse particles can also be used for
cooking or ground
into ner dust.
Sorting, Sieving, and
Grinding Charcoal Dust
and Compost
Option 1: Sieve made from a
sack
Option 2: Sieve made from wood
and wire
mesh
12 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT

Briquette Production
Process
Charcoal dust + paper + water
1 3
Shred paper. Add charcoal

dust to bucket of soaked

paper and mix well. Add water as

required.

2
Soak shredded paper in water

for three

hours. Rub paper and water mixture

between hands so that it becomes sticky.

4
Check mixture.

start time
Finish time
2
Squeeze mixture
✓Ⅹ
Add more paper!

7 : 1 :
4
7kg
Charcoal dust Paper Water

1kg 4lt
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 13
Producing Briquettes
Charcoal dust + compost + water

1
Mix charcoal dust, water and

compost.

2
Check mixture.

4 : 1
: 6
Charcoal dust Compost Water
Squeeze mixture
✓Ⅹ
Add more compost!

2kg 1kg 6lt

In a bucket or basin On the oor
14 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT

Pressing Briquettes
Briquettes can be pressed by hand or
using recycled cans/plastic pots.
Pressing by hand:
Pressing by using recycled
cans/plastic pots:
2
= 100-
300

pieces
h
o
u
r
s
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT
A mechanised press can also be used if
available.
15
Producing Briquettes
= piec
es
h
o
u
r
s
Wooden press
Metal press

100-300
2
16 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT

Drying Briquettes
After pressing briquettes must be moved
to the drying area.
Drying takes between 1 to 4
days depending on
weather, size of briquette and
raw materials.

!
• Well dried charcoal
briquettes feel dry to the hand.
• Briquettes must be dried in
the shade to avoid cracking.
• If no shade is available
briquettes can be covered with
a plastic sheet.

!
Testing Durability of
Briquettes
1 Meter
1 Meter
1 Meter
A shady area on the ground A
drying rack A shady rooftop
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 17
Using Briquettes for Cooking

SECTION 5: USING
BRIQUETTES FOR
COOKING
Charcoal briquettes are used in cook
stoves. They can
be used whole or broken into smaller
pieces but must
t well into the cookstove available.
Note: Breaking briquettes into small
pieces reduces
their burning period.
Use of Charcoal
Briquettes for Cooking
DO:
• Leave stove for 10 minutes
to
catch re and stop smoking
before moving stove inside.
• Use in a well ventilated
space.
DO NOT use:
• Wet briquettes’
• Kerosene to light a cook
stove
• Un-carbonized organic waste
• Wet compost
Group members use briquettes at home
for 2 weeks to be familiar with the way
they perform.

A shady rooftop

✓
Ⅹ
18 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 18
Using and Testing Briquettes for Cooking
4 clean cooking pots Pre-prepared
ingredients for cooking local meal
4 community members to light 4 stoves
and 4 community members to monitor
cooking process
4 cook stoves
Well dried charcoal briquettes Lump
charcoal
Items needed for the cooking
efciency demonstration:
1
2
3
4
+
Participatory Cooking
Demonstration
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 19
Using Briquettes for Cooking
Conducting a cooking
demonstration:

1
Select 4 community members to

oversee cooking
and another 4 to ignite cook stoves.

2
Label cook stoves 1-4.

3
Fill cook stoves 1 and 2 with

briquettes and cook

stoves 3 and 4 with charcoal.

4
Weigh fuel in each stove and

record amount.
5
4 community members light 1 cook

stove each and

record 1) start time, 2) igniting time, 3)

cooking
time.

+
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
lump charcoal
charcoal briquettes

1
2
4
3
2
4
3
2

6
Community group serves food to

local communities and advertise

cooking times of each stove. Show soot

at

bottom of pot.
20 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT
SECTION 6:
BUSINESS
DEVELOPMENT
Packaging and Pricing
Price of charcoal briquettes is normally
low and is based on local costs and
target customer group.
Briquettes can be packaged in the
following ways:
Business Plan
During the training of community
groups a charcoal briquette business
plan with the following contents should
be
drawn:
• Objectives,
• Types of briquettes to be produced,
• Sources of raw materials,
• Potential customers,
• Location for production and for sale
and exposure,
• How the business will be run
describing production procedures,
packaging, pricing depending on
market and
location, selling points, types of cook
stoves,
• A strategy for awareness raising
campaigns such as through cooking
demonstration described earlier and
media
targeting dierent customer types,
• A budget on costs and targeted prot
and time period.
Individual pieces
In tins,metal buckets
In sacks or bagsCostumers bring
their own bags or containers
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT 21
Business Development

