CHAPTER 1, 1.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
CHAPTER 1, 1.2 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
1
� sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 = � cos 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 − cos 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
2
1
� sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = � sin 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 + sin 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
2
1
� cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = � cos 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 + cos 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵
2
sin ax
Example: Solve sin 5 x cos 3 x dx
∫ ∫ cos ax
= dx
a
+C
Solution:
1
S2
∫ sin 5 x cos
= 3 x dx ∫ [sin 2 x + sin 8 x ] dx
2
1
=
2 ∫ sin 2 x dx + ∫ sin 8 x dx
1 cos 2 x cos8 x
S1 = − +− + C
1 2 2 8
sin A cos= B [sin( A − B) + sin( A + B)]
2 1 1
− cos 2 x − cos8 x + C
=
1
sin 5 x cos=
3x
2
( ) (
sin 5 x − 3x + sin 5 x + 3x
) 4 16
1
= [sin 2 x + sin 8 x ]
2 DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 9
SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULA − cos ax
∫ sin=
ax dx
a
+C
sin ax
Example: Solve cos 6 x cos 4 x dx ∫
∫ cos ax
= dx
a
+C
Solution: S2 1
∫ cos 6 x =
cos 4 x dx ∫ [cos 2 x + cos10 x ] dx
2
1
S1 =
2 ∫ cos 2 x dx + ∫ cos10 x dx
1
cos A cos
= B [cos( A − B) + cos( A + B)] 1 sin 2 x sin10 x
= + +C
2
2 2 10
1
cos 6 x cos=
4x
2
( ) (
cos 6 x − 4 x + cos 6 x + 4 x
) 1 1
= sin 2 x + sin10 x + C
1 4 20
= [ cos 2 x + cos10 x ]
2
sin ax
Example: Solve sin 7 x sin 4 x dx
∫ ∫ cos ax
= dx
a
+C
Solution: 1
S2
∫ sin 7 x= ∫ [cos 3x − cos11x ] dx
sin 4 x dx
2
1
S1 = ∫ cos 3 x dx − ∫ cos11x dx
2
1 sin 3 x sin11x
= − +C
1 2 3 11
sin A sin
= B [cos( A − B) − cos( A + B)]
2 1 1
= sin 3 x − sin11x + C
1
sin 7 x sin=4x
2
( ) (
cos 7 x − 4 x − cos 7 x + 4 x
) 6 22
1
= [ cos 3 x − cos11x ]
2
Solution:
S1
∫ sin 3 x cos 2 x dx = ∫ sin 2 x sin x cos 2 x dx
m ( the power of sine) is odd
Split of the factor of sin x
Solution:
S1
∫ ∫
2 3 2 2
sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x cos x dx Split of the factor of cos x
( x ) cos x dx
n ( the power of cosine) is odd
∫
2 2
S2 = sin x 1 − sin Apply the relevant identity
sin 2 x + cos 2 x =
1
let u = sin x ⇒ cos 2 x =
1 − sin 2 x
S3 Substitute u
du = cos x dx
with sin x
𝑢𝑢3 𝑢𝑢5
= � 𝑢𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − + 𝑐𝑐
3 5
S4 1 1
2 𝑢𝑢4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= � 𝑢𝑢 − = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠5 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐
3
3 5
S2
π
2 Apply the relevant identity
π
Example: Evaluate
∫
2 2
sin x cos x dx 12 sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
0 = ∫
40
(1 − cos 2 x ) dx
2
⇒ sin 2
x =1 − cos 2
x
Solution:
π π
2
S1 12 2 WRONG CONCEPT:
∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ sin 2 x dx
2 2
m and n are even
40 sin 2 2 x = 2 sin x
0 sin 2 2 x + cos 2 2 x =
1
π
π
2
1 1 ⇒ sin 2 2 x =
1 − cos 2 2 x
1 2
1
= ∫0 2 (1 − cos 2 x ) (
⋅ 1 + cos 2 x ) =
dx
(1 − cos 4 x ) dx
2
Use the formula to reduce
4 ∫0 2
π
the power of sin 𝑥𝑥 and cos 𝑥𝑥 π
12 Use the formula to reduce the power of sin 𝑥𝑥
= ∫ (1 − cos 2 x ) ⋅ (1 + cos 2 x ) dx 1 2
40 = ∫ (1 − cos 4 x ) dx sin 2 =
x
1
( 1 − cos 2 x )
π
80 2
12 π
= ∫ (1 + cos 2 x − cos 2 x − cos 2 x ) dx
2
1 sin 4 x 2 ⇓
40 = x − 1
8 4 0 sin 2 2=
x
2
(
1 − cos 4 x )
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 15
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINE AND COSINES
