FUI-{THER ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS

ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS
by A. DAKIN, O.B.E., M.A., B.Sc.
and R. 1. PORTER, M.B.E., M.A.
Twenty-fourth Edition
With Further Elementary Analysis this book pro-
vides a two-year VIth. form course in Pure
Mathematics suitable for all but the mathematical
specialist.

FURTHER MATHEMATICS
by R. 1. PORTER, M.B.E., M.A.
Sixth Edition

Completes the course for specialists and gives

adequate preparation for the'S' papers in G.C.E.
G. BELL & SONS, LTD., PORTUGAL ST., LONDON, W.C.2
 FURTHER
ELEMENTARY
ANALYSIS
By

R. I. PORTER
M.B.E., :aI.A.
Headmaster. Queen Elizaheth Grammar School. Penri:1,

LONDON
G. BELL & SONS, LTD
1970
 First published 1951
Reprinted 1952
Second Edition, Revised 1953
Reprinted 1954, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963,
1965, 1966
Third Edition, 1967
J Reprinted 1969
ji'ourth, metricated, Edition 1970

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission
of G. Bell & Sons Ltd.

ISBN 0 7135 1594 5

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ROBERT MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD

THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, GLASGOW
 PREFACE
TillS book is a continuation of Elementary A nalysis and is intended to
complete a two-year VIth Form course in Pure Mathematics suitable
for all but the mathematical specialist.
As the title suggests, the book is largely concerned with the develop-
ment and applications of the calculus together with the necessary
parallel developments in other branches of mathematics. In order to
attain the object of a single book to cover a complete course in Pure
Mathematics, some additional topics such as Choice and Chance are
included.
In choosing the subject matter of this volume, due attention has been
given to syllabuses suggested by the different Examining Bodies for the
General Certificate of Education. The book co\-ers completely the
syllabuses for Ordinary Mathematics at Advanced level and with the
exception of Pure Geometry, contains most of or all the topics included
in those for Further Mathematics.
As in the previous book, the aim is to introduce pupils as quickly as
possible to fresh mathematical fields and to make them acquainted
with new mathematical ideas. To achieve this aim it has been necessary
in Illost instances to dispense with formal proofs and rigid lines of
approach.
Experience has proved the necessity for large numbers of examples
of all types and it will be found that this requirement is very adequately
met. Examples are divided into two classes, those marked (A), ,,-hich
are straight-forward questions of a drill t.ype, and those marked (B),
which are questions of greater length and difiiculty. It is hoped that
the numerous miscellaneous examples will be valuable for purposes of
revision.
I am indebted to my colleague, Mr. J. Y. Rushbrooke, for the
assistance he has given in reading the proofs and checking the al~swers.

NOTE ON FOURTH EDITION

IN this edition amendments have been made to meet the requirements
of metrication and the use of S.l. units.
R.P.
April 1970
 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
IN this edition, arising from helpful suggestions and criticisms, a few
small alterations have been made to the text. In addition the oppor-
tunity has been taken to include the method of solution of more general
linear differential equations of the second order in Chapter 19 and to
add a very comprehensive set of l-tevision Papers. The latter have been
carefully graded and have been included at the request of a number of
teachers.
My thanks are due to the following examining bodies who have
kindly given permisRion to use questions set in their examinations:
The Senate of the University of London: (L)
The Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate: (C)
The Northern Universities .Toint Matriculation Board: (N)
I would also like to thank the users of the book who have notified me
of errors in the earlier eJ.itions; it is hoped that most of these have now
been eliminated.
R.P.
May. 1953

NOTE ON THIRD EDITION

IN this edition in response to requests a chapter on complex numbers
has been added and in consequence it is hoped that the usefulness of
the book will be increased.
R.P.
December, Hl66
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
PAGE
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS. ELEMENTARY PROBABILITY 1
The T, s Principle. Arrangements of Unlike Quantities. Selec-
tions of Unlike Quantities. Conditional Arrangements and
Selections. Arrangements of a number of quantities not all
different. Arrangements and Selections with repetitions.
Miscellaneous Examples 14
Probability or Chance. Unit and Percentage Probability.
Odds on and against an event happening. 16

CHAPTER II
LOGARITH:MS. LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 20
Laws of logarithms. Change of Base. Logarithmic Functions.
Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions. Integrals of form
f l' (x) dx. Exponential Functions. Differentiation and lnte-
.1 f(x)
gration of Exponential Funetions.
Miscellaneous Examples 33

CHAPTER TIl
POWER SERIES. DERIVATION AND USE OF EXPONENTIAL,

LOGAR£THMIC AND TRIGONOMETRICAL SI<~RIES 36

The Exponential Series. Evaluation of e. The Logarithmic
Series. Evaluation of Logarithms. Tri~onometric Series.
Expan..<:;ions
of sin x, cos x and their applieatiulls.
Miscellaneous Examples 48

CHAPTER IV
F'TNITE ALGEBRAIC SERIES 51
Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index. Greatest term
and greatest coefiicient. Proof by method of Mathematical
Inrluction. I notation. Powers of Natural Numbers.
Application to summation of series. Miscellaneous methods of
summation.
Miscellaneous Examples 58
 vw CONTENTS
CHAprrER V
~ DEFINITE INTEGRATION
AS A SUMMATION.GEOMETRICAL
ApPLICA- PAGE
TIONS 60
Definition of a Definite Integral as the limit of a sum. Connec.
tion between Definite and Indefinite Integration. Evaluation
of Definite Integrals from the definition and by the use of
Indefinite Integration. Approximate Integration. Trape:t.imn
and Simpson's Rules. Area under a Curve. Volume of Revolu-
tion. Mean Value and Root :Mean Square Value.
Miscellaneous Examples 73

CHAPTER VI
FuRTHER ApPLICATIONSOF DEFINITE INTEGRATION 75
Centre of Gravity. Moment of Inertia and Radius of Gyration.
Plane Area and Parallel Axis Theorems.

CHAPTER VII
SOLUTIONOF EQUATIONS 90
Simultaneous algebraic equations-linear equations in 3
unlmoWllR; quadratic equations in 2 unknowns. Triguno-
metrical equations. Angles with the same sine, cosine or
tangent. General solutions of equations. Equations of a
quadratic form. Equations of the form a sin x + b cos x = c.
Equations solvable by the method of factors. Graphical
solution of equations. Approximate solution of equations.
Newton's :Method.

CHAPTER VIII
INEQUALITIES 106
Properties of inequalities. Solution of inequalities. 1\1o(lulus
of a function.
Miscellaneous Examples III

CHAPTER IX
EQUATIONSOF A CURVE. ELEMENTARYCURVETRACING 114
Canesian, parametric and polar equations of a curve. Para·
metric coordinates. Polar coordinates. Connections between
Polar and Cartesian coordinates. Curve tracing in Cartesian
coordinates. Asymptotes. Change of origin. Curve tracing in
parametric coordinates. Curve traeing in polar coordilH:ltes.
Sectorial areas
Miscellaneous Examples 12~
 CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER X
PAm
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. THE STRAIGHT LINE 13J
Revision examples on the straight line. Different forms of the
equation of a straight line. Equation of any straight line
through the point of intersection of two given straight lines.
Point dividing a line in a given ratio.
Miscellaneous Examples 139

CHAPTER XI
THE CIRCLE 142
Equation of a circle with given centre and radius. The equation
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = O. Equation of the tangent at a point on
a circle. Lengths of tangents. Equation of any circle passing
through the poin.ts of inteI'l:,ectionof two given circles.
Miscellaneous Examples 151

CHAPTER XII
TUE PARABOLA 154
Simplest form of the equation of a parabola. Eqllation of
tangent at point (Xl> YI) to parabola y2 = 4ax. Parametric equa-
tions of a parabola. Parametric coordinates (at2, 2at). Tangent
and normal at point (aP,2at). Gradient form of tangent.
Geometrical properties of the parabola.

CHAPTER XIII
THE ELLIPSE 167
Simplest form of the equation of an ellipse. Tangent at point
. x2 y2
(Xl' YI) to the elhpse (i2 + jj2 = 1. Parametric equations of an

ellipse. Parametric coordinates (a cos 8, b sin 8). The

eccentric angle. Area of an ellipse. Tangent and normal at the
point (a cos 1>, b sin .f». GraJitJllt form of tangent. Conjugate
diameters. Simple geometrical properties of the ellipse.

CRAPT En, XIV

THE HYPERBOLA - 185
I
t
Simplest form of the equation of a hyperbola. Asymptotes.
Properties of a hyperbola. The rectangular hyperbola. Equa-
tion of a rectangular hyperbola with respect to its asymptotes,
xy = c2• Parametric equations and coordinates. Tangent and

normal at the point (ct, ~).

M iscellaneou8 Examples 195
 x CONTENTS

CHAPTER XV
PAGE
1- INVERSECIRCULARAND HYPEltBOLICFUNCTIONS 199
\ Inverse circular functions and their graphs. Principal values .
./' Identities. Differentiation of inverse circular functions. The

integrals f .~
. "a2 _ x2
" . a-.dx+ x 2'

Hyperbolic functions and their graphs. Formulae connecting

hyperbolic functions. Differentiation and integration of
hyperbolic functions. Inverse hyperbolic functions and their
graphs. Expression of inverse hyperbolic functions in terms
of logarithmic functions. Differentiation of inverse hyperbolic

functions. The integrals f ~,

. va2+x2
f.~
. vx2-a2
and allied types .

Miscellaneous Examples 212

CHAPTER XVI
PARTIAl,FRACTIONSANDTHEIR APPLICATIONS 214
l\lethods of expressing an algebraic fractional function as the
sum of partial fractions. Use of partial fractions for the
expansion and integration of algebraic fractional fun~tions.
Miscellaneous Examples 221

CHAPTER XVII
I- FURTHER METHODSOF INTEGRATIONAND STANDARDTYPES OF
INTEGRAL 223
Standard forms. Integration by substitution. Integration by
parts. Easy reduction formulae.
Miscellaneous Examples 235

CHAPTER XVIII
DIFFERENTIALPROPERTIESOF PLANE CURVES. CURVATURE 238
Arc length and area of surface of revolution for curveR ex-
" pressed in Cartesian and parametric coordinates. Surface area
of a zone of a sphere. Curvature and radius of curvature of
plane curves. Expressions for radius of curvature in CarteRian
and parametric coordinates. Centre of curvature. Curvature
at the origin, Newton's formula.
M iscellaneou8 Examples 247
 CONTE:N'TS :d

CHAPTER XIX PAOE

~ DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 249
Formation of differential equations. Equations of the firRtorrler
and first degree. Variables separable. Homogeneous equa-
tions. Linear equations. Equations of the second order. Types
d2y d2y
dx2=f(x), dX2=f(y). Linear equations with conRt-ant co-
dy
2 dy dy2 dy
efficients of the forms a dx2 + b dx + cy = 0, a dx + b dx + cy =f (x).
2

CHAPTEH XX
COMPLEX NUMBERS 271
Definition, notation and geometrical representation. Argand
diagram. Fundamental processes. Equality, addition, sub-
traction, multiplication and division. The cube roots of unity.
The (r, 0) form of a complex number. Modulus and argument.

Miscellaneous Examples 280

REVISION PAPERS 282

ANSWERS 319

INDEX - 367
 EXPLANATORY NOTE
THE following notations differing from those used in this book may be
met:
19x to be' read as loglox ;
In x to be read as logex;
arcsin xto be read as sin-1 x, with corresponding notations for the other
inverse trigonometrical functions;
arsinh x to be read as sinh-1 x, with corresponding notations for the
other inverse hyperbolic functions.
 REVISION PAPERS
PAPER A (1)
1. If ocand f3 are the roots of the equation 3x2 - 2x - 1 = 0, find the value
of oc3fJ + ocfJ3. Also obtain the equation which has roots l/oc2 and 11 W .
2. Expand (x - y)6 by the binomial theorem and use the result to
evaluate (l9t)6 correct to the nearest thousand. (C.)
3. Using the same axes, draw the graphs of xy = 2 and 2y = x + 3.
Hence find the ranges of values of x for which ~ >x + 3.
x
4. In a triangle ABC, a= 8, b= 7 and A = 43°. Calculate (i) the side c,
(ii) the area of the triangle. (C.)
5. Draw the graph of the function 1 - cos 2x for values of x between
o and 217. Use your graph to solve the equation 6 sin2 x=x, where x is
measured in radians. (L.)
6. Find the length intercepted on the line 3x + 2y = 1 by the lines
2x+ 3y= 4 and x - 2y= 11.
7. Show that, for all values of t, the point P given by x=at(t+ 2),
y = 2a (t + 1) lies on the curve y2 = 4ax + 4a2 and find the equation of the
normal to the curve at P.
If this normal meets the x-axis at 0 and N is the foot of the perpendicular
from P to the x-axis, prove that NO = 2a. (N.)