Group Governance and

Leadership
Before forming a proper working group
certain decisions need to be made:
• What is our group’s name, address
and other contacts?
• What are our mission, vision, goal and
objectives for the charcoal briquette
project?
• What are our group values?
• What by-laws (rules and regulations)
should govern our relationships as
members, our work as a group including
sharing roles and benet and how to
deal with members who fail to honour
their obligations?
• How to conduct meetings?
• Leadership election criteria for each
oce e.g. education, experience.
Group by-laws, roles and responsibilities
of group members, should be discussed
and put into writing during training.
Some possible roles of group
management committee are indicated in
the box below.
• Chairperson and vice: Chair
all meetings, ensure secretary
gives notice for meetings,
offer
guidance on direction on
working of the committee,
ensure groups goals are met
and ensure
group adheres to set bylaws.
Ensure group maintain tools
and equipment. Vice
chairperson acts
as chairperson during the
absence of chairperson
• Secretary and vice: Issue
notice of meetings, identify
physical and venue for
meetings, take
minutes/notes and prepare
report of meetings, avail
meeting reports to members,
ensure
group members keep records
which she/he safe guards.
Vice secretary acts as
secretary
during the absence of secretary
• Treasurer, nancial manager,
accountant: Keep records of
account, plans and control
nance,
safekeeping of group funds
• Coordinator: Coordinates
group activities
It is important for members to carry out
their own role diligently and understand
each other’s role in the group. Group
members should sign an agreement to
adhere to by-laws and conduct their role
to the best ability.
Leaders should be decided by all group
members in an inclusive and transparent
manner. The selection criteria and
methods should be decided by all
members and put into writing in the
group’s bylaws.
22 CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION
AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT

REFERENCES
Bailis, R. Ezzati, M. Kammen, D., 2005.
Mortality and greenhouse gas impacts of
biomass and petroleum energy
futures in Africa, Science 308: 98–103.
Balla P. T., 2013. Energy baseline
survey. Sustainable Employment
Creation and Improved Livelihoods for
Vulnerable
Urban Communities in Mogadishu. UN-
Habitat, European Union and Human
Relief Foundation.
Adam-Bradford, A., McGregor, D. and
Simon, D., 2006. ‘Community-based
waste management strategies: peri-urban
interface, Kumasi, Ghana’. In
McGregor, D. Simon, D. and
Thompson, D. (eds.) Peri-Urban
Interface: Approaches to
Sustainable Natural and Human
Resource Use. Earthscan, London, pp.
231-245.
Bradford, A., McGregor, D. and Simon,
D., 2003. Container Composting in Peri-
Urban Kumasi, Ghana. Urban
Agriculture
Magazine, 10: 30-31.
Doggalia P., Kusabab, H. Einagab, H.
Bensaidc, S. Rayalua, S. Teraokab, Y.
Labhsetwara, N., 2011. Low-cost
catalysts
for the control of indoor CO and PM
emissions from solid fuel combustion.
Journal of Hazardous Materials 186,
796-
804.
FAO Forestry Paper 63, 1985.
Industrial Charcoal Making.
Mechanical Wood Products Branch,
Forest Industries
Division. Food and Agriculture
Organisation (FAO) Forestry
Department. FAO UN Rome 1985.
www.fao.org/docrep.
Gathuru, K., Mugwanja A., and Njenga
M., 2007. Community Organizational
Development and Institutional
Strengthening (CODIS) Training for
Badili Mawazo Group, Nakuru. Training
Report. Urban Harvest.
IPCC: Climate Change 2007: Impacts,
Adaptation and Vulnerability. In IPCC
Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)
Contribution of Working Group II to the
Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change.
Edited by Parry ML, Canziani OF,
Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson
CE.Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge,
2007.
Karanja, N. Kwach, H. and Njenga
M., 2005. Low cost composting
training manual techniques based on
the UN-
Habitat / Urban Harvest-CIP community
based waste management initiatives.
Lim S.S. Vos T., 2012. A comparative
risk assessment of burden of disease and
injury attributable to 67 risk factors
and risk factor clusters in 21 regions,
1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the
Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.
Lancet 2012; 380: 2224–60.
Njenga, M., Karanja, N., Jamnadass,
R., Kithinji, J., Sundberg, C., Jirjis,
R., 2013b. Quality of Briquettes
Produced
Locally from Charcoal Dust and
Sawdust in Kenya. J Biobased Mater
Bio. 7, 1-8.
Oduor, N., Githiomi, J., Chikamau, B.,
2006. Charcaol production using
imporved earth, portable metal, drum
and
casamance kilns. Kenya Forestry
Research Institute (KEFRI)- Karura.
Rousseta, P., Caldeira-Piresb, A.,
Sablowskic, A., Thiago Rodriguesd,
T., 2011. LCA of eucalyptus wood
charcoal
briquettes. J Clean Prod 19 (14): 1647-
1653
CHARCOAL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION AND
ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT
This manual is part of the EU funded
project ‘Sustainable Employment
Creation and Improved Livelihoods for
Vulnerable
Urban Communities in Mogadishu’
(SECIL) implemented by UN-Habitat
in partnership with the Benadir
Regional
Administration (BRA), CESVI and
Human Relief Foundation (HRF). It
serves as a practical guide to
entrepreneurs and
community groups interested in the local
production of charcoal briquettes in
Mogadishu. It provides the relevant
information to be able to produce this
low-cost fuel for household and
commercial use.
CHARCOAL
BRIQUETTE
PRODUCTION
A Practical Training
Manual