π
2
Example: Evaluate
∫
2 2 Remark:
sin x cos x dx
0
1. The calculation should be in
RADIAN
Solution: 2. The integration can be a single
π π function
S3
2
1 sin 4 x 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 or ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∫0 sin x cos x=
2 2
dx x−
8 4 0
π
sin 4
1 π
2 sin 4 ( 0 )
= − −0−
8 2 4 4
1 π 0 0
= − −
0 −
8 2 4 4
π NOTE:
= The calculation
16 should be in radian
16
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF SINE AND COSINES
m, n ( the power of sin and cosine) is odd, choose either = � 𝑢𝑢3 − 𝑢𝑢5 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
one 0 Substitute u
Split of the factor of cos x with sin x
𝑢𝑢4 𝑢𝑢6 1
=[ − ]0
1 4 6
= ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠6 𝑥𝑥 1
=[ − ]0
4 6
Apply the relevant identity, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠6 1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠4 0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠6 0 1
1 =[ − − − ]0
4 6 4 6
= � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 𝑥𝑥 (1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 ) cos 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 = 0.0662
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐
If m is odd 𝒏𝒏
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = + � 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
o Split off a factor of sec 𝑥𝑥 tan 𝑥𝑥 (m-1)
o Apply the relevant identity, 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1
If m or n ∉ ℛ, ℛ +
o Substitute u = sec 𝑥𝑥
• Write in terms of since and cosines
o Integrate
∫ tan x sec x dx
m n
• Use formula to reduce power
to 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙
• Apply the identity
𝑛𝑛 is EVEN
𝑚𝑚 is ODD • Integrate
Solution: 1 + tan 2 x =
sec 2 x
∫ ∫
4 2 2
S1 tan 2 x sec 2 x dx = tan 2 x sec 2 x sec 2 x dx Split of the factor of 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥
n ( the power of secant) is even
1 + tan 2 2 x =
sec 2 2 x
= ∫ tan 2 x sec 2 x sec 2 x dx
2 2
S2
= ∫ tan 2 x ( tan 2
2 x + 1) sec 2
2 x dx 1 3
Substitute u
with tan 2x
let u = tan 2 x
=
S4
2 ∫ u + u du
S3
1 1 u4 u2
=du 2sec 2 2 x dx ⇒= du sec 2 2 x dx = + +C
2 2 4 2
1
( ) 2x
4 2
1 tan 2 x tan
∫
2
= u u + 1 du S5 = + +C
2
2 4 2
1 3
=
2 ∫ u + u du 1 1
= tan 4 2 x + tan 2 2 x + C
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 8 4 20
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT
Example: Evaluate ∫
3 5
tan x sec x dx
Solution:
∫ ∫
3 5 2 4
S1 tan x sec x dx = tan x tan x sec x sec x dx
1 + tan 2 x =
sec 2 x
= ∫ tan 2 x sec 4 x sec x tan x dx ⇒ tan 2 x = sec 2 x − 1
S2
π
3 If m is even or n is odd
Example: Evaluate
∫ x dx
2
tan Apply relevant identity,
0
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 or
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑥𝑥 or
Solution:
π π 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑥𝑥 − 1
S1 3 3
x dx ∫ ( sec
∫ tan=
2 2
x − 1) dx 1 + tan 2 x =
sec 2 x
S2 0 0 ⇒ tan 2 x = sec 2 x − 1
π
S3 = [ tan x − x ]03
π π
= tan − − tan ( 0 ) − 0
3 3
= 1.7321 − 1.0472
The calculation should be
= 0.6849 in RADIAN
sec x
Example: Evaluate ∫ 2
dx
tan x let u = sin x
S2 du = cos x dx
Solution:
sec x cos x
= ∫ 2 dx
∫ tan 2 x dx = ∫ sec x ( tan x ) dx
−2
sin x
−2 1
1 sin x = ∫ 2 dx
S1 =∫ dx u
cos x cos x S4
2 = ∫ u −2 dx
1 cos x sec x 1
=∫ dx u −2 +1 ∴∫ dx =
− +C
cos x sin x =S3 +C
2
tan x sin x
cos x −2 + 1 =− cos ecx + C
= ∫ 2 dx u −1
sin x = +C
WRONG CONCEPT: −1
1
( )
2
sin x = sin x 2 =− + C
u
DR NUR SYAMILAH & DR