8. Differentiate with respect to x: (a) (3x2 + 7)3, (b) x2 _ 4

1T/6
Find
J (2x2 - 3)2 dx and
J 0 cos 20 cos 50 dO. (L.)

9. Determine the maximum and minimum values of the function

x-3
(C.)
x2(x - 2) •
10. An arc APB of the curve y = 7x - x2 is cut off by the straight line
y = 2x + 4; A llf and BN are the ordinates of A and B. Find (i) the area of
the segment AP8 cut off by the chord AB, (ii) the volume generated by the
revolution of the area MAPBN about MN (answer as a multiple of 17).
(N.)

PAPER A (2)
1. (i) Solve the simultaneous equations:
x2 - 2xy + 2y2 - 20x + 5y - 4 = 0; 3x + 2y + 1 = O.
(ii) If oc,f3 are the roots of x2 - 5x + 2 = 0, find the values of oc3+ f33
and oc4+ {34. (C.)
2. (i) Find values of a so that 2x2 + xy - y2 + ax - 6y - 5 can be factor-
ised.
(ii) Find the least value of n such that the sum of n terms of the
series 1+1·03+(1'03)2+ ... is greater than 10. (N.)
 REVISION PAPERS 283

3. A man Rtanding due south of a towor on level ground obRervesthe

angle of elevation of the top to be (n°. After walking l:W m due east he
finds that the angle of elevation is 51°. Calculate the height of the tower.
(L.)
4. (i) Prove that cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B, where the
angles A, B and A + B are all acute.
(ii) Prove that cos (J + cos ( (J + 2
3
7T)+ cos ((}+ ~i)= 0 and find the

value of the expression sin (J + sin ((}+ 2;) + sin ( (}+ ~;) .
(C.)
5. AOB is a minor ,arc of a circle; the perpendicular bisector of AB
meets the arc at 0 and D is the midpoint of AB. If AB = 10 em andOD =3
em, calculate the area of the segment AOB.
6. The vertex A of a triangle ABO has coordinates (3, 7), the equation
of the side BO is 4x - 3y = 11, the coordinates of the midpoint of BO are
(5, 3) and the area of the triangle is 40 sq. units. Calculate the length of
the perpendicular from A to BO and deduce the length of BO. Hence
calculate the coordinates of Band O. (N.)
7. Find the coordinates of the centre 0 and the radius ofthe circle which
has the points A (1,4) and B (7, 12) at the ends of a diameter. Show that
the points D (4, 13) and E (1, 12) lie on this circle.
Find the equations of the tangents to the circle at D and at E and find the
tangent of the acute angle between them.

8. (i) Find the maximum and minimum values of ~ .

2x+ 1
(ii) Find the area of the segment of the curve y = 2x (3 - x) which is
cut off by the line y=2x. (L.)

9. (a) Differentiate with respect to x: -3x and sin xo.

-x
(b) Without using tables, find ,v7'98, correct to four decimal
places. (C.)
10. A moving point P starts with a velocity of 8 metres per s from a
point 0 and moves along a straight line OA so that its acceleration after
t s is (10 - 6t) metres per s per s. Find the distance of P from 0 after
t s. Find also, (i) the value of t "vhen the velocity begins to decrease,
(ii) the distance of P from the starting point at the instant when it begins
to return to O. (N.)

PAPER A (3)
1. Solve the following equations:
(a) .J2x+3- .J3x-5=1; (b) 3x-2=1·8, correct to 3 significant
figures.
2. Obtain the expansion of (1 +x)l°(l- 2X)2 in ascending powers of x
up to and including the term in x4• Evaluate the expression to four decimal
places when x=O·02. (C.)
3. The nth term of a series is A (t)n-l + Bn, where A and B are constants.
If the tirst term is 3 and the third term is 6, find A and B and also the sum
of the first ten terms as accurately as tables permit.
284 REVISION PAPERS

4. Prove the result a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A.

A quadrilateral ABOD is such that AB =3 ro, BO =OD =5 ro, DA =6
m, and the diagonal AO = 7 m. Calculate the angle BOD and the length
blJ. (C.)
5. Find the values of x between 0° and 180° inclusive, for which
(i) sin3x=sinx; (ii) 2cos2x-sin2x=l; (iii) sin2x+cosx=0.
(C.)
6. The points P (2, 3), Q ( - 11, 8), R ( - 4, - 5) are vertices of a parallelo-
gram PQRS which has PR as a diagonal. Find the coordinates of S.
Determine also the area of the parallelogram. (N.)
7. Find the coordinates of the centroid of the triangle formed by the
lines y = 4x - 3, 3x + 2y = 16 and 3y = x + 2. Find also the coordinates of the
circumcentre of the triangle. (L.)

8. (i) Ify=acos20+bsin20,provethat~~+4Y=2(a+b).
(ii) A vessel is formed by the rotation of the curve y =1x2 about the
y-axis, the unit along both axes being 1 em. If the vessel
stands with the y-axis vertical and water is poured in at a
steady rate of 5 cm3 s-1, find the rate at which the depth
is increasing when the water is 1 em deep. (L.)
9. (i) Find the maximum and minimum values of the function
x2/(x + 1)3.
(ii) Find f cos2 x dx and J cos x dx.
3 (L.)

10. Show that the gradient of the curve y = x (x - 3)2 is zero at the point
P (1,4), and sketch the curve.
The tangent at P cuts the curve again at Q. Calculate the area con-
tained between the chord PQ and the curve. (C.)

PAPER A (4)
1. (i) Solve the simultaneous equations x - 2y = 4; x2 + 3xy + 4y2 = 2.
(ii) If the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 are 0:: and f3, find the
equation with roots 0::2 + 1 and f32 + 1. (N.)
2. Prove the result toga N = 10gbN x loga b.
a+b
If log4m = a and log12m = b,prove that loga 48 = --b.
a-
3. Prove that in the triangle ABO,
B-O b-c A
tan -2- = b + c cot "2 .
Find the values of B, 0 and a if b =2·31 ro, c =3,68 ill and A =46°. (L.)
4. The plane of a rectangular target is vertical and lies east and wpst;
the altitude of the sun is 60°. At what angle iH the sun froIll the suuth
when the aroa of the shadow is one half that of the target?
5. If cosec e - sin e = m and sec 0 - cos e = n, prove that
m2n2(m2 -t n2 + 3) = 1.
6. The coordinates of the points A, B, 0 are (- 2, 1), (2, 7), (5, 5)
respectively. Prove that these points form three vertices of a rectangle
 REVISION PAPERS 285
and that AB = 2BG. If D is the fourth vertex of the rectangle, calculate
the distance of G from the diagonal BD. (C.)
7. P is a point on the curve y=ax/(a+x); Nisthefootoftheperpen-
dicular from P "to the x·axis and T is the point where the tangent at P
meets the x-axis. Prove that a . TO = ON2 and that the area of the triangle
PNT is tON2, where 0 is the origin. (N.)
8. A curve is traced out by the point whose coordinates are
x= 2 cos e+cos 29, y= 2 sin 8 - sin 28.
Show that the gradient at the point parameter 8 is - tan !(J and that
the equation of the tangent to the curve at this point is
x sin !9+y cos !(J=sin i(J. (L.)

9. Evaluate J~/3(3X - 1)3 dx and J: cos2 (7) dx.

Find J ../2x~. 2 - 3
(C.)

10. Prove that the area enclosed between the line y=3 and the portion
of the curve y = 6 sin x, for which x lies between 0 and 7T, is 6../"3 - 27T.
Find the volume generated by the complete revolution of this area about
the line y=O. (C.)

PAPER A (5)
1. Solve the equations
(i) ../x+2+../x-5=../3x+7; (ii) x+2y=2; x3+8y3=56.
2. (i) State the theorem on the expansion, in powers of x, of (1 +x)n,
where n is a positive integer.
(ii) Evaluate (0'994)8, correct to the sixth place of decimals. (C.)
3. Express the function 12x - 8x%- 5 in the form - 8 (x - a)2 + band
hence show that it is always negative. Sketch the graph of the function.
4. Prove that sin 2c:c + sin2 (60 c:c) + sin2 (60 + c:c) = 3/2.
0 0
-

ABO is an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle of radius R. If Pis

any point on the circumference prove that PA2+PB2+PG2=6R2.
5. Draw the graph of y = sin XO - t sin 2xo for values of x from 0 to 180.
Use your graph to find approximately the positive solutions of the
equation x= 100 sin XO - 50 sin 2xo. (C.)
6. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = x3 at the point
P (t, t3). Prove that this tangent cuts the curve again at the point Q
( - 2t, - 8t3) and find the locus of the midpoint of PQ.
7. Find the equation of the reflection of the line 4x + 3y = 0 in the line
3x+4y=O. (C.)
5
8. Express 3x - 1 in partial fractions and show, by differentiation, that
x2 -
the function has one maximum value and one minimum, of which the latter
is the greater. (L.)
9. Give a rough sketch of the curve y2 = X (x - I)2. Find the equation of
the tangent at the point (4, 6) and the coordinates of the point in which it
meets the curve again. (C.)
286 REVISION PAPERS
10. Evaluate to three places of decimals the definite integrals:

(i)
i
J cos2 x dx
0 and
Ii
osin2 x dx;
.. Il
(11) ~ .lx··Jx dx.
cos (L.)

PAPER A (6)
1. (a) Given that a+b=p and ab=q, find in terms ofp and q the value
a2 b2
of1)+a-.
2 2
(b) Find the equation whose roots are ex - -, f3 - - , where ex, f3 are the
f3 ex
roots of the equation x2 - 4x + 8 = O. (N.)
2. A railway caITiage has eight seats, four of them with their backs to
the engine. In how many ways can a party of seven people seat the~-
selves in the carriage (a) without restriction, (b) if a chosen pair must SIt
together with their backs to the engine? (C.)
abc
~. For any triangle, prove the result ----;--A = ---;---B = -=--0 •
sm sm sm
Hence, or otherwise, show that
a cosec iA = (b + c) sec! (B - 0).
In a triangle ABO, a =5,3 m, b +c = U'8 m, and A =46°. Find angle
O. (L.)
4. The roof of a house is inclined at an angle of 25° to the horizontal and
meets a horizontal plane in the line AB, A being due north of Band 30 m
from it ; the point X on the roof is due east of A, above it and 10 m from
it ; XY is a vertical chimney 4 m high. Calculate the bearing and eleva-
tion of Y from B. (N.)
5. Find all the angles x between 0 and 21T such that tan x = tan 4x. (C.)
6. The gradient of the side PQ of the rectangle PQRS is 3/4. The co-
ordinates of the opposite corners Q, S are respectively (6, 3) and (- 5, 1).
Find the equation of PRo (N.)
7. Prove that the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle
formed by the lines 3y - x = 2, x + y = 10, 5x - 3y = 2 intersect at the point
(31,21)·
Find, in its simplest form, the equation of the circumcircle of the tri-
angle. (L.)
8. Differentiate with respect to x, (i) sin .lx,
(ii) .Jsin x, (iii) lO2X, (C.)
9. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y=a3/x2 at the point P
with coordinates (a/t, at2).
The tangent to the curve at P meets the axes Ox, Oy in A, B respectively.
Express AB2 in terms of t and find the values of t for which the length AB
is least. (N.)

10. (i) Evaluate

I
I X dx
0 (1 + x2) 2 '
l I
3
0 cos X dx.
17

(ii) The surface of a peg top is obtained by rotating the curves

y2=4(x+ 1) from x= - 1 to x=O,
and x/3+y/2= 1 from x=o to x=3,
about the x-axis. Find the volume of the top. (N.)
 REVISION PAPERS 287
PAPER A (7)
1. (a) Factorise 3x2 - lOx!} - 8y2 + 5x + 22y - 12.
(b) Solve the simultaneous equations:
3x - y + 2z = 1, x + 3y - 3z = - 4, Y - "2x + z = 7.
2. Determine n if in the expansion of (2 + 3x)n in ascending powers of x,
the coefficient of X12 is four times that of XU.
3. Expand loge (1 + 2x) as far as the term in x4• For what values of x is
the expansion valid?
5x2 7x3 17x4
Prove that loge (1 + x - 2x2) = X - 2 + 3 -4 approximately, if x is
small.
4. The vertex of a hollow right circular cone is A and BO is a diameter
of the base; BO = 6 em, AB =AO = 8 em. The point P lies halfway along
AB. By considering the cone to be unrulled into a sector of a circle, find
the length of the shortest path on the cone from 0 to P. (N.)
5. Find, graphically, the value of ()between 0° and 90° which satisfies
the equation tan ()= 2 + cos ().
If x = tan ~(), express tan () and cos () in terms of x and hence find an
approximate root of the equation x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 + 2x - 3 = O. (L.)
6. (a) Determine whether the point (38, 24i) lies inside or outside the
triangle formed by the lines x=O, 8y=5x, 8y= IGO+x, ex-
plaining the method used.
(b) Find the coordinates of the point equidistant from the three
vertices of the triangle. (C.)
7. Prove that the line x cos ex + y sin ex - p =0 touches the circle
x2 + y"-. 2ax= 0, if P =a(l + cos ex).