SECIL
EMPLOYMENT & LIVELIHOODS
UN-Habitat Somalia Programme
Tel. +254 20 7625030
[email protected]
www.unhabitat.org/somaliregion
Citations (4)
References (11)
... Dried waste from the fermentation and sun drying process is shredded and mixed with
adhesive to be molded into briquettes as one of the RDF forms. This briquetting process refers to
the technical guidance literature of biomass briquetting according to Njenga [15] and
Temmerman [16]. RDF characteristics (proximate analysis) data from fermentation and sun
 drying methods are tested in the laboratory, while characteristics of bio drying RDF are collected
from secondary data. ...
... The experiment of sun bio drying was reviewed from research done by Paramita et al. [15].
This experiment investigates the effectiveness of bio-drying to increase the calorific value of
waste. ...
... This experiment investigates the effectiveness of bio-drying to increase the calorific value of
waste. The result of the experiments is shown in Table 4 [15]. ...
Comparative Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste to RDF Pretreatment Methods in
Indonesia
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PROCESS TO FORM CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES WITH A SIMPLE SETUP IN
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Article
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Sustainable Woodfuel (charcoal and firewood) Systems in Tanzania.A Grassroots Training
Manual
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Full-text available

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 Sabrina Chesterman

 Anthony Anderson Kimaro

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Awali
Book
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 Anthony Anderson Kimaro

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 Press release – borax.
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ስታርች አብዛኛውን ጊዜ ውድ ቢሆንም በጣም የተለመደ ጥረዛ ነው። የምግብ ክፍል መሆን አያስፈልግም። ባጠቃላይ ከ
4-8% ያህል ስታርች ያስፈልጋል. ስታርች ምንጮች የበቆሎ ስታርች፣ የስንዴ ስታርች፣ የበቆሎ ዱቄት፣ የበቆሎ ዱቄት፣
የሩዝ ዱቄት፣ የካሳቫ ዱቄት፣ የድንች ስታርች ወዘተ ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ።

Charcoal Briquette
Ingredients

Mada Energy Nusantara

Mada Energy Nusantara

Business Owner di Mada Energy Nusantara

Published Dec 29, 2021
+ Follow
The ingredients of charcoal briquettes will usually fall under the
following:

- Heal Fuel: Wood charcoal, charcoal fines, mineral carbon, coal, and
biomass will do fine.

- Accelerants: Sodium nitrate and waxes are great choices, but sawdust
can also be used.

- White Ash: Whiting, lime, limestone, or calcium carbonate are cheap

options.

- Binders: Starches (cassava, corn, or wheat), acacia gum, and waste

paper pulp work well.

- Press Releases: Borax is generally best.

- Fillers: Cement, clay, or sandy soil can help bulk up your briquettes.

How to Calculate Ash Content

Ash content is the percentage of the ratio of the weight of ashes after
the briquette has burnt completely to the weight of the briquette
before it was burnt.

Example #1

- Weight of lump charcoal in a 2-liter can: 600 grams

- Weight of ashes from above can after complete burn: 15 grams
- Ash content of the lump charcoal: 15/600 X 100% = 2.5%

Example #2
- Weight of charcoal briquettes in a 2-liter can: 1.5 kilograms
- Weight of ashes from above can after a complete burn: 37.5 grams
- Ash content of the charcoal briquettes = 37.5/1500 X 100% = 2.5%

In the examples above, a 2-liter can of lump charcoal produces 15

grams of ashes, and the same can of charcoal briquettes produces
37.5 grams of ashes—and we say the ash content is the same. Why?
This is because charcoal briquettes are more compact and have a
higher density. The average density of lump charcoal is about 0.4
g/cm³ whilst the average density of quality briquettes is about 1
g/cm³.