Tensile Test

Done by :
-BELFARH Chaimae Supervisor :
-ELMOURID Mohammed Dr. Elfatihi
-CHATT Iyad
-CHEBANI Abdlekrim
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 INDEX

I- Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4
II- Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
III- Tensile testing .............................................................................................................................................. 5
1- What is tensile testing ................................................................................................................................... 5
2- Different régimes of stress-strain curves…………………………………...……………………………….5
3- Mechanical properties analysis………………………..……...……………………………………………..6
4- Stress-strain curves for different class of materials……………………………………...………………….7
5- Difference of stress-strain curve between brittle and ductile materials……...………………………...……7
IV- The experiment………………………………..……………………………………………………….…..8
1- Mchinery and software…………………………….………………………………………………………..8
2- Procedure……………………..………………………………………………………….………………….9
a- Aluminum……………………………………………………………………………….…………………..9
b- Steel………………………………………………………………………………..………………………13
c- Comparison………………………………………………………………………..………………………16
V- Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………..….16

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 I- Introduction :
The tensile test is a widely employed technique in the field of material characterization and experimental measurment
of materials. It involves subjecting a material to uniaxial loading, which means applying a force in one direction, and
stretching it until it reaches its breaking point. During this process, the resulting stress-strain curve is recorded. This
curve provides valuable information about the material, including properties such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS),
yield strength, percentage elongation, hardness, presence of cracks, and Young's Modulus.
These properties derived from the stress-strain curve offer valuable insights into the behavior of materials when
subjected to deformation and fracture. Furthermore, they help determine the suitability of materials for specific
applications. Material characterization plays a critical role in both industrial and academic research, as it enables
informed decision-making regarding material selection, processing, and design.
The field of material characterization through experimental measurement is vast and encompasses a wide range of
properties, materials, scales, and technical contexts. Its applications span from fundamental scientific studies to practical
field tests.

II- Objectives :

Understand the
principle of uniaxial
tensile testing and gain
Evaluate the values of their practices.
ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength, %
Explain deformation and elongation, fracture
fracture characteristics of strain and Young's
different materials such as Modulus of the selected
aluminum, or steels when metals when subjected to
subjected to uniaxial tensile uniaxial tensile loading.
loading.

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 III- Tensile testing :

1- What is the tensile testing ?

Tensile testing, also referred to as tension testing, plays a vital role in the realm of materials science and engineering.
This particular test entails subjecting a sample to controlled tension until it reaches its breaking point, thereby providing
valuable insights into the strength and elasticity of the material.
The ASTM International standards play a significant role in this domain by categorizing materials into distinct groups
and offering specific testing techniques for each category. In the case of metallic materials, the ASTM E8 standard
outlines the precise methods for determining mechanical properties such as yield strength, yield point, and tensile
strength.
The tensile test yields a plethora of mechanical properties and information, including ultimate tensile strength, breaking
strength, maximum elongation, and reduction in area. These properties enable us to ascertain other crucial characteristics
such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening behavior.

2- Different Regimes of Stress-Strain Curve :

Regimes of the Stress-Strain Curve

When the material is first subjected to force, it behaves elastically.

Elastic behavior means that however the material moves while under load, it returns to its original position when the
load is removed. This happens because the atomic bonds are stretching, so elastic behavior occurs in every material.
The slope of this line relates to a property called “stiffness.” In this most basic case, the slope provides “Young’s
Modulus.
When stress exceed the elastic limit, the material demonstrates plastic characteristics. This implies that the material
undergoes permanent deformation and fails to regain its initial shape and dimensions, even after the applied load is
eliminated. As the stress gradually surpasses the elastic limit, the material experiences plastic deformation.

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 3- Mechanical Properties Analysis :

➢ Stress :
𝑭
𝛔=
𝑨
𝛔 is the stress , F the force , A the cross section area.

➢ Strain :
∆𝐋
𝛆=
𝐋𝟎
ℇ the strain, ∆𝐋 the change in length , L0 the original length.

➢ Young's Modulus :

𝛔
𝐄=
𝛆
➢ Yield Strength :

• The yield point is where plastic deformation begins.

➢ Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) :

• The maximum stress reached during the test.

➢ Elongation at Fracture :

𝐋 𝐟 − 𝐋𝟎
𝛆𝐟 =
𝐋𝟎
εf is the elongation at fracture, Lf is the length at fracture.

➢ Reduction in Area :
𝐀𝟎 − 𝐀𝐅
%𝐑𝐀 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐀𝟎

%RA is the percentage reduction in area, A0 is the original cross-sectional area, Af is the cross-sectional area at fracture.

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4- Stress-strain curves for different class of material :

Stress-strain curves for ceramic, metal and polymer

5- Difference of Stress-strain curve between brittle and ductile materials :

Stress-strain curve for brittle and ductile material

➢ Brittle materials have a tendency to break easily without much bending or stretching, but they show a minimal
plastic deformation before failure.

➢ Ductile materials go through a lot of bending and stretching before failure. They exhibit a distinct yield point
where they start to bend and the plastic deformation becomes noticeable which causes leading to necking in the
material.

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 IV- The Experiment :

1- Machinery and software :

The objective of the tensile testing conducted with the Tinius Olsen H50KT was to assess
the mechanical characteristics of both aluminium and steel. In order to ensure consistency and
accuracy, the experiment adhered to the guidelines set forth by ASTM E8 for specimen
preparation and testing parameters.

The HORIZON software offers

comprehensive test results, encompassing data,
graphs, and stress-strain curves.