8. ('I) DOff .
I erentmte 'Vlax + db
ex + . h
WIt . your answer
respect to x, expressmg
in its simplest form.
(ii) If x=a(() - sin 8) and y=a(l - cos ()), where () is a parameter,
dy d2!J 1
prove that dx =cot ~8 and dx2= - 4
4a cosec i(). (C.)

9. A light is h m above a point A on a horizontal table and a thin rod of

length a cm held vertically with one end B on the table, is moving with
velocity v m S-l towards the vertical line through A. Find the rate at
which the length of the shadow is decreasing when AB =x rn. (N.)
10. Evaluate the finite area cut off from the parabola 2y=x2 by the line
x + y = 4, and show that the y-axis divides this area into two parts which are
in the ratio 20 : 7.
Determine the volume of the solid generated by a complete revolution of
the smaller part about the x-axis. (N.)

PAPER A (8)
1. Express ex3 + f33 in terms of (ex + (3) and exf3. Find the quadratic equa-
tion whose roots are the cubes of the roots of 2x2 - x - 7 = O. (C.)
2. Find how many three-letter code words can be made with the 26
letters of the alphabet (i) when no letter is repeated in the same word,
(ii) when any letter can be repeated two or three times in the same word,
 288 REVISION PAPERS
(iii) when every word contains exactly one vowel and no letter more than
once. (C.)
3. (i) Prove the identity
cos 8 - 2 cos 38 + cos 58 = 2 sin 8(sin 28 - sin 48).
(ii) Solve the equations (a) cos 2x = sin x, (b) 3 sec2 x = tan x + 5,
giving all solutions between 0 and 360°. 0
(C.)
4. A circle of radius r em. and centre 0 is inscribed in a triangle ABO,
touching the sides BO, OA, AB at D, E, P, respectively. The lengths of
OA and OB are 2r em and r.J2 em respectively. Show that the angle ABO
is a right angle and that the area of the triangle ABO is (3 +2.J3)r2 cm2•
Find the area bounded by the lines AE, AF and the minor arc EF. (N.)
5. Express 7 cos x + 24 sin x in the form R cos (x - oc).
Find
(i) the maximum value of 7 cos x + 24 sin x,
(ii) the values of x between - 180° and + 180 for which 0

7 cos x + 24 sin x = 10.

6. The vertices of a triangle are A ( - 2,3), B (3, 7) and 0 (4, 0). Find
the coordinates of the point D on the same side of AO as B such that the
triangle AOD is right-angled at 0 and equal in area to triangle ABO. Cal.
culate the area of triangle AOD. (C.)
7. Show that the perpendicular distance of the point (h, k) from the
line x cos oc + y sin oc = p is the numerical value of (h cos + k sin p). (X (X -

Calculate the coordinates of the centres of the two circles of radius 5

which pass through the point ( - 1, - 1) and touch the line 3x - 4y + 24 = O.
(C.)

8. (i) Differentiate /--.!!- with respect to x.

'Vl-x
d2y dy
(ii) If y=ae-2X sin 3x, prove that dx2 + 4 dx + 13y=0. (C.)

9. A curve whose equation has the form y=x(x - 2) (ax + b) touches the
'V-axisat the point where x = 2 and the line y = 2x at the origin. FilHI the
values of a and b, sketch the curve, and prove that the area enclosed by an
arc of the curve and a segment of the line y = 2x is 32/3. (L.)
2 (X4 - J1T16 cos x dx
1)2
10. (a) Evaluate
J 1
--2-
x 0
dx and
-1--.- .
+sm x
(b) Find the ratio of the volumes formed by rotating the area en-
closed by the curve y = x4, the line x = 1 and the x-axis (i) auout
the x-axis, (ii) about the y-axis. (N.)

PAPER A (9)
1. (a) Sum to n terms the series log a + log ab + log ab2 + log ab3 + ....
3n -1
(b) The nth term of an A.P. is -6- , prove that the sum of n terms

is ~(3n+ 1).

2. Find the number of ways of arranging all the letters in the word
potato. In how many of these ways will the arrangement begin with at?
 REVISION PAPERS 289
3. Prove that, if x is so small that its cube and higher powers can be
neglected,
II +x X2
'Vl_x=l+x+2 .
By taking x=t, prove that ..)5 is approximately equal to AS¥-· (C.)
4. {i) If A + B + 0= 180°, prove that
sin A cos (B - 0) + sin B cos (0 - A) + sin a cos (A - B)
= 4 sin A sin B sin O.
(ii) Prove that cos2 (X + cos2 «(X + 120°) + cos2 «(X - 120°) = Ii. (L.)
5. Two points P, Q are at a distance 2a apart. Two non-coplanar lines
PR, QS are each perpendicular to PQ, each of length b and make an angle
20 with one another. Prove that RS2 = 4 (a2 + b2 sin2 0) and find the tangent
of the angle between PQ and RS. (C.)
6. A point Q is distant r from a point P (a, b), in a direction making an
angle 0 with the x-axis. Show that the coordinates of Q are
(a+rcos e, b+rsin 0).
The centre of a rhombus is at the point (5, 1) ; one vertex is at the point
(2, 5), and the area of the rhombus is 100 unit2• Find the lengths of the
diagonals and the coordinates of the other vertices. (N.)
7. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, 1) which touches the
line 4x - 3y + 10 = O.
Find also the length and equation of the other tangent from the point
where this line meets the line y = o. (C.)
8. The tangent at the point P (at, at3) on the curve a2y = x3 meets the
x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. Prove that P A = ~AB.
Show also that, if 0 is the origin, the area between the curve, the ordinate
at P, and the x-axis is three-eights of the area of triangle OAB. (L.)
9. (a) Differentiate with respect to x,
(i) (x3 - X-1)2, (ii) loge (sin x - cos x).
(b) Obtain the coordinates of the point of intersection of the tangents
to the curve y2 = x2 (25 - x2) at the points (4, 12) and (3, 12). (N).

10. Find (a) J sin2 2x dx, (b) J 1~xx dx. (C.)

PAPER A (10)
1. Draw the graph of y= (x - 1)2 (4 - x) for values of x from 0 to 4.
Use the graph (i) to solve the equation (x - 1)2(4 - x) =x, (ii) to estimate
the range of values of k for which the equation (x - 1)2 (4 - x) = kx has three
real roots. (C.)
2. (a) Find the coefficient of x5 in the expansion of (1 + 4x)eX in ascend-
ing powers of x.
(b) Write down the first four terms in the expansion of loge 1+ 2x .
1-2x
For what values of x is the expansion valid?

3. Prove that, in a triangle ABO, ~ 'VIs (Sb--C

cos ~2--- a).
Find the largest angle and the area of triangle ABO, in which a = 10.6 em,
b = 11·8cm and C = 15,6 em. (C.)
290 REVISION PAPERS

4. PQ is a vertical pole with its foot Q on ground level. Two points A

and B on the ground are 50 m apart; the angle QAB =58°, the angle
QBA = 49°, and the angle P AQ = 27°. Calculate the height of the pole to
the nearest metre. (L.)
5. Plot the points on the curve given by the equations x=cos to,
y=cos 2t for the values 0, 30, 60, ... , 180 of t, and sketch the curve.
O

Prove that the distance of any point of the curve from the point (0, - 7/8)
is the same as its distance from the line y = - 9{8. (L.)
6. Prove that the length of the perpendicular from the point (h, k) to
the line ax + by + c = 0 is (ah + bk + c)/../a2 + b2 numerically.
Find whether the origin and the point (52, - 58) are on the same or
opposite sides of the line 19x + 17y - 3 = O. (C.)
7. Find the coordinates of the centres of the circles which pass through
the point (1, 1) and touch the x-axis and the line 3x+4y=5.
8. Obtain the equation of the tangent at the point (3t2, 2t3) to the curve
27y2=4x3•
Find the coordinates of the point where this tangent meets the curve
again. (C.)
9. State and prove conditions for a function f(x) to have a maximum
value M when x = a. A geometrical argument is expected.
A circular cylinder is inscribed in a sphere of radius R. Find its maximum
volume. (C.)
10. Sketch the curve y = x/(1 + x) for positive values of x and find the
area bounded by that portion of the curve corresponding to values of x
from 0 to 2, the line y = 0, and the ordinate x = 2.
Find also the volume of revolution of this area about the line y = o. (C.)

PAPER A (11)
1. (i) Find the number of ways of arranging four white, three black
and two red marbles in line, assuming that marbles of the
same colour are indistinguishable.
(ii) A bag contains six white and four black marbles. Find the
chance that, if two marbles are drawn together, they are both
black. (C.)
2. (a) Find the coefficient of x7 in the expansion of (2 - 3X)5 (2 + 3x)7.
(b) Evaluate 3/ 1 , correct to four decimal places .
..,7,98
3. Prove that 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 =in(n + 1)(2n + 1).
Find the sum of 2n terms of the series 12 + 2 + 32 + 4 + 52 + 6 + ... • (C.)

4. Prove that ta 2 (450 + 8)= 1 + sin 20 .

n 1- sin 20
Prove also that tan 22!0 =../2 - 1 and tan 67!0 =../2 + 1. (C.)
5. A flagstaff 5 m. high is placed on the top of a hemispherical mound
60 m high. How far from the foot of the mound must a boy 1·2 m high
stand so as just to see the top of the flagstaff?
 REVISION PAPER~ 9.~1

6. Find formulae for the coordinates of the point which divides thE:'
straight line joining the points (Xl> Yl) and (x2, Y2) externally in the ratio
p: q.
The coordinates of three vertices ofa parallelogram ABCD areA (-1, - 2),
B (2, - 1), C (3, 1). Find the coordinates of D, the other extremity of the
diagonal BD, and find the tangent of the angle BDC. (N.)
7. Prove that the equation (x - Y + 2)2 + 2 (x + 3) (y - 4) = 0 represents a
circle, and find its centre and radius.
Prove also that the lines x + 3 = 0 and Y - 4 = 0 are tangents to the circle
and show in a sketch the relation of the line x - y + 2 = 0 to the tangents. (L.)

8. Sketch the curves represented by the equations

(i) y=x(x-2), (ii) y2=x(x-2).

9 • (I') DOff - -h
I erentmte WIt respect to x, 'VII-
-;- x and x2e-~.
(ii) Find the differential coefficient of loglo x with respect to x.
Deduce the value, correct to four decimal places, of 10g1o1-002,
given that 10g1oe = 0·4343. (C.)
10. Two points P, Q on the curve y= l/x have coordinates (Bt, I/Bt) and
(t, 1ft) respectively, where 0< B< 1. Parallels to the axes are drawn through
P and Q to form a rectangle. Prove that the area of the smaller of the two
parts into which the rectangle is divided by the curve is B-1 -loge e.
Prove also that the area enclosed by the chord PQ and the curve is
independent of t, and find its numerical value when B= 2/3. (C.)

PAPER A (12)
1. (a) Solve the simultaneous equations xy = 4, 2x2 + 3y2 = 22.
(b) Determine the range of values of k for which the roots of the
equation k (x2 + 2x + 3) = 4x + 2 are real and unequal.
2. In the expansion of (1 + x2) (1 + x)n in ascending powers of x the ratio
of the coefficients of x3 and x is 6 to 1. Find n and the coefficient of x4..
3. Draw the graph of sin 2x for values of x between 0 and 1Tradians.
Use your graph to obtain approximate values of the solutions of the
equation 21T(1 - sin 2x) = 3x, which lie between these limits, the angle being
measured in radians. (N.)
4. A, B, C, D are points on an arc of a semi-circle, the chords AD and
BC being parallel. If the arcs AB, BD sub tend angles of (X and f3 at the
centre, show that the area of the portion of the semicircle between the
parallel chords is r2(a - sin (X cos (3).
5. Find all solutions of the following equations lying between - 180°
and 180°;
(i) 1 - cos x = 2 sin 2 x, (ii) sin (x - 10°) cos (x - 24°) = 0·5.
6. The vertex of an isosceles triangle is the point (3, 4), the equation of
the base is x - 2y + 2 = 0, and the base angles are tan -1 1/3. Find the
gradients and the lengths of the equal sides. (L.)
7. Obtain the equation of the locus of a point P which moves so that
PB=2PA, where A, B are respectively the points (1,0), (-1,0). Show
that the locus is a circle and determine the radius and the coordinates of
the centre.
Verify that y = 4/3 is a tangent to the circle and determine the equation
of the other tangent that passes through the point ( - 1, 4/3). (N.)
 292 REVISION PAPERS
8. Find the derivatives with respect to x, of the functions
(i) (15x2 + 12x + 8)(1 - x)3/2, (ii) (2x2 + lOx + 1l)e-2X,
and state in each case the values of x for which the derivativ,- vanishes.
(N.)

