DJM20053 THERMOFLUIDS

CHAPTER 4:
FIRST LAWOF THERMODYNAMICS

Prepared By:
Nurul Shahida Binti Zulkifly
Lecturer
Mechanical Engineering Department, PUO
 ENERGY

* Unit – kilo Joule (kJ) @ kilo Newton meter (kNM)

FORM OF ENERGY
ENERGY CONVERSION
 ENERGY CONVERSION
List of examples of energy conversions

1. Electric Generator (Mechanical Energy into Electrical Energy)

2. Electric Motor (Electrical Energy into Mechanical Energy)
3. Steam Engine (Heat Energy into Mechanical Energy)
4. Diesel or Petrol Engine (Chemical Energy into Mechanical Energy)
5. Stove (Chemical Energy of oil or LPG into Heat Energy)
6. Electric Bulb (Electrical Energy into Heat and Light Energy)

And many more.... just look around you and use your brain.
ENERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK
 INTERNAL ENERGY
 Is the sum of all the energies a fluid possesses and stores within itself.
 It is the kinetic energy of the molecules caused by temperature.
 Formula : (U2-U1) = Q-W
 If (U2-U1) = positive …. It shows the internal energy increased.
 If (U2-U1) = negative …. It shows the internal energy decreased.

Added work and heat raise the

internal energy of a close system
 ENTHALPY AND SPECIFIC ENTHALPY
Enthalpy
 is the sum of internal energy and the product of pressure and
volume of the system.
 Symbol : H
 Unit : kJ
 Formula : H = U + p⋅ V

Specific enthalpy
 The enthalpy contained in one kg of a substance.
 Specific enthalpy depends on the material, its pressure,
temperature and state.
 Symbol : h
 Unit : kJ/kg
 Formula : h = u + p⋅ v
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Q-W=0
 Q =  W where  represents the sum of a complete cycle.
* The conservation of energy principle - the total of energy of an isolated
system remains constant over time.
 THERMODYNAMICS SYSTEM
 The first law simply states that
 The net energy transfer = net energy change of the system

 Energy transfer into the system = E (in)

 Energy transfer out of the system = E (out)
 Net change of energy inside the system = E (in) – E (out) = ΔE

Thermodynamic system might contain only static fluid in which case

they are called NON-FLOW SYSTEM or CLOSE SYSTEM.
 The sum of the energies in a closed system is the total energy (E)
E = U + ƩPE + ƩKE
Where E = Total energy (J)
U = Internal energy resulting in motion of molecules (J)
ƩPE = Summation of Potential energies (J)
ƩKE = Summation of Kinetic Energies (J)
 If a substance is at rest (No flow) then the potential and kinetic energies are zero and only
internal energy remains. The Energy flows can be expressed as follows;
U1 + Q = U 2 + W
Where U1 = Initial internal energy (J)
Q = Heat transferred (J)
W = Work transferred (J)
U2 = Final internal energy (J)
 By rearranging the above formula we get;
Q - W = U 2 - U1
 This is for systems where there is no flow of a fluid or substance in or out of the system.
This is often the compression stroke or expansion stroke in a cylinder/piston arrangement.
 Example 1:

Qin = +10 kJ Wout = (+) ?

SYSTEM
Qout = -3 kJ
Win= -2 kJ

The figure above shows a certain process, which undergoes a

complete cycle of operations. Determine the value of the work
output for a complete cycle, Wout.
 Example 2:
A system is allowed to do work amounting to 500 kNm while heat
energy amounting to 800 kJ is transferred into it. Find the change of
internal energy and state whether it is an increase or decrease.
 Example 3:
During a complete cycle operation, a system is subjected to the following:

Heat transfer is 300 kJ supplied and 150 kJ rejected.

Work done by the system is 200 kJ.
Calculate the work transferred from the surrounding to the system.
 FLOW PROCESS
• Is an open system (control volume) : A properly selected
region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a
compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume.
• Control surface: The boundaries of a control volume. It can be
real or imaginary.
 STEADY FLOW PROCESS
• A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume
steadily.
• A steady flow process is characterized by the following features:
– The mass of fluid flowing past any section in the system must be
constant with respect to time.
– The properties of the fluid at any particular section in the system
must be constant with respect to time.
– All transfer of work energy and heat which takes place must be
done at a uniform rate.
 STEADY FLOW PROCESS

A heater in steady operation

* The mass of fluid passing any section during a specified time

must be constant – Continuity Equation.
STEADY FLOW PROCESS
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION

(kJ/s or kW)

