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2023 EM1 hw7

This document outlines problems related to electromagnetism including: - Calculating magnetic fields and vector potentials from current carrying wires and magnetic dipoles - Describing the behavior of paramagnets, ferromagnets, and diamagnets on an M-H curve - Explaining Larmor precession and how it relates to magnetic resonance imaging - Finding bound surface and volume currents from distributions of magnetization - Solving problems involving magnetic dipoles in materials with different permeabilities

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46 views

2023 EM1 hw7

This document outlines problems related to electromagnetism including: - Calculating magnetic fields and vector potentials from current carrying wires and magnetic dipoles - Describing the behavior of paramagnets, ferromagnets, and diamagnets on an M-H curve - Explaining Larmor precession and how it relates to magnetic resonance imaging - Finding bound surface and volume currents from distributions of magnetization - Solving problems involving magnetic dipoles in materials with different permeabilities

Uploaded by

810003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetism (I)

Instructor: Jhih-Sheng Wu
Topics: Topics: Divergence and Curl of B, Ampère’s Law,
Vector Potentials, Multipole Expansions, Dipole Interactions, Magnetization, Magnetic Materials,
Magnetization, H, Magnetic Materials

Problem 1 Divergence and Curl of B, Boundary Conditions


A surface current K = K0 x̂ flows on the z = 0 plane.
⊥
(a) What is the relation between B⊥
a and Bb ?

k k
(b) What is the relation between Ba and Bb ?
⊥
(c) What is the relation between A⊥
a and Ab ?

k k
(d) What is the relation between Aa and Ab ?
∂Aa ∂Ab
(e) What is the relation between ∂n
and ∂n
?

Problem 2 Magnetic Dipoles, Magnetic Forces and Torques


A closed wire carries a current I flowing in the sequence A → B → C → D → A, where A = (0, 0, 0),
B = (l, 0, 0), C = (0, l, 0), D = (0, 0, l).

(a) What is the magnetic dipole moment of the wire?


(b) Let there be a constant magnetic field B = Bẑ. What is the magnetic force on the wire?
(c) Let there be a constant magnetic field B = Bẑ. What is the magnetic torque on the wire?

Problem 3 Vector Potentials


Let there be a vector potential A such that ∇ × A = B0 ẑ. Give two different solutions of A.

Problem 4 Magnetic Vector Potentials


In the magnetostatic condition and the Coulomb’s gauge, find the vector potential A(r) by a segment
of a straight wire carrying a current I ẑ. The segment is from (0, 0, zb ) to (0, 0, za ). Calculate the
magnetic field by B = ∇ × A.

Problem 5 Magnetic Dipoles


A disk of radius R and the surface charge density σ0 at z = 0 is rotating with the angular frequency
ω = ωẑ. The axis of rotation is the center of the disk. Calculate the magnetic dipole moment and the
vector potential of the dipole term Adip (r).

Problem 6 Dipoles, Forces, Torques


Read Sec. 6.1.
A current I = I ẑ flows on the z-axis. Calculate the magnetic forces and torques on the following
dipoles.
(a) A magnetic dipole m = mx̂ is at (a, 0, 0).
(b) A magnetic dipole m = mŷ is at (a, 0, 0).
(c) A magnetic dipole m = mẑ is at (a, 0, 0).
(d) A magnetic dipole m = mφ̂ is at sŝ.
1
Problem 7 Dipole Interactions
Griffiths 6.21 (a)-(c)

Problem 8 Magnetic Materials

(a) What are the three types of most common magnetic materials?

(b) What are the two microscopic sources of magnetic fields?

(c) What is the source of paramagnetism and ferromagnetism?

(d) What is the source of diamagnetism?

(e) What is the Curie’s temperature?

Problem 9 Larmor Precession The magnetic moment m of an elementary particle is related to


its angular momentum L by

m = γL, (1)

where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyromagnetic_ratio). In


a magnetic field B, a particle will experience a torque m × B. The equation of motion of angular
momentum L is
dL
= m × B, (2)
dt
or
dL
= γL × B. (3)
dt
Let B = Bẑ. Solve the equation of L, and show that L precesses around the z axis with a angular
frequency ω = γB. The precession produces electromagnetic signals in nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Problem 10 Magnetization, H
A cylinder of height h and radius R oriented in the z direction has a uniform magnetization M = M ẑ.

(a) What are the surface bound current and volume bound current?

(b) Sketch B(r).

(c) Sketch H(r).

Problem 11 Magnetization, Bound Current


An infinitely long cylinder of radius R carries a magnetization M,

M = ks2 ẑ, (4)

where k is a constant.

(a) What are the surface bound current and volume bound current?

(b) Use Ampère’s law to find H, and obtain B from the definition of H.

2
Problem 12 Vector Identity
Prove
(a)
Z I
∇T × da = − T dl. (5)
S P

Hint: Use v = cT in the Stoke’s theorem, where c is a constant vector.


(b)
Z I
∇ × Fdv = − F × da. (6)
V S

Hint: Replace F by F × c in the divergence theorem, where c is a constant vector.


(c)
I
(c · r)dr = a × c, (7)

where c is a constant vector, and a is the area vector. Use T = c · r in Eq. (??)

Problem 13 Magnetic Materials

(a) Sketch the M-H curves for paramagnets, ferromagnets, and diamagnets.
(b) What type of magnetic materials is Fe3 O4 ?
(c) What is the strongest magnet to consumers? Google and list any three safety tips.
(d) Describe soft and hard magnets. How to make hard magnets soft?

Problem 14 Linear Media


A point magnetic dipole m = mẑ is embed in a material of permeability µ. What are B(r) and H(r)?
Assume that the material occupies all the space.

Problem 15 Linear Media


Griffiths Problem 6.17

Problem Extra Bound Currents


Find the magnetic field B(r) and H(r) by a sphere of magnetization M = M ẑ. Use one of two following
approaches (i) find the bound current and use the results of Example 5.11, and (ii) define a magnetic
scalar potential W such that H = −∇W (see Problem 6.15).

Problem Extra Superconductors, Image dipoles


Inside a superconductor, the magnetic field vanishes, B = 0. We can use the image methods to find
the field by a magnetic dipole m above a superconductor. Let a superconductor at z < 0. A dipole
m = m cos θ x̂ + m sin θ ẑ is at (0, 0, a). Find the magnetic field B(r). Use an image dipole to solve the
problem. Note that instead of parallel components, the normal components of B is continuous across
the boundary. What is the stable orientation?

Problem Extra Magnetic Vector Potentials


A spherical shell of the inner radius a, the outer radius b, and a constant charge density ρ0 is spinning
at ω = ωẑ. Use the results of Example 5.11 to find the vector potential A(r).
3
Problem Extra Spins, Bohr Magnetons
An electron carries a fixed angular momentum s = 2~ ẑ. According to quantum mechanics, an electron
has a magnetic dipole moment mB = 2m e~
e
, where me is the electron mass. This quantity is called
the Bohr magneton. The direction of the Bohr magneton is parallel to its angular momentum. An
electron at the origin with the initial velocity (v, 0, 0) is moving in the presence of a magnetic field
B = B0 1 + l ẑ. Calculate the trajectory of the electron. Remember to include all the forces (Lorentz
z

force and magnetic force on a dipole).

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