9. (i) Integrate with respect to x, (2X - lY and sin3 x cos2 x.

(ii) Evaluate
3 2X2
f o .J4 -
-=dx,
x
by means of the substitution x = 4 - u2, or otherwise. (C.)
10, Sketch in the same figure the curves y3 = 4x and 2y2 = x3.
Verify that the curves intersect only at the origin 0 and at the point P
(2,2).
Find the area enclosed between the arcs of these curves that join 0 and P
and also the volume of the solid generated by a complete revolution of this
area about the x-axis. (N.)
PAPER B (1)
1. Sum to n terms the following series
111
(a) 1.5+3.7+5.9+ ... , (b) 1:5+3:'7+5:9+.... (C.)
3x3 - 8
2. Express x4 _ 16 as the sum of three partial fractions. (C.)

3. Find the positive value of a for which the sum of the first three terms
in the expansion of (1 + ax)eX+!X2 in ascending powers of x is a perfect
square. (N.)
4. A plane stratum of rock intersects a vertical cliff face in a line inclined
at an angle IX to the vertical and intersects a second vertical cliff face which
is at right angles to the first, in a line inclined at the same angle IX to the
vertical. Prove that the angle between the two lines of intersection is
cos-1 cos2 IX, and find the angle of inclination of the stratum to the hori-
zontal. (C.)
5. Write down the first four terms in the expansion of cos x in ascend·
ing powers of x.
F'In d th e I'ImI't a f cos x -Xlicos 2x as x~ 0 •

6. (a) ""Vritedown the equation of the straight line through the point
(0, a) with gradient m.
A straight line through the point A (0, 6) meets the line y = 2x at
P and the line y= - 2x at Q. If QA : AP= 1 : 3, obtain the
equation of the straight line.
(b) Find the length of either tangent from (1, 1) to the circle
4x2+4y2-4x-12y+17=0. (N.)
7. Prove that the equation of the normal at the point (at2, 2at) on the
parabola y2 = 4ax is y + tx = 2at + al3,
A chord is drawn through the point P (ap2, 2ap) on the parabola y2= 4ax
and is a normal at its other end Q. Prove that the parameter of Q is a root
of the equation t2+pt+2=O. (C.)
 REVISION PAPEH8 293
8. Find the maximum and minimum values of xl(1 +x 2), and the points
of inflexion of the curve y (I + x2) = x. (C.)
9. (i) Use Maclaurin's series to expand tan x in ascending powers of x
as far as the term in x3•
(ii) Evaluate J3o ";x3x ++ 41dx and JI cos
0
2 (7TX
2
) dx. (C.)

1O. Sketch the curve y2 =x 2 (4 - x) and find the area of the loop.

PAPER B (2)
1. If 0(, fJ are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and 0( : fJ = A : fL,
show that Af.LU2 = p. + f.L)2ac.
Deduce (i) the condition for the equation ax' + bx + c = 0 to have equal
roots; (ii) the condition for the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 to be
in the same ratio as those of a'x2 + b'x + c' = o. (C.)
2. A pack of 52 playing cards contains 20 honours. Show that a
selection of three cards from the pack can be made in 22,100 different ways
and that 49GO of these contain no honour. Deduce the probability that a
particular selection of three cards contains at least one honour. (C.)
3. (a) Find the values of the constants A, B, 0, D in the identity
1 Ox2+ Dx3
------A+Bx+----·
2 + 3x + 4x2 2 + 3x + 4x2
(b) Solve the simultaneous equations
xy=6+3x, yz=5+y, zx=2+2z. (N.)
2t 1 - t'
4. Prove that, if t = tan !B, then sin B = 1 + t2 and cos B = 1 + t2 •
BY expressmg
. ~ + cos B m
3 • terms 0
f t, sh ow t h at t h'IS expressIOn
. cannot

have any value between - 2.J2 and + 2.J2. (C.)

5. The triangle ABO is right-angled at B; a circle is drawn with centre
A and radius AB to cut AO at D. If the angle DBG is x radians, and the
sum of the lengths of the sides AB, AD and the arc BD is twice the length
of the side BG, prove that
tan 2x= 1 +x.
Verify that x = 0·5 is an approximate root of this equation and obtain
this root correct to two decimal places.
6. Prove that the circle which has as a diameter the common chord of
the two circles
x2 + y2 + 2x - 5y = 0, x2 + y2 + 6x - 8y = 1
touches the axes of coordinates. (L.)
7. The foci of an ellipse are S (4, 0) and S' ( - 4,0) and any point P on
the ellipse is such that SP + S' P = 10. Find the equation of the ellipse.
Find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse at the point in the first
quadrant with an x-coordinate of 3. Also find the coordinates of the point
in which this tangent meets the directrix associated with the focus S. (C.)
8. In the curve x=at2, y=at3, the tangent at P meets the curve again
at Q. If m1 and m: are the gradients of the tangents at P and Q, prove that
m1 +2m2=0.
u P.E.A.
 294 REVISION PAPERS
9. By examining the sign of the differential coefficient of x -logp' (1 + x).
prove that x >loge (l + x) if (i) x >0, or (ii) - 1< x< O. Illustrate by a
figure. (C.)

10. (i) Evaluate J~1T sin 2x cos 3x dx.

(ii) Using the substitution y=ex+ I, find J (eX~1)2· (C.)

PAPER B (3)
1. The pth term of a progression is P, the qth term is Q, and the rth
term is R. Show that, if the progression is arithmetical,
P(q-r) +Q(r-p) +R(p - q)=O,
and that if it is geometrical,
(q - r) log P + (r - p) log Q + (p - q) log R = O. (C.)

2. (i) Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (3~- ~x Y

2 .
(ii) If x and higher powers of x may be neglected, express
3

5x 3X 2)8
(1+2"-2
in the form 1 + ax + bx2. (L.)
3. If tan rx=p, tan f1=q, tan y=r, prove that
tan (rx + f1+ y) = i+ q + r - pqr .
-qr-rp -pq
Deduce a relation between p, q and r in each of the following cases:

(i) a+f1+y=O, (ii) a+f1+y=i, (iii) a+f1=y. (C.)

4. A pyramid vertex P, stands on a square base ABOD. The foot of

the perpendicular from P to the base is a point on BD between Band D.
The faces PAB, POD make angles tan-1 i, tan-1 i respectively with the
base. Find (i) the ratio of the height of the pyramid to the side of the
base, (ii) the angle APB.
5. Find all solutions between 0 and 360 of the equations
0 0

(i) cos x + cos 3x = cos 2x ; (ii) 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 4·2. (N.)

6. Prove that the equation of any straight line passing through the
point of intersection P of the lines ax+by+c=O and a'x+b'y+c'=O can
be written in the form
ax+ by+c+ ,\(a'x+b'y+c') =0,
where ,\ is a constant.
Find the equations of the following lines:
(i) the join of P to the origin,
(ii) the line through P perpendicular to ax+by+c=O. (C.)
7. Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax at the
point (at2, 2at).
From any point P on a parabola with vertex A and focus S, the line PN
is drawn perpendicular to tho axis AS; the tangents at A and P intersect
at Q. Prove that PQ2=AN . SP. (N.)
 REVISION PAPERS 295

8. (i) Differentiate with respect to x :

(a) 2x+l , (b) e-X{(x+l) cos x+x sin x} •

.J3 - 4x- 4x2
d2y
(li) If y=sin x log tan lx, show that dx2 +y=cot x. (N.)

. 2(x+ I). . .
9. E xpress (x _ 1)(2x _ I) In partial fractIOns, and prove that

5 2(x+ 1) 256
J 2 (x - 1)(2x _ 1)dx= loge 27 . (C.)
10. If f(x) = 2e-4X - e-2X, show that f(x) = 0 for just one value of x.
Denoting this value by a, show that l' (2a) = O. Sketch the graph of the
function.
Evaluate the area bounded by the x-axis, the ordinate x = 0, and the arc
of the curve joining the points x = 0 and x = a. (C.)

PAPER B (4)

1. Sketch the curves with equations (i) y = __ 1_ -, (ii) y2 1_ .

x(x - 2) - x(x - 2)
(C.)
2. Prove, by induction or otherwise, that
J3+33+53+ ... (2n-Ir'=n2(2n2-1). (C.)
3. (a) If IX and fJ are the roots of the equation ax2+bx+c=0, express
in terms of IX and f3 the sum and products of the roots of the
equation a2x2 + (b2 - 2ac)x + b2 - 4ac = O.
(b) Find the values of nand k in order that the coefficients of x and
of x2 in the expansion of (1- x)nekx+6X2 may both be zero.
(N.)
B-O b-c A
4. Prove that, in a triangle ABO, tan -2- = -b- cot - .
+c 2
Solve the triangle ABO, given that b = 35·31 em, C = 16·29 em, A = 51 34'. 0

5. Assuming the formula for cos (A + B), prove that cos 2A = 2 cos2 A-I
and that cos 3A = 4 cos3 A - 3 cos A.
Find the six angles between 0 and 360 which satisfy the equation
0 0

2 cos 38 = I, and use your result to obtain, correct to three significant

figures, the three roots of the equation 8x3 - 6x - 1 = O. (L.)
6. Find the equation of the circle S that passes through the point (0, 6)
and also through the points of intersection of the circle
x2 + y2 - 6x - lOy + 32 = 0
with the line x - y + 2 = O.
If A, B are the points (8,4), (0, 10) respectively, prove that AB touches
the circle S and determine the coordinates of the point 0 which is such that
the circle touches the sides of the triangle ABO. (N.)
7. Prove that the equation of the normal to the ellipse x2/a2+y2/b2= 1
at the point P (a cos 8, b sin 8) is ax sin 8 - by cos 8 = (a2 - b2) sin 8 cos 8.
lf there is a value of 8 between 0 and 1T'/2 such that the normal at P
passes through one end of the minor axis, show that the eccentricity of the
ellipse must be greater than 1/";2. (C.)
 296 REVISION PAPERS

8. (i) Obtain the differential coefficients with respect to x of .J5x2 - 1

and loge (x3 - 3x).
(ii) Prove that the curves y = x + cos x, y = eX touch each other when
x = 0 with Y = x + 1 as the common tangent. Prove also that
the curves have no other point in common. (N.)
9. Sketch the locus of the point (cos3 t, sin3 t) where t is a parameter, and
find the area enclosed by the locus. (C.)
dx
10. (a) Find
J x---(x+
2 1)
(b) By means of the substitution t = tan !x, find the value of
in dx
f o 3 + 5 cos x (C.)

PAPER B (5)
1. (a) Solve the simultaneous equations x (y + 3) = 4, 3y (x - 4) = 5.
(b) If]J and q are real and not zero, find the condition that the roots
of the equation 2p2X2 + 2pqx + q2 - 3p2 = 0 are l'C'u1.
If the roots of this equation are a and f3, prove that a2 + f32 is
independent of p and q. (N.)
2. (a) Find the first five terms of the expansion of (1- 4x)! in ascend-
ing powers of x.
(b) Find the values of the constants a, b, c in the approximate
formula
log 1 +x _ 2x(1 - ~~1=CX7,
e 1- x 1 - bx2
in which x is so small that powers of x above the seventh can
be neglected. (N.)
3. Draw the graph of cos ~-x for values of x between 0 and 27T radians.
Use your graph to obtain an approximate root of the equation
47T cos ix+x=27T. (N.)
4. Prove
tan A - 3 tan 3A tan A - 3 cot A
(i) cot A - 3 cot 3A cot A - 3 tan A
(ii) 4 cos ()cos (23 + ()) cos (2; - ())= cos
7T
3().

5. Express a cos2 () + h sin ()cos ()+ b sin 2 () in terms of cos 2() and sin 2()
and hence in the form! (a + b) + p sin (2() + y).
When a=- 4, b = 1, h = 4, show that the maximum and minimum values
of the expression are 5 and 0 respectively. (L.)
6. Two sides of a parallelogram lie along the lines
x - y + 1 = 0, 2x + 3y - 6 = 0
and the diagonals meet at the point (1, i). Find the coordinates of the
vertices of the parallelogram and the equations of the other two sides. (L.)
7. The tangents at points P and Q on a parabola intersect at R. The
line through R parallel to the axis of the parabola intersects PQ at M.
Prove that M is the midpoint of PQ. (C.)
 REVISION PAPERS 297
dy
2

8. If x2 + 2xy + 3y2 = 1, prove that (x + 3y)3 dx2 + 2 = O.

9. Calculate the coordinates of the point of intersection of the curves

3y = 4eX + 2e-X and y = e-X• Calculate also the coordinatos of tho point on
the first curve for which y is a minimum.
With the same axes and scales, sketch the curves y=ex, y=e-a; and
3y=4ex+2e-x• (C.)
10. Make a rough sketch of the parabola 4y = 3x2 - 2x + 3, and verify
that the tangents f\t P (1, 1), Q ( - 1, 2) pass through the origin O.
Determine the area bounded by these tangents and the arc of the
parabola between the points of contact. Find also the volume generated
by a complete revolution about the x-axis of that part of the above area
that lies in the first quadrant. (N.)