(kJ/kg)
 STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION

 From energy equation, the specific enthalpy is designated as

ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑃
𝐶22 − 𝐶12
𝑄 − 𝑊 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑢2 + 𝑃2 2 − 𝑢1 + 𝑃1 1 + + 𝑔 𝑍2 − 𝑍1
2

∗ ℎ2 −ℎ1 = 𝑢2 + 𝑃2 2 − 𝑢1 + 𝑃1 1
ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 + 𝑃2 2 − 𝑃1 1

𝑢 = ℎ − 𝑃
∗ 𝑢2 −𝑢1 = ℎ2 − 𝑃2 2 − ℎ1 − 𝑃1 1
𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 − 𝑃2 2 + 𝑃1 1
𝑢2 − 𝑢1 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 − 𝑃2 2 − 𝑃1 1
A schematic diagram of a steady flow system
 STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
 Many engineering devices operate essentially under the same conditions
for long periods of time. The components of a steam power plant
(turbines, compressors, heat exchangers, and pumps).
 Example: operate nonstop for months before the system is shut down for
maintenance. Therefore, these devices can be conveniently analyzed as
steady-flow devices.
STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
1. Turbine
 The device that drives the electric generator.
 As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done
against the blades, which are attached to the shaft.
 As a result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine produces
work.
 STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
• In applying this equation to the turbine, the following
points should be noted :
– The average velocity of flow of fluid through a turbine is normally
high, and the fluid passes quickly through the turbine. It may be
assumed that, because of this, heat energy does not have time to flow
into or out of the fluid during its passage through the turbine, and
hence Q = 0.
– Although velocities are high the difference between them is not large,
and the term representing the change in kinetic energy may be
neglected.
– Potential energy is generally small enough to be neglected.
– W is the amount of external work energy produced per second.

The steady flow energy equation becomes:

− W = m (h2 − h1 )
W = m (h1 − h2 )
 Example 1:
A fluid flows through a turbine at the rate of 45 kg/min. Across the turbine
the specific enthalpy drop of the fluid is 580 kJ/kg and the turbine loss
2100 kJ/min in the form of heat energy. Determine the power produced by
the turbine, assuming that changes in kinetic and potential energy may be
neglected.
 STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
2. Compressor
 Compressor is device used to increase the pressure of
fluid.
 Work is supplied to this device from an external source
through a rotating shaft. Therefore, compressor involve
work output.
 A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very
high pressure.
 STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
• In applying this equation to the compressor, the
following points should be noted :
– Involving some heat loss.
– Although velocities are high the difference between them is not
large, and the term representing the change in kinetic energy
may be neglected.
– Potential energy is generally small enough to be neglected.
– W is the amount of external work energy produced per second.

The steady flow energy equation becomes:

Q − W = m (h2 − h1 )
 Example 2:
In a steady flow system, air flows through a compressor at the rate of
90 kg/min. It enters at a pressure of 1.20 bar, a velocity of 15 m/s,
specific internal energy of 1700 kJ/kg and specific volume of
0.37m3/kg. It leaves the system at a pressure of 3.8 bar, a velocity of
35 m/s, specific internal energy of 3100 kJ/kg and specific volume of
1.2 m3/kg. During its passage through the system, the air has a loss of
heat 30 kJ/s to the surroundings. Assuming the changes of potential
energy are negligible, determine:
a)Change of enthalpy
b)Power of the system in kW
c)Area of compressor outlet.
STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
3. Boiler
 The device that drives the electric generator.
 As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done against the blades,
which are attached to the shaft.
 As a result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine produces work.

STEAM

OUT
WATER
LEVEL

BOUNDRY
WATER

IN

FURNACE
 STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
• In applying this equation to the boiler, the following points
should be noted :
– Q is the amount of heat energy passing into the fluid per second.
– W is zero since a boiler has no moving parts capable of affecting a work
transfer.
– The kinetic energy is small as compared to the other terms and may usually
be neglected.
– The potential energy is generally small enough to be neglected.
– 𝑚ሶ (kg/s) is the rate of the flow of fluid.

