MID TEST PREPARATION

(PART 2)
Superposition, Source Transformation,
Thevenin and Norton Theorem,
Maximum Power Transfer
Use superposition principle to find i

Solution
2∥3 1
× 12
2∥3 +6 2
𝑖= + ×4
2 1 1 1
6+2+3
6
5 3
𝑖= ×6+ ×4
6 1 + 3 + 2
+6
5

𝑖 =1+2=3 A
For the circuit in figure below, find the terminal voltage Vab using
superposition.

Solution

3𝑉1
10 × 0 + 3𝑉1 + 𝑉1 − 4 = 0

𝑉1 4𝑉1 = 4

𝑉1 = 1 V
3𝑉2
3𝑉2 + 𝑉2 = 10 × 2

𝑉2 4𝑉2 = 20

𝑉2 = 5 V

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2

𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 1 + 5 = 6 V
Apply source transformation to find Vx in the circuit

Solution
8Ω

40 V 200 V

12 12
𝑉𝑥 = 40 − 200 = −160
8 + 12 + 20 40
𝑉𝑥 = −48 V
Determine RTh and VTh at terminals 1-2 of the circuit

Solution

𝑅Th = 30 ∥ 60 = 20 Ω

30
𝑉Th = 30 ∥ 60 × 2 + × 30
60 + 30
1 1
𝑉Th = 20 × 2 + × 30
3
𝑉Th = 50 V
2
Determine the Norton equivalent at terminals a-b for the circuit

Solution

𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 10𝑖𝑜 = 4 × 2

𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 10 × 2 = 8
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = −12

𝑉Th = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = −12 V

𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = 10𝑖𝑜
𝑉1
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = 10
4
−6𝑉1 − 4𝑉2 = 0 (2)

From (1) and (2) : 𝑉2 = 6

b
Solution
1 1
𝑉Th = 0 V 𝑣 + 𝑣 − 10𝑖𝑥 = 1
2 4
1 1 1 1
𝑣+ 𝑣− 10 × × 𝑣 = 1
2 4 4 2
+ + 2𝑣 + 𝑣 − 5𝑣 = 4
𝑣 𝑣𝑎𝑏 1A 𝑣 = −2 V
− − 𝑣𝑎𝑏 𝑣 + 1 × 1
𝑅Th = = = −1 Ω
1 1
Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits at the terminals
a-b for the circuit

Solution
1 1 1 1 1 From (1) and (2) :
− × 50 + + + 𝑉 − 𝑉 =0
3 3 6 2 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑏
𝑉𝑥 = 100 V
6𝑉𝑥 − 3𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 100 (1) 500
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = V
3
1 1 1
− 𝑉𝑥 + + 𝑉 − 0.5𝑉𝑥 = 0
2 2 10 𝑎𝑏 500
𝑉Th = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = V
3
−5𝑉𝑥 + 3𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 0 (2)
 𝐼𝑁

1 1 1 1
− × 50 + + + 𝑉 =0
3 3 6 2 𝑥
6𝑉𝑥 = 100 a
50
𝑉𝑥 = V
3
b
1 50
𝐼𝑁 = 𝑉𝑥 + 0.5𝑉𝑥 = A
2 3

𝑉Th 500ൗ3
𝑅𝑁 = 𝑅Th = = = 10 Ω
𝐼𝑁 50ൗ
3
Compute the value of R that results in maximum power transfer to the
10-Ω resistor. Find the maximum power.

Solution
Thevenin equivalent
20𝑅
𝑅Th = 𝑅 ∥ 20 = Ω (1)
20 + 𝑅
10 Ω
Maximum power transfer
𝑅Th = 10 Ω (2)
From (1) and (2) :
20𝑅
= 10
20 + 𝑅
20𝑅 = 200 + 10𝑅

𝑅 = 20 Ω

20
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = × 12 − 8
𝑎 20 + 𝑅

𝑏 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = −2 V

𝑉Th = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = −2 V

2
𝑉Th 4
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × 10 = × 10
10 + 10 400

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.1 W
Find RL for maximum power deliverable to RL, and determine that
maximum power.

Solution

Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminal a-b

𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅Th = 12 Ω
2 2
𝑉Th 40
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅Th = × 12 = 33,33 W
𝑅Th + 𝑅Th 24
For the circuit in figure below, determine the value of R such that the
maximum power delivered to the load is 3 mW.
Solution
Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminal a-b

1 𝑅
𝑅Th = = Ω
1 1 1 3
+ +
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
a
𝑅∥𝑅
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 1+2+3
𝑅+ 𝑅∥𝑅
1
𝑅 1
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 2 6 = 6 =2V
b 1 3
𝑅 + 2𝑅

𝑉Th = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 2 V

b
Maximum power deliver to RL if RL = RTh
2
𝑉Th
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅Th
𝑅Th + 𝑅Th

2
−3
2 𝑅
3 × 10 =
𝑅 𝑅 3
3+3
2
3 𝑅
3 = 1000
𝑅 3

3
3 = 1000
𝑅

𝑅 = 1000 Ω