PAPER B (6)
1. How many sets of 4 cards is it possible to select from an ordinary
pack of 52 playing cards, each Retof 4 being drawn from the complete pack?
How many of these sets will contain (a) one ace, (b) two aces, (c) at least
one ace? (N.)
2(x2 - 1)
2. Express in partial fractions x (2x _ 3) Sketch the graph of the

function ~jx2 - 1) .
x(2x-3)
3. Find the coefficients of x, x2 and x3 in the expansion of
eax +b loge (1 + x) - ';(1 + 2x)
in ascending powers of x. Show that a and b can be determined so that all
these coefficients are zero. (N.)
4. Prove that
(i) sin (0:+13)sin (0:- f3)=sin2 0:-sin2 13,
(ii) if A + B + C + D = 21T, then
cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 20 + cos 2D
= 4 cos (A + B) cos (A + 0) cos (A + D). (L.)
5. State formulae for the area of a triangle in terms of (i) b, c, A, (ii) a, b,
c.
Find the area of the quadrilateral A BOD in which AB =5 m, BO =3 m,
OD = 10 m, DA = 8 m and the internal angle ABO = 120°.
6. Show that the point P with coordinates (l-=-txI + tx !=tYI
2, + tY2)
lies on the line joining PI (Xl' YI) and P 2 (x2, Y2) and that PIP = tP IP 2'
The coordinates of points A, B, 0 are ( - a, 0), ( - a, 4a), (3a, 4a) respec-
tively. A point P is taken in BO so that BP = tBO and a point Q in AP so
that AQ = tAP. If t varies, show that the locus of Q is a parabola and ob-
tain its focus. (N.)
7. Show that the equation of the tangent at the point (ct, cft) on the
rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 is x + t2y = 2(',[.
N P is the ordinate of a point P on the hyperbola; the tangent at P meets
the y-axis at 111, and the line through .Ai parallel to the x-axis meets the
curve at Q. Show that NQ is the tangent at Q.
298 REVISION PAPERS
8. Find the maximum possible value of the volume of a cylinder which
can be cut from a solid hemisphere of radius a and has its axis perpendicular
to the base of the hemisphere. (N.)
9. (a) Use Maclaurin's series to obtain the first three terms in the ex-
pansion of loge (1 + sin x) in ascending powers of x.
(b) In triangle ABO, angle A is calculated from lmown values of
a, b, B. Show that the error in A due to a small error 8b in b, is approxi-
I a sin B . Db
mate y b2 cos A - .
x
10. Sketch the curve y = --2 and find the area enclosed by the curve
x+
and the lines x = 0, x = 1, Y = 1. Find also the volume obtained by revolving
this area through four right angles about the line y= 1. (C.)

PAPER B (7)
1. If ct, {3are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 2px + q = 0, prove
that 2 log {.Jy - ct + .Jy - {3}
=log 2 + log {y + p + .Jy2 + 2py + q}. (N.)
2. (i) Write down the (r+ l)th term in the expansion of (1 +x)l2 in
ascending powers of x, when x = ,03. Show that if r > 3, the
(r + l)th term is less than one-tenth of the rth term.
(ii) In the expansion of (1 + x + px2)7 the coefficient of x2 is zero.
Find the value of p. (L.)
3. The angular elevation of the summit of a mountain is measured from
three points on a straight level road. From a point due south of tho sum-
mit the elevation is ct; from a point due east of it the elevation is {3; and
from the point of the road nearest to the summit the elevati(~llis y. If the
direction of the road makes an angle 8 east of north, prove that
(i) tan8=tanctcot{3, (ii) tan2y=tan2ct+tan2{3.
Find y, if B=31° and cc=8°. (C.)
4. (i) Find the greatest and least values of sin x + cos x - 1.
(ii) Prove that if x is positive, the expression 2x - sin 2x is always
positive.
5. Prove that the common chord of the circles
x2 + y2 = 50 and x2 + Y2 - 2x - 4y = 40
is a diameter of the second circle, and that the circles cut at an angle of
tan-I!. (C.)
6. Find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse x2 fa2 + y2 fb2 = 1 at the
point (a cos B, b sin B).
The tangent at any point on an ellipse cuts the minor axis at Q, and cuts
the tangent at an end of the major axis at R. Prove that QR = QS, where
S is a focus. (N.)
7. The curves y2 = 4ax and xy = c2 intersect at right angles. Prove that
(i) c4 = 32a4 and (ii) if the tangent and normal to either curve at the point
of intersection meets the x-axis at T and G, then 'PG = 6a. (C.)

8• (1)
. curve for w h'lC h ely
. 0 n a certam - =x +- a t he pomt
. (2,)1 IS
. a
d:r: x2'
point of inflexion. Find the value of a and the equation of
the curve.
 REVISION PAPERS 299
(ii) A body moves in a straight line, 80 that its displacement 8 from
a fixed point in the line after time t is given by s = aePt + be-pt.
If the initial displacement is zero and the initial velocity is u,
find the values of a and Q, and prove that the velocity v at
displacement 8 is given by V2=U2+p2S2. (C.)

9. Find I (x+ dx1)~x - and I sin3 x dx.

3 X2 +x - 3 7T~3
Show that I 1 x(xz+3) dX=18' (N.)
10. Draw a rough graph of the curve y = sec2 x for values of x between
-~7T and ~7T.
The area enclosed by the curve, the line y = 0, and the lines x = 0, x = i7T,
is rotated about the x-axis. Find the volume of the solid of revolution so
obtained. (C.)

PAPER B (8)
1. In how many ways can five a's and nine b's be arranged in a line?
In how many ways can they be arranged if no two a's are to come together?
• If'
2 . (a) R esoIve (x2 + 5X2 •
1) (x _ 2) mto partIa ractIOns.
. . (22n - 3 X 22n-2) (3n - 2 x 3n-2)
(b) SImplIfy 3n-4(4n+3 _ 22n) (N.)
2
x +1)4x
3• If' X ISrea I an d y= (x+ +5 h hI'
(x+ 3) , prove t at y as no va ue numerI-
cally less than 1. Sketch the graph of the curve represented by the equa-
tion. (N.)
4. If G is the centroid of the triangle ABO and L1its area, prove that
9AGz=2b2+2c2-a2 and tanBGO=12L1j(bz+c2-5a2). (L.)
5. (a) Find all the solutions between 0 and 180 of the equation 0 0

sin 2x = cos 3x.

(b) Simplify cos (B + <p) cos 4> + sin (B + 4» sin 4>.
. 3 +4x 6+ 7x
(c) Prove that, If tan A =-4 3 and tan B=-7--' the value of
- x -6x
tan (A - B) is independent of x. (N.)
6. Show that the line ax + by = C1 + C2 lies midway between the lines
ax + by = 2c1> ax + by = 2cz•
The gradient of the side AB of a rectangle ABOD is 2. The point (2, 3)
lies on AB and the point ( - 1, 2) on AD. The intersection of the diagonalE>
is the point (t, 5). Find the equations of the sides of the rectangle. (N.)
7. Find the equation of the chord joining the points
(at12,2at1), (at22,2at2)
on the parabola y2 = 4ax.
If p 1>P z, P 3' P 4 are distinct points on the parabola, and if both the
chords I\Pz, P3P4 pass through the focus (a, 0), prove that the chords P1P3,
P 2P 4 meet on, or are parallel to, the directrix x + a = O.
8. Find the values to three significant figures, of

II --
x
o 1 + x2
dx
'
Jl
0 ~
---
x
1 + x2
dx
'
II 0
tan
---
-1 x

1 + x2
dx
•
(C.)
300 REVISION PAPERS
9. (a) Differentiate with respect to x :
(i) .J3 - 4x2 ; (ii) sin-1 x + loge .Jl - x2; (iii) sin 3x - cos3 x.
(b) Show that the equation of the tangent to the curve y = eX at the
point where y= 2 is y - 2x= 2 -loge 4. (N.)
10. Draw the graph of .Jsin x for values of x from 0 to 1T/2 and hence
1T/2 -
obtain an approximate value of
J0 .Jsin x dx, giving your answer correct to
two significant figures. (C.)

PAPER B (9)
1. Solve the equations x2 + 2yz = - 11, y2 + 2zx = - 2, Z2+ 2xy = 13.
2. (i) How many numbers greater than one million can be formed by
using the figures 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2? How many of these num-
bers are divisible by 4?
(ii) Write down the first four terms in the expansion of (1 - x)-t. By
putting x = lo' find the value of .J2, correct to five decimal
places. (N.)
3. OA, OB are perpendicular lines in a horizontal plane. P is a point
vertically above A and Q is a point vertically above B. Prove that
PQ2=OP2+0Q2_ 2AP. BQ
and deduce that cos POQ = sin AOP sin BOQ. (L.)
4. (a) Solve the equation 2 sin 0 + sin 20 = sin ~e, giving all solutions
between ± 180 0
•

2X
(b) If sin 2A = 1
+x
2 and sin 2B = 12Y
+y
2' show that there are four

possible values of tan (A - B), one of which is lY - x • (N.)

+xy
5. If a, b, e, d are the lengths of the sides AB, BO, OD, DA respectively
of a cyclic quadrilateral, prove by using the Cosine Rule, that
A02 = (ae + bd)(ad + be) ; BD2 = (ae + bd)(ab + cd) •
~+~ ~+~
6. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the ellipse
x2+ 3y2= 2a2
at the point (a, a/.J3). If the tangent meets the x-axis at P and the normal
meets the y-axis at Q, show that PQ touches the ellipse. (N.)
7. Points P, Q on a rectangular hyperbola are such that the tangent at
Q passes through the foot of the ordinate at P. Show that the locus of the
midpoint of the chord PQ is a rectangular hyperbola with the same asymp-
totes as the given hyperbola.
8. From a fixed point A, on the circumference of a circle of radius T, a
straight line is drawn perpendicular to the tangent at a variable point P,
cutting it at Y. Find the maximum area of tho triangle APY.
If B is the other extremity of the diameter through A, find the maximum
value of the sum of BP and PY. (N.)
 REVISION PAPERS 301
9. Show, by use of the calculus, that for all positive values of x,
X2 X2 x3
(i) x-2"<loge(1+x)<x-2"+3'
") 3 sin x
(11 2 + cos x < x. (C.)

4 xdx
10. (i) Evaluate
Jo -=
"'2x+ 1
.
.. By means of the su b'stItutIOn
(u) . t = tan x, find J d.t: ..
00S2 X +4 sm 2 x
(C.)

PAPER B (10)
1. (a) If the roots ofax2 + 2bx + c = 0 are real, show that the roots of
ax2+ 2(ac+ b)x+ac2+ 2bc+c=0
are also real.
(b) Show that the roots of the equation ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 are

- ~{1± (1- ~)!}.

If ac is very small compared with b2, deduce that the roots of the
. . I
equatIOn are approxnnate y -
2b
a
cdc
+ 2b an - 2b . (N.)

2. Find, correct to two decimal places, the positive root of the equation
x4+2x-7=0. (C.)
3. (i) Find a formula for all angles whose tangents are the same as
that of a given angle ex.
(ii) If tan (2A - 3B) = cot (3A - 2B), and
tan (2A + 3B) = cot (3A + 2B),
show that A and B are both multiples of 18° and that, if A is
an odd multiple, then B is an even multiple.
(iii) Find the general solution of the equation 11 sin x - 2 cos x = 5.
(N.)
4. A straight pole AB makes an angle of 20° with the vertical; P is a
point in the horizontal plane through A so that AP is perpendicular to AB
and AP=AB. Find the angle which PB makes with the horizontal. (N.)
I cot 3x
5. Prove that 3 ~ cot x ~ 3.
6. PQ is a variable focal chord of the parabola y2 = 4ax; the normals
at P, Q meet at N; show that the locus of N is the parabola y2=a(x - 3a).
7. Obtain the equation of the normal to the ellipse x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 at
the point (a cos 8, b sin 8). The normal at P to the ellipse meets the x-axis
at A and the y-axis at B. Show that the locus of Q, the midpoint of AB, is
an ellipse with the same eccentricity as the original ellipse. Also, if the
eccentric angle of Pis 1T/4, show that PQ is a tangent to the second ellipse.
(N.)
8. (a) Differentiate, with respect to x,

(i) (x - :)~: - 3) , (ii) loge {2x2 + 1 + 2x"'x + I},

2 (iii) e-5X sin 3x.
302 REVISION PAPERS
(b) If x=a cos3 8, y=b sin3 8, find in terms of 8, the values of
dy d2y
dx and dx2' (N.)