Hence the equation is reduced to :

Q = m (h2 − h1 )
 Example 3:
A boiler operates at a constant pressure of 15 bar, and evaporates fluid
at the rate of 1000 kg/h. At entry to the boiler, the fluid has an
enthalpy of 165 kJ/kg and on leaving the boiler the enthalpy of the
fluid is 2200 kJ/kg. Determine the heat energy supplied to the boiler.
STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
4. Nozzle and Diffuser
 Nozzle and diffuser are commonly utilized in jet
engines, rockets, space crafts and even flower hoses.
 A nozzle is a device which increase the velocity of a fluid
at the expense of pressure.
 A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of fluid
by slowing it down.
 Nozzle and diffuser perform opposite tasks.
 STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
• Hence the equation becomes;
  C22 − C12 
0 = m (h2 − h1 ) +  
  2 
C 22
= (h1 − h2 ) + C12
2
C 2 = 2(h1 − h2 ) + C12

• Often C1 is negligible compared with C2. In this case the

equation becomes;

C2 = 2(h1 − h2 )
 Example 4:
Fluid with a specific enthalpy of 2800 kJ/kg enters a
horizontal nozzle with negligible velocity at the rate of 14 kg/s.
At the outlet from the nozzle the specific enthalpy and specific
volume of the fluid are 2250 kJ/kg and1.25 m3/kg respectively.
Assuming an adiabatic flow, determine the required outlet
area of the nozzle.
STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
5. Throttling Valve
 A device that increases the pressure of a fluid stream by
decelerating the velocity.

1
STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
• In applying this equation to the throttling, the following
points should be noted :
– Since throttling takes place over a very small distance, the available
area through which heat energy can flow is very small, and it is
normally assumed that no energy is lost by heat transfer, i.e. Q = 0.
– Since there are no moving parts, no energy can be transferred in the
form of work energy, i.e. W = 0.
– The difference between C1 and C2 will not be great and consequently
the term representing the change in kinetic energy is normally
neglected.
– The potential energy is generally small enough to be neglected.
• The steady flow energy equation becomes:
0 = (h2 – h1)
or
ℎ2 = ℎ1

* During a throttling process the enthalpy remains constant.

 Example 5:
A fluid flowing along a pipeline undergoes a throttling process from 10
bar to 1 bar in passing through a partially open valve. Before
throttling, the specific volume of the fluid is 0.3 m3/kg and after
throttling is 1.8 m3/kg. Determine the change in specific internal
energy during the throttling process.
STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
6. Condenser
 In principle, a condenser is a boiler reverse.
 In a boiler, heat energy is supplied to convert the liquid into vapour
whereas in a condenser heat energy is removed in order to condense the
vapour into a liquid.
 If the condenser is in a steady state then the amount of liquid, usually
called condensate, leaving the condenser must be equal to the amount of
vapour entering the condenser. VAPOUR

WATER
OUT

WATER
BOUNDARY IN

CONDENSATE
 STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
• In applying this equation to the condenser, the following points
should be noted :
– Q is the amount of heat energy per second transferred from
the system.
– W is zero in the condenser, W= 0.
– The kinetic energy term may be neglected as in the boiler,
KE = 0.
– The potential energy is generally small enough to be
neglected, PE = 0.
– 𝑚(kg/s)
ሶ is the rate of the flow of fluid.

• Hence the equation is reduced to:

Q = m (h2 − h1 )
 Example 6:
Fluid enters a condenser at the rate of 35 kg/min with a specific
enthalpy of 2200 kJ/kg, and leaves with a specific enthalpy of 255
kJ/kg. Determine the rate of heat energy loss from the system.
 STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
7. Pump
 The action of a pump is the reverse of that of a turbine, i.e. it uses
external work energy to produce a pressure rise. In applying the
steady flow energy equation to a pump, exactly the same arguments
are used as for turbine.
OUTLET

2
Q

SYSTEM
W

BOUNDARY

INLET
 STEADY FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICE
• In applying this equation to the pump, the following points should be
noted :
– The average velocity of flow of fluid through a turbine is normally
high, and the fluid passes quickly through the turbine. It may be
assumed that, because of this, heat energy does not have time to flow
into or out of the fluid during its passage through the turbine, and
hence Q = 0.
– Although velocities are high the difference between them is not large,
and the term representing the change in kinetic energy may be
neglected.
– Potential energy is generally small enough to be neglected.
– W is the amount of external work energy produced per second.

• The steady flow energy equation becomes:

− W = m (h2 − h1 )
Since h2 > h1, W will be found to be negative.
 Example 7:
A pump delivers fluid at the rate of 45 kg/min. At the inlet to the pump
the specific enthalpy of the fluid is 46 kJ/kg, and at the outlet from the
pump the specific enthalpy of the fluid is 175 kJ/kg. If 105 kJ/min of heat
energy are lost to the surroundings by the pump, determine the power
required to drive the pump?
😉 I MUST UNDERSTAND THE FLOW
PROCESS…