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 2- Procedure :
The material being used for the sample is aluminum and steel . Prior to commencing the experiment and placing the
specimens into the machine, it is necessary to take measurements of certain dimensions using a caliper.

Measurement of the sample

The caliper :
A calliper, is a device used to measure the dimensions of an object.
-Outside caliper: used to measure the external size of an object.
-Inside caliper: used to measure the internal size of an object.
-Vernier caliper: used to measure both internal and external dimensions with high
accuracy and precision.

a- The Aluminum :

Aluminum sample used

Width (mm) 44.8

Gauge length (mm) 15.9
Thickness (mm) 1
Area (𝑚𝑚2 ) 15.9

Dimensions of the used aluminium sample

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 The protocol :
After taking the dimensions required, we configure the "Horizon" software and set up the
testing machine:
- Take the required dimensions and add a new test in the "Horizon" software, selecting
the "generic tensile stress versus strain" method and "single mode".
- Insert the sample vertically in the bottom grip and tighten the clamp by turning the disk
to the left side. Then, lower the crosshead using the up/down toggle until the sample
reaches the correct position.
- Tighten the top clamp by turning the disk to the right side, ensuring that the clamps are
tightened properly and the sample is not bent during tightening.
- Input the measured dimensions (width, gauge length, thickness, and area) into the
software.
- Reset the force and position values to 0, then start the test and wait for the specimen to
reach failure.
- Save the stress-strain curve obtained by the software, and compute the properties of the sample, including Young's
modulus, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and breaking strength.
Results :

Aluminium is a lightweight and ductile

material with high strength to-weight ratio, which
means it can withstand a significant amount of
stress before breaking. Due to its ductility,
aluminium is known to deform significantly
before fracture, resulting in a more gradual and
smooth failure. As a result, the angle of fracture
for aluminium specimens is typically wide,
meaning the fracture occurs at a greater angle to
the longitudinal axis of the specimen.

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 Force curve Stress-Strain Curve

The stress-strain curve obtained is a graphical representation of the relationship between stress and strain . From this
curve we can determine the mechanical properties of the aluminum specimen, including its yield strength, ultimate
strength, and ductility.

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From the stress-strain curve we distinct that :

Analytical calculation
Force 4.65
ΔL 10.6
Stress 29.2
Strain 25%
Young’s modulus 3.45 GPA
Yield Stress 230 MPA
UTS 295 MPA
Elongation Fracture 4.4%
Reduction in Area 23.5%

Width (mm) 44.8

Gauge length (mm) 15.9
ΔL 16.6
Thickness (mm) 1
Area (𝑚𝑚2 ) 15.9

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 b- Steel :
Width (mm) 44.5
Gauge length (mm) 16
Thickness (mm) 1
Area (𝑚𝑚2 ) 16

Steel sample used Dimensions of the used steel sample

Steel is a harder and more brittle material than aluminium. Steel tends to have a
narrower angle of fracture than aluminium due to its brittleness. When steel is subjected
to stress, it undergoes a relatively small amount of plastic deformation before it breaks,
resulting in a more abrupt failure. The angle of fracture for steel specimens is typically
narrower, meaning the fracture occurs at a smaller angle to the longitudinal axis of the
specimen.

✓ During the later stages of a tensile test, necking is a

notable occurrence that takes place when the specimen
undergoes tensile deformation. This phenomenon is
characterized by the formation of a localized constriction or
narrowing, referred to as a "neck," within the steel
specimen. The emergence of this neck is a consequence of
non-uniform deformation along the length of the material.

The start of the tensile test

Th steel sample during the necking phase

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 As the process of necking advances, the cross-sectional area of the specimen
diminishes. The ultimate phase entails the fracture of the steel specimen. The
region that has undergone necking, which becomes the most vulnerable point
due to the concentration of strain in a localized manner, undergoes rapid crack
propagation, ultimately resulting in the complete separation of the specimen.

The faillure of steel sample

Typical stress-strain curve for a metal and shape of the specimen

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The stress-strain curve obtained from the tensile test of our steel sample provides valuable insights into the steel
specimen mechanical behavior.

Force curve Stress-Strain Curve

From the stress-strain curve we distinct that :

Analytical calculation
Force 6.60
ΔL 13.7
Stress 41.2
Strain 30%
Young’s modulus 7.782 GPA
Yield Stress 412 MPA
UTS 448 MPA
Elongation Fracture 5%
Reduction in Area 24%

Width (mm) 44.5

Gauge length (mm) 16
Thickness (mm) 1
Area ( ) 16

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 c- Comparison :
The properties of aluminum and steel are influenced by several factors, including their composition, microstructure, and
processing. Both materials have their own unique advantages and disadvantages depending on the application and
desired properties.
Aluminum is typically known for its lower density and lighter weight compared to steel. On the other hand, steel
possesses higher strength than aluminum, with a specified ultimate tensile strength (UTS) value of 448 MPA.
In terms of ductility, aluminum exhibits good ductility with an elongation at break of 4.4%, while steel showcases an
excellent ductility of 5% . Additionally, the steel specimen has a slightly higher Young's Modulus of 7.782 GPA than
aluminum with 3.45 GPA and a higher yield strength, providing better resistance to plastic deformation which
demonstrates a fracture behavior characterized by noticeable necking before failure.

V- Conclusion :

In various industries, aluminum finds common usage in aerospace, automotive, and construction sectors due to its
lightweight properties and corrosion resistance. Conversely, steel is widely employed in construction, infrastructure,
automotive, and manufacturing fields owing to its high strength and versatility.

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