9. The gradient of the curve whose equation is y = ax3 + bx2 + c has the
stationary value - 6. When x = - 2, Y has the stationary value 2. Verify
that the point ( - I, - 2) lies on the curve, find the equation of the tangent
at this point, and sketch the curve and tangent in the neighbourhood. (0.)
10. Evaluate the integrals:

(i) J2 dx
0;;2 + 4 ; 11
(") J3 (x + 3) (x _ I) dx;
2
X (iii) J:/3 cos x dx;
3

1T14

(iv)
J0 cos2 2x dx. (N.)

PAPER B (II)
1. (a) Solve the equation 2X = 5. x 32X
.. I f x+ 4
(b) Find the maximum an d millimum va ues a 2 _ 3x _ 2x2'

2. Find how many distinct selections of eight coins may be made from
three pennies, five twopences, seven fivepences and nine tenpences, such
that each selection includes at least one of each type of coin. (C.)
3. Write down the first four terms of the expansions of loge (1 + x) and
eX in ascending powers of x, assuming the expansions are valid.
If x is so small that x4 may be neglected, prove, by taking logarithms, the
approximate formula e-X(l + xp-tx = l-x2+ l.72X3• (N.)
4. (a) Prove the identities cosec ()- cot ()=tan !(),
sec 8 + tan 8= tan (!() + t7T).
(b) The median CN of a triangle ABC meets the side AB in the
point N. If ()is the angle ANC, prove that
2c cos () c sin 8 I
a2-b2 =2T=CN'
where L1 is the area of f:::, ABC.
5. Eliminate 8 between the equations
x=a cos2 8+ b sin2 8, y= (a - b) sin 8 cos ().
6. P is any point on the ellipse x2/a2 + y2/b2 = I, (a >b); A, A' are the
ends of the major axis; AP meets the minor axis at Q. Prove that the
line through Q parallel to A'P is a tangent to one of the parabolas
ay2 ±4b2x = o. (0.)
7. Obtain the equation of the tangent at the point (Xl> YI) on the hyper-
bola xy = c2 in the form X/Xl + Y/YI = 2.
The circle 2x2 + 2y2 = a2 + b2 and the ellipse b2x2 + a2y2 = a2b2 intersect in
the first quadrant at P. The line joining P to the origin meets the hyper-
bola xy = c2 at Q and R. Show that the tangent at P to the ellipse and the
tangents at Q and R to the hyperbola are all parallel. (N.)
8. (a) If a variable tangent to the curve x2Y=C3 makes intercepts a, b
on the axes of x and y respectively, prove that a2b is constant.
(b) If the fraction! is divided into two positive parts x, y, prove that
the value of X2y3 is not greater than 0·00108.
 REVISION PAPERS 303
9. Find the position of the centre of gravity of a plane liPnina of uni·
form density in the form of a quadrant of an ellipse of semi-axes a and b.
(C.)

10 • Fin d : (i)
J ~; dx "}
(11
J 1 + 3x
(x-3}(x2+I)
d
X;
(""")
111
JI
oxe
x d
x.

PAPER B (12)
1. (i) Show that x = 2 is one root of the equation
x3 - 4x2+ (q+ 4)x - 2q=0.
If the two remaining roots differ by 4, find the value of q and
solve the equation completely.
(ii) Solve the equation ../3(x - 2) (x - 3) - ../(x - 2}(x - 5) =x - 2.
(L.)
2. (a) If x is sufficiently small for powers of x above the third to be
neglected, prove that
1 + 6x - 6X2) 7 61)
loge ( I + x _ 6x2 = 5x 1 - 2 x + 3 x2
(
approximately.
(b) Prove that the coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 - x + x2)eX
in ascending powers of x is (n - 1}2jn!. (N.)
3. (a) If tan 8= 1, calculate in fractional form, the values of sin 29
and sin 40.
Any point P is taken on the circumference of a circle of radius 5r.
With P as centre an arc of a circle radius 8r is drawn to cut the
given circle. Show that the smaller of the two areas into which
the circle is divided by the arc is 2r2 (12 - 70) where tan {}= t.
(b) Find the least value of 8 >0 which satisfies the equation
tan 28 - 2 tan 8=sin 28. (N.)
4. ABOD is a trapezium in which AB is parallel to aD; AB = a,
BO= b, aD = c, DA = d; prove that the squares of the diagonals are
ab2 - cd2 ad2 - eb2
ae+--- and ac+---
a-c a-c
5. Show that, if (XI> Y1) is a point on the circle x2 + y2 =a2, then for any
value of k the equation
x2 + y2 - a2 + k (xx1 + YY1 - a2) = 0
represents a circle which touches the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at the point (XI> Y1)'
Determine the equation of the circle a which passes through the point
(5, I) and touches the circle x2 + y2 = 2 at the point (I, I), and find the
equations of the tangents to a that are parallel to the line y=x. (N.)
6. A variable chord through the focus of the parabola y2 = 4ax cuts the
curve at P and Q. The straight line joining P to (O,O) cuts the straight
line joining Q to ( - a, O)at R. Prove that the equation of the locus of R is
y2+8x2+4ax=0. (N.)
7. PI> P2 are points on the curve xy=c2; the tangents atPI>P2meet
the line y = 0 at A1, A2 respectively and the line x = 0 at B1, B2 respectively.
Prove that the chord P1P'/. passes through the midpoints of AlA'/. and B1B2•
(C.)
 REVISION PAPERS
8. (i) Find the coordinates of the point P on the curve y = 2x2 + Six,
the tangent at which passes through the origin. Obtain also
the coordinates of Q where the tangent at P meets the curve
again.
(ii) Find the maximum value of the function 2 sin x + sin 2x. (N.)

9. Find (i) I X2(:~ 1) where x >1; (ii) I tan4.x dx;

and evaluate
I6

3
x(x - 4)
-=-dx.
../X - 2
(N.)

10. (a) A line drawn parallel to the y-axis meets the curve 4y=e2X+e-2X
at P and the x-axis at N, Show that the projection of PN on
the normal to the curve at P is of constant length.
(b) Sketch the curve y2= (x - 3) (x - 5)2, and find the area of the
loop. (N.)

PAPER C (1)

= 5x + 8x+ 4
2
1. If x is real and y 2 ' prove that y cannot lie between
x +x
-4 and +4.
Find the coordinates of the turning· points on the graph of y and the
value of x at the point where the graph crosses its horizontal asymptote.
Sketch the graph from x= - 3 to x= + 3. (N.)
2. Write down the first five terms of the series for loge (1 + t) and

loge (1- t), and deduce that loge ../3=

- 2+1 31 . 23+
1 51 . 25+
1 ....
Showfurtherthatloge2../3=1+
- (12+3"22+
1) 1 (14+5 1) 2"4+
1 (16+7 1) 26+····
1
(N.)

3. Prove that the equation 4 cos ~x 2 = 3x + 1, where x is measured in

radians, has a root lying between x = 0·4 and x = 0,5. Use Newton's method
to obtain this root correct to two decimal places.
4. In any triangle ABO, prove that
A B - b 0
(')
1
•
sm
1
2" ( - ) = a-c- cos "2 '
(ii) sin 2 B + sin 2 0 = 1 + cos (B - 0) cos A. (N.)
5. Circles are drawn to touch the line x + a = 0 and to pass through the
point (a, 0). Find the equation of the locus of the centre.
Deduce the number of circles which pass through two given points and
touch a given line. (C.)
6. The normal at a point P on the parabola y2 = 4ax meets the ellipse
2x2 + y2 = c2 in the points M, N. Prove that P is the midpoint of JYIN.
Hence, or otherwise, prove that the conics cut at right angles. (C.)
7. (a) Differentiate with respect to x :
(i) x tan-1 x -loge ../1+ x2, (ii) (2 sin 2x - cos 2x + 5)e-x•
 REVISION PAPERS 30fl

(b) The abscissa x of a point P moving along the x-axis is given in

terms of the time t by the equation x = 16(e-t - e-2t).
Determine the acceleration when P reaches its maximum
distance from 0 and the maximum speed in the subsequent
motion. (N.)
2y
8. Find the values of ddy, dd2 and the radius of curvature at the point
;f, x
(1,0) on the curve 3x2 + 8xy - 3y2 = 3. Draw a figure showing the curve, the
tangent, and the circle of curvature at this point. (C.)

9. (a) Find I :1+_xX dx and I sin 3 x cos3 X dx.

x-a
I I
(b) Find the value of a for which (
Ox+
I) (3
x+l)
dx = o. (N.)

10. Make a rough sketch of the curve xy2 = a2 (a - x) and prove that the
area between the curve and the axis of y is 7Ta2•

PAPER C (2)
1. Find " in terms of a and b so that the values of x given by the equa-
tion 2" = ~l + ~I may be equal, a and b being positive and unequal.
x x+ x-
If '\10 '\2 are the two values of " for which this is true, and XH x2 the
corresponding values of x, prove that "1'\2 = (a - b)2 and X1X2 = 1. (N.)
2. (a) Prove that, if n is any positive integer, the coefficient of xn in the
"
expansIOn 0
+x)3 .
f (II _x ill ascen d"mg powers 0 f" x 18 4n2 + 2.
(b) Prove the approximate formula

loge (~) =!(a - b) (~+t) ,

where a, b are positive and (a - b)fa is small, and show that the
error is l{(a - b)fap approximately. (N.)
3. Find the values of 0 between 0 and 360 which satisfy the equation
0 0

I + cos 0+ cos 20+ 2 (sin O+sin 20) =0. (C.)

4. If cos 0 = tan 0, find the value of sin e.

In one diagram, sketch the graphs of cos 0 and tan 0 from 0 = - 27T to
O=27T.
Show that, when the units of length on the axes are equal, the graphs
intersect at right angles. (N.)
5. A right circular cone has base radius 3 cm and height 7 cm. A plane
is drawn to cut at right angles a generator at a point 6 cm. from the vertex.
Find the ratio of the areas into which this plane divides the base.
6. P is a variable point on the parabola y2 = 4ax, latus rectum LL'.
Through L, L' recpectively, lines are drawn perpendicular to LP, L'P.
Prove that these lines meet on a fixed straight line. Verify that the normal
at L and the line through L' parallel to the axis of the parabola intersect on
this line. (C.)
 REVISION PAPERS
7. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve 3ay2=xl(x+a) at the
point (2a, 2a).
Fino the coordinates of the point P at which this tangent meets the
curve again, and prove that it is normal to the curve at P. (C.)
8. (a) Obtain the equations of the tangents at the two points of
inflexion on the curve y = 3x2 - 1/x2•
(b) A solid circular cylinder of volume V is placed with its axis
coinciding with the axis of a hollow right circular cone of
volume Vo and with the circumference of one end in contact
with the curved surface of the cone. Prove that, whatever the
radius of the cylinder may be, part of the cylinder will be out-
side the cone if V>t-Vo' (N.)
9. Evaluate
2 dx 2
J1./i2+8x-4x ,Jo3 x loge (I + x) dx and J3 dx • (C.)
2x(l+x2)
10. If the velocity of a point moving in a straight line is v when its
displacement from a fixed origin on the line is x, prove that the accelera-
. . dv
tlOn IS v dx'
A particle P has an acceleration inversely proportional to the square of
its distance from a fixed point 0 in a direction away from O. P is initially
at rest at a distance 4 m from O. When Pis 5 m from 0 its acceleration is
8 m S-2, Prove that when OP is 8 m, the velocity of P is ·.../50
m S-I.

PAPER C (3)
1. Find the greatest value, for a given value of n, of the number of com-
binations of n things, all different, taken r together (a) when n is even, (b)
when n is odd.
Find the number of combinations of four letters which can be formed
from the letters a, b, c, d, e, anyone of which may be used twice at most in
any particular combination. (N.)
2. Sketch, in the same diagram, the graphs of eX, e-:J: and cosh x.

If Y = C cosh ~ and y - c = k, where k is small and positive, prove that

c
x2= 2ck - !k2 approximately. (C.

3. Obtain an expression for tan (A + B + 0) in terms of the tangents of

A,B,a.
If A, B, a are the angles of a triangle, prove that
(i) tan A + tan B + tan a = tan A tan B tan 0,
(ii) cot tA + cot iB + cot lO=cot lA cot lB cot lO. (N.)
4. In f::::,ABC,A, B, c are measured and a is calculated. If there is an
error of x minutes in the measured value of A, show that the error in the
· . I 7TXC sin B
caIcuIate d va Iue 0 f a IS approxrmate y 10800 sin2 (A +B) •
5. Show that, if the line lx + my + n = 0 touches the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c= 0,
then (l2 + m2) (g2 +P - c) == (gl + fm - n)l,
If ab >0, find the equations of the common tangents of the circles
x2+y2=2ax and X2+y2+ 2bx=0.
 REVISION PAPERS ~07

6. A point moves in a hyperbola so that the difference of its distances

from the points (4,0) and (- 4,0) is constant and equal to 6. Find the
equation of the hyperbola.
Prove that the line y = mx + c will be a tangent to the hyperbola if
c2 = 9m2 - 7, and hence obtain the equation of the locus of the meet of
perpendicular tangents. (C.)

7 . (a ) D'ff '. .h
1 erentmte WIt respect to x,
('I) tan-l (X-6)
3-2 ' ("11) x+2
-- e-:C.
x+ x-2
(b) If xy = h - 9c2x + x3 + k log x, where h, k, c are constants, deter-
mine the values of x for which
2 d2y dy _
X dx2+ 3x dx +y-O. (N.)

M. (a) Find the values of x for which y = x sin x + cos x is stationary in

the range - 1T::;::;X ::;::;1T, and determine in each case whether the
stationary value corresponds to a maximum value of y, to a
minimum value of y, or to a point of inflexion.
(b) Find the least value of y=a sin x - b cos x for values of x in the
range O::;::;x::;::;1T, in the cases (i) b >a >0, (ii) b >0 >a. (C.)

9. Find J x 7x++12)dx
2 and J x 10g
2
e x dx.

Show that J~X3~I-X2dx=2/15. (N.)

10. Solve the differential equations

(i) (I +x)2 dy +y2= I,
dx
(ii) (I +x2) ~~ +xy= 1 +x2• (0.)

PAPER 0 (4)
1. Write down the series for ../1 + x in ascending powers of x as far as
the term in x'.
Show also that the error in taking t (6 + x) - -2 1 as an approximation to
+x
~I + x when x is small is approximately x4j 128. (0.)
1 1 1
2. If p and q are the roots of -- + --b + - = 0 and a2 + b = 4ab,
2 prove
x+a x+ x
that p2 + q2 = 6pq.
3. If f(x) = (eX - 1)/(eX + 1), show that f( - x) = - f(x).
If x is so small that x5 and higher powers of x are negligible, find the
values of the constants a, b, c, d in the approximation
eX -I
--I=ax+bx2+cx3+dx'. (N.)
eX+
() () 5(}
4. Prove that 2 cos 2 (cos ()- cos 2(}) = cos 2 - cos 2" .
Solve the equation cos ()- cos 2(} =!, for values of ()in the range 0::;::; () ::;::;21T.
(C.)
308 REVISION PAPERS
5. A straight line is drawn through the point P (- 2a, 0) to meet the
parabola y2 = 4ax at the points Q, R. Prove that the normals to the
parabola at Q, R meet on the parabola. (0.)
6. Prove that the equation of the chord of the ellipse b2x2 + a2y2 = a2b2
joining the points (a cos 0:, b sin 0:) and (a cos fl, b sin fJ) is

ax cos -2-
0:+f3
+
Y . 0:+f3
b sm -2- = cos -2-
0:-f3
.
Through a point P on the major axis of an ellipse, a chord HK is drawn.
Prove that the tangents at Hand K meet the line through P at right angles
to the major axis at points equidistant from P. (C.)
. 4x - 13
7. Show that, for real values of x, the functIOn ----- cannot
(x-l)(x-3)
have any value between 1 and 4. For what values of x is the function
positive?
8. Sk~tch the curve (a2+x2)y=a2(a-x) where a>O. Verify that the
three P()il~ts of inflexion are collinear. (N.)
9. Evaluate
. J4 x2 + 4x - 14 1714

(1) 1 (x + 2) (x + 5)(x + 8) dx, (ii)

J0' sin2 x sin 2x dx,

(iii) J: x loge x dx. (N.)

10. Solve the differential equations

dy
(I') (2x - x ) dx = y, w1lere y = 1 wh en x = 2,
(ii) cosx~~+nYSinx=cosn+3x, wherey=O when x=O. (C.)

PAPER C (5)

1. Show that, if y = x -a
+1
~2 2' Y takes all real values twice except those for
1
which - (i2 ~y ~ 1.

Sketc h t h e curve y = xX2 + 41 ' m

. d'lOat"t
mg 1 s asymp t 0 t es. (C.)
2 _

2. Sketch the graph of the function x3 - 3x. Show that, if I k 1< 2, the
equation x3 - 3x = k has three roots which lie one in each of the intervals
- 2< x< - 1, - 1< x< 1, 1< x< 2. Show further that the root of smallest
modulus lies between -lk and -lk. (N.)

3. Prove that if tan x=k tan (A - x), then sin (2x - A) = ~ ~ ~ sin A.
Find all the angles between 0 and 360 which satisfy the equation
0 0

2 tan x - tan (30 x) = O. 0

- (C.)
4. Two consecutive plane faces of a pyramid on a horizontal base make
angles oc and f3 with the horizontal; the corresponding base edges are
inclined at an angle y. If the line of intersection of the two faces is inclined
at an angle 8 to the horizontal, prove that
cot2 8 = cosec2 y (cot2 ex: + cot2 fJ + 2 cot ex: cot fJ cos y).
 REVISION PAPERS 309
5. Find the equation of the normal at the point (at2, 2at) of the parabola
y2= '1a:r.
The point 0 is the origin, P is the point (at2, 2at) and the point Q on the
parabola is such that OP and PQ are equally inclined in opposite senses to
tho axis of the parabola. Prove that the circumcentre of the triangle OPQ
lies on the normal at P. (C.)
6. Normals are drawn from the point (~, 2C) to the rectangular hyper-
bola 2xy = c Show that the feet of the only two real normals will lie on
2•

the line 4x - 2y + 3c= O.

7. Prove that the only maximum value of the function xe-:l: occurs
when x=l.
If a is a positive number less than lie, show that the equation xe-:l:=a
has two and only two real solutions. [It may be assumed that xe-x-,>-O as
x-'>-oo .J
If a is chosen so that one of these solutions is x = 2, verify that the other
root is about 0·4 and find its value correct to two decimal places. (C.)
8. Find the nth differential coefficient with respect to x of (i) cos ax,
(ii) loge (l+x).
If x = ay2 + by + 0, where a, band 0 are constants, prove that
ddx2-
2y _ _
2a
(ddxy)3 • (C.)
9. Prove that
(i) cosh-1x= ±loge (x+.Jx2-1);
(ii) the area enclosed by the curve y2 (x2 - 2x - 3) = 1 and the lines
x--312' -5'
X- IS
21oge --2-.
2+.J3 (C)
.

10. The parametric equations of a curve are x=a cos3 8, y=a sin3 8. If
P is the point with parameter e,
and the tangent at P meets the axes of
coordinates at Q and R, prove (i) the length QR is constant and equal to a,
(ii) the radius of curvature at P is 3a sin 8 cos 8. (C.)

PAPER C (6)
1. Write down the series in ascending powers of x for (1- x)-n and
state the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid.
'fl'
Sum to ill h .55.8 5.8.11 (C.)
mty t e serIeS 12+ 12.18+ 12.18.24 + ...•
2. Define the hyperbolic functions cosh x and sinh x.
Prove that
(i) cosh (u + v) = cosh u cosh v + sinh u sinh v ;
(ii) sinh2 u cos2 V + cosh2 u sin2 v= 1(cosh 2u - cos 2v). (C.)
3. Find the general solutions of the following equations, where 8 is
measured in degrees:
(i) 2 sin 38 - 7 cos 20 + sin 8 + 1 = 0,
(ii) cos 0 - sin 20 + cos 38 - sin 4(}= O.
sin (A + B) sin (A - B) sin A
4. If
p q r
prove that cos B =p; q and sin B =P 2~q tan A.

x
P.E.A.
310 REVISION PAPERS
p2+q2 _ 2r2
Hence, show that cos 2A = 2 ( 2 ).
r -pq
5. P is a point with coordinates (X, Y). The feet of the perpendiculars
from P to the lines y=x tan oc and y= - x tan oc are Q and R.
The midpoint of QR is M. Show that the angle POM, where 0 is the
~rigin, is
1 XY cos 20:
tan- X2 cos2 0: + Y2sin2 0: •
6. Show that the coordinates of a point on the hyperbola x2/a2 - y2/b2 = I
can be expressed in terms of a parameter t by the relations
x-a x+a y
at2 -a be"
Show also that if any point P on the hyperbola be joined to the ends A, A'
of the axis alongy=O, the line through A at right angles to PAmeetsPA' on
a fixed line. (C.)

7. Prove that, for x >0, each of the functions loge ( 1 +~)- 2x ~ 1 and

l/rJx(x + 1) -loge( 1 +~) decreases as x increases. To what limits do these

functions tend as x tends to infinity?

Deduce that, if x>O, 2/(2x+ 1)<loge (1 + ~)< 1/../x(x+ 1). (N.)

8. (i) Find

J 1 + +xcos x dx
1
and
J X2(X2
x+ 1
+ 1) dx.
(ii) Evaluate J~ x2(1- x)1/3 dx. (C.)
9. An arc of a circle of radius a sub tending an angle 2B at the centre is
rotated about its chord through an angle 27T• Prove that the area of the
surface of revolution so formed is 47Ta2 (sin B - B cos B).
It is required to find the value of B for which this area is 27Ta2• Verify,
using tables, that B = 1·2 radians is an approximate value, and obtain a
closer approximation, correct to three decimal places. (C.)
10. Solve the differential equations
(i) x dy = 1 _ y2 . (ii) dy = 1 + ¥- ; ''') d2y 3 dy 2
(111 dx2 - dx + y = 0.
dx ' dx x

PAPER C (7)
1. (a) Find the sum of all the odd numbers which are less than 6n+ I
and are not multiples of 3.
(b) By expressing the general term in partial fractions, find the sum
to n terms of the series
234
U-:4+~+~+ •••'
n+ 1
if I x 1< 1.
00

(c) Sum the series E -- xn

n=l n
 REVISION PAPERS 311
1 1
2. Ifx+-=1,provethatx7+-=1. (C.)
x x7
3. Write down the expansions of sin ()and cos 8 in ascending powers of
().
The area of a given circle is A and the areas of the inscribed and circum-
scribed regular polygons of n sides are denoted by Al and As'
Evaluate lim A - Al (C.)
n-HO A2 -A .
4. Show that if a2 + b2 >c2 there are in general two solutions of
a cos ()+b sin ()=c
in the range 0< 0< 360°.
Solve 8 cos 0 - sin 0=4,
and if IX and f3 are the values of 0 in the above range, find the quadratic
equation with integral coefficients, whose roots are sin IX and sin f3. (C.)
5. (a) Find the equation of the circle having as diameter the segment
intercepted on the line x cos IX + y sin IX = P by the circle
x2+y2=r2, given that r>p>O.
(b) Two circles of radii r, R, where r< R, touch internally. Prove
that the locus of the centres of circles which touch the larger
circle internally and the smaller externally is an ellipse of
eccentricity (R-r)/(R+r). (N.)
6. Find the equation of the tangent at the point (a cos (),b sin B) to the
ellipse x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1.
The chords AP and A'P, where AA' is the major axis of the ellipse and
P is the point (a cos 4>, b sin 4», meet the tangents at A', A respectively at
the points Q, R. Prove that QR is a tangent to the ellipse x2/a2 + y2/4b2 = 1.
(C.)
7. Find the radius of curvature at the point (Xl' Yl) on the curve
y...r5=x 3•

Hence show that the radius of curvature of this curve has a minimum
value at two points of the curve, and find the coordinates of these points.
(C.)
8. Prove that the equation of the normal at any point on the curve
given by x = 2 cos t - cos 2t, y = 2 sin t -- sin 2t, is
x cos -!t+y sin -!t=cos it.
Prove that the normals at the points t and t + 7T intersect at right angles,
and find the locus of their point of intersection.

9. (a) '¥hat is the value of J d: ' (i) when x is positive, (ii) when x is

negative?
2 dx
Evaluate J1 3x -- 8 .

(b) Find J smx

~x and
-x
J I
2

x ,dx.
10. Prove that the area bounded by the two curves ay = 2x2, y2 = 4ax is
ia2, and find the coordinates of the centroid of this area. (C.)
312 REVISION PAPERS

PAPER C (8)
1. Determine the number nPr of permutations and the number nOr of
combinations of n different things taken r at a time.
Show that, if two of the n things are alike, the number of combinations
of r things is n-l0r + n-20r-2 and the number of permutations of r things is
r(r -1)
n-1Pr+~ n-2Pr-2' (C.)

2. Find the ranges of values of ex in the interval 0 ~ ex ~ 27T for which the
roots of the equation in x,
x2 cos2 ex + ax(~ cos ex + sin ex) + a2= 0,
are real. (C.)
3. "\Vrite down the series for loge (1 + x) in ascending powers of x and
state the range of values of x for which it is valid.
Prove that, if n > 1,
n 1 n+ 1
loge n _ 1 >;;, >loge -n ;
and deduce that, if n is a positive integer,
1 1 1
1 + loge n > 1 + 2 + 3 + '" +;;, >loge (n + 1). (C.)

4. Find the real general solutions of the equations in 8 :

(i) tan 8 = a cos 28, given that 8 = 60° is one solution;
(ii) cos 8 = 2 tan 20. (C.)
5. Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the tangents to
the parabola y2= 4ax at the points (at12, 2at1) and (atz2, 2at2).
The line PQ is a tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax. The intercepts on PQ
made (i) by the pair of tangents drawn from a given point A, and (ii) by the
pair of tangents drawn from another given point B are equal in length.
Prove that the intercepts on any other tangent by the pairs of tangents
drawn from A and B are equal. (C.)
6. Two pairs of parallel tangents to the hyperbola xy = c2 form a
parallelogram PQRS. Prove that if one pair of opposite vortices lie on the
hyperbola xy = k2, the other pair lie on the hyperbola xy (k2 - cZ) = cZk2.
(C.)
7. A straight line makes equal intercepts of 2a on the axes of x and y.
Prove that its equation in polar coordinates is r cos (8 - 7T/4) =a.j2, 8 being
measured in a counter-clockwise sense from the axis of x.
Prove that the equation r = 4a cos 8 represents a circle.
Obtain the values of 8 for the two points of intersection of the straight
line and the circle. (C.)
8. A particle is projected from a point on a straight line with velocity u
and moves in that line in such a way that when it has traversed a diHtance 8
its velocity is u/(1 + ksu), where k is a constant. Prove that its returdation
varies as the cube of its velocity and find the time taken to reduce its
velocity to u/2.

9. Find (i) J x (loge X)2 dx, (ii) J cos x dx- cos2 X

•
a/2 -
Evaluate
Jo x2.ja2 - x2 dx • (C.)
 REVISION PAPERS 313
10. Solve the equations

(I') 2Y (X+ 1) (fX=

dy 4 +y, 2 given that y = 2 when x = 3,

(1'1') y cos2 x (fX

dy = tan x+ 2 , given that y=2 when x=7T/4. (C.)

PAPER C (9)

1. If 8 =:= 5x2 + 4x + 2 and 8' =:= x2 + 1, find the values of ,\ for which
8 + AS' is a multiple of the square of a linear expression in x.
Express 8 and 8' in the forms
8=:=p(x- IX)2+q(X- f3)2; 8'=:=p'(x- IX)2+q'(X- f3)2
determining the values of p, q, p', q', IX and f3. (C.)

2. (a) Express in partial fractions 6x/(x6 - 1).

(b) Find the sum of the first n terms of the series
1+22x+32x2+42x3+ ••••
If I x 1< 1, find also the sum to infinity. (N.)
3. Prove that

(i) cot ~~ 1 + cot (J if 0< (J< 7T.

(ii) (1 - sin (J)(5 sin (J + 12 cos (J + 13) ~ 0 for all real values of (J.
(C.)

4. A lighthouse A is at a distance a due south of a tower B on the coast.

A tower C is at a distance a due east of B. From a ship 8 at sea eastward of
the line AB and soutll\vard of the line BC the difference in the bearings of
A and B is IX and the difference in the bearings of Band Cis f3. If the angle
AR8 is y, show that
cot IX - 1
cot y=cot f3 - 1 '

provided that neither IX nor f3 is equal to 7T/4.

Find the distance of the ship from B in terms of a, IX and f3. (N.)
5. Show that, if a > 1, the roots of the equation a sin (J+ cos (J=a, lying
between 0 and 27T are !7T and an acute angle IX.
Show also that, if t is very small, the corresponding roots of the equation
a sin e + cos e = a + tare Q7T - t and IX + t.

6. Find the equation of the normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax at the

point (at2, 2at).
Prove that, ifp2 >8, two chords can be drawn through the point (ap2, 2ap)
which are normal to the parabola at their second points of intersection, and
that the line joining these points of intersection meets the axis of the
parabola in a fixed point, independent of p. (C.)

7. Sketch the curve x3 = 27ay2 and find the equation of the tangent at
the point (3at2, at3). Prove that the locus of tho point of intersection of
perpendicular tangents to the curve is y2 = 4a (x - 4a). (C.)
314 REVISION PAPERS
8. If a curve touches the y-axis at the origin, show that its radius of
curvature at the origin is lim y2/2x.
x--+O
Find the value of a, assumed positive, if the radius of curvature of
y2 = ax + 5x3 at the origin is equal to the radius of curvature of y = sin 2 x at
the point (7T/6, 1/4). (C.)

9. Evaluate (i) J~e-

2X
(1 +x2) dx, (ii) J~(1 +d:2)3/2' (iii) J~~1-:X dx.

10. (i) Obtain the solution of the equation sin x ~~ + 2y cos x = x, which
is such that y = 1 when x = 7T/2.
(ii) The number N of bacteria in a culture increased at a rate pro-
portional to N. The value of N was 100 initially and increased
to 332 in one hour. What was the value of N after 80 minutes?

PAPER C (10)

1. (a) Prove that the sum to infinity of the series

2x 3x2 4x3
1 +rr+2T+3T+ ...
is (x + I)ex•
(b) If 0< Ix 1< 1, find the sum of the infinite series
1 x x2
(C.)
0+2.3+3.4+····

2. (i) If Y = x +! , express x2 +! 2 in terms of y, and solve the equation

x x
x' - 2x3 - 6x2 - 2x + 1 = O.
1
(ii) Ifx3+x+G=0 and y=x+-, prove that
x

3. A lamp casts a shadow of a vertical rod on a horizontal floor; the

length of the shadow is a, and the vertical and horizontal distances of the
lower end of the rod from the near end of the shadow are band c respec-
tively. If the rod subtends equal angles at the two ends of the shadow,
prove that the height of the lamp above the floor is abc/(b2 - c2). (N.)

4. Find the limiting value of the function eX-I +.lo~e (I-x) as x tends
SIn x
to zero.
5. A point P moves in a plane so that the ratio of its distances from two
fixed points A, B in the plane is constant. Prove that its locu::lis a circle.
If PA/PB=>..>I, and AB=2a, prove that the radius of the circle is
2a>..j(>..2- 1), and find the length of the tangent to the circle from the mid-
point of AB. (C.)
 REVISION PAPERS 315
6. Obtain the equation and points of contact of the tangents to
x2/a2 - y2/b2= 1
which are parallel to y = rnx. Interpret the case in which m2a2 = b2•
Show that the intercept made on any tangent by the asymptotes of the
cW've is bisected by the point of contact of the tangent. (C.)
dy d2y dx d2x,
7• F'ill d dx' f d h 3 3 3 - 0
dx2 ' dy • dy2 m terms a x an y w en x + xy +y - .
(N.)
8. Sketch the curve x = 3t - 5 cos t, Y = 4 sin t for values of t from 0 to 7T.
Find the area of the sW'face of revolution formed when this arc of the
cW've is rotated about the x-axis through an angle of 27T. (C.)
9. Find the indefinite integrals of
x 1
eX cos x
(x2 + I)(x - 1)' eX + 1 '

and evaluate J: x2 sin x cos x dx.

10, The equation of motion of a particle of unit mass moving vertically

downwards against a resistance of kv2, where k is a constant and v is the
velocity at time t, is
dv
g- kv2=([i .

If the particle starts from rest, sho'w that

a (e2ko:t - 1)
v= e2ko:t + I '
where a.= .jg/k. Find the limiting velocity of the particle. (C.)

PAPER C (11)

x3 + y3)2 (X2 + y2)3

1. If x, yare positive, show that ( --2- ~ -2- and that

(2X3: y3y ~ (2X2: y2y •

By the substitution x2 + y2 = 2w2 or otherwise, show that if x, y, Z are

positive, (X3+~3+Z3r ~(X2+~2+Z2Y. (N.)

2 (') E 3x2 I2x+ 11.

• 1 1 xpress x3 _
-
6x2 + IIx _ 6 III partm, If' ractIOns.
(ii) If 27x3=(ax2+bx+c)(x2-1)+(ex+j)(x+2)3, find the constants
a, b, c, e,j and hence or otherwise express (x + 2)~~X2_ 1) in partial fractions.

3. (i) Prove that tan-1 -q- + tan-1 --.l!..-2 = 7T/4.

p+q p+ q
(ii) Solve the equation tan-1 x + tan-1 (1 - x) = tan-1 (9/7), assuming
all the inverse tangents are acute angles,
(iii) Find a value of x between 0 and 7T/2 such that
sin {(7T2 - 4x2)l/2} = cos x.
316 REVISION PAPERS
4. The hypotenuse of a variable right-angled triangle is of constant
length 2c. Prove that the radius of the inscribed circle never exceeds
0(v'2 - 1). (N.)
5. The straight line lx + my = 1 meets the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + c = 0 in
the points JYI and N, and 0 is the origin. Prove that, if OM and ON are
perpendicular, c (l2 + m 2) + 2gl + 2 = 0,
and that in this case, the foot of the perpendicular from 0 on the line MN
lies on the circle 2 (x2 + y2) + 2gx + c = O. (C.)
6. A variable tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax meets the circle XZ + y2 = r2
at P and Q. Prove that the locus of the midpoint of PQ is
x(x2 + y2) + ay2 = O. (N.)

7. (a) Differentiate sin-1 C ~TX2)' (;: ~ ~)n.

(b) Find the nth derivative of (x + 2~7x _ 2) .
dy d2y
(c) If y=log (1 + cosh x), show that d~ = sinh x J;2'
8. Evaluate
I tan- 1
II'V/2-x
2 + x dx, (iii)
211

e-X I sin x I dx. (N.)

(i)
I
0 x dx, (ii) 0
I0
9. The normal at P to the parabola y2= 4ax moots the curve again at Q.
Find the minimum length of PQ. (N.)
10. (i) If y = A tan ~x + B (2 + x tan !x), where A and B are constants,
prove that d2y
(1 + cos x) dX2 = y.
d2y dy
(ii) Solve -a 2 + 2a cos a: d-- + a2y = 0,
x X

where a and a: are constants. (C.)

PAPER C (12)

1. (i) If a is positive, prove that 2 ~a + ~ ~a3 +~.

a a
(ii) If x, y, z are positive variables with a constant sum c, show that
the least value of (x2 + y2 + Z2) is c2/3.
2. Give definitions of the functions sinh x and cosh x.
Verify that sinh (x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y and state the
corresponding expression for cosh (x + V).
Solve the equation tanh-1 3x + tanh-1 x=tanh-1 183' (C.)
3. (i) Sketch the curve y = e-x2 cos 27Tx.
(ii) Show that, for all positive values of x, xe1/X ~ e.
4. By multiplying throughout by 2 sin ~x, find the sum of the series
cos x + cos 2x + ... + cos (n - 1)x.
PIP II ••• P n is a regular polygon, each side being of length a. Prove that
(P1PlI)2 + (P1Pa)2+ ... (P1Pn)2=!a2n cosec2 '!! •
n
 REVISION PAPERS ~17

5. The normals PP', QQ' at the ends of a variable focal chord of.a
parabola, meet the parabola again in P', Q'. Prove that P'Q' is parallel to
PQ and that the ratio of their lengths is constant. Find this ratio. (N.)
6. A variable tangont to the hyperbola xy = a2 meets the hyperbola
xy=b2 in points P, Q. Prove that the area between the chord PQ and the
arc of the second hyperbola is constant. (N.)
7. Show that, if x >0, loge (1 + x) - 2x/(x + 2) is an increasing ftmction
of x, and prove that, when n is a positive integer,

( 1 +nl)n <e< ( 1 +nl)n+! .

8. (a) Prove that 2sinx+tanx>3x for O<X<];.7T.
I 6x J1T/6 dt
(b) Evaluate
J --
o x3 + 8
dx and -----.
-,"/6 3 cos t + cos3 t
(N.)

9. The portion of the curve y2 = 4ax from (a, 2a) to (4a, 4a) revolves
round the tangent at the origin. Prove that the volume bounded by the
curved surface so formed and plane ends perpendicular to the axis of
3
·
revo IutIOn 18 627Ta an d fim d the square of the ra d'IUS0 f gyratIOn
. -5- " 0 f t h"
IS
volume about its axis of revolution.
secn-2 e tan fJ n- 2 J
10. Prove that
J
seen e de = n_1 + n _ 1 secn-2 e dO.
By using the parameter ()given by y = tan or othorwise, find.the area
3 ()

enclosod between the curve x* = y2/3 + 1, the ordinate x = 2.J2 and the
lino y = O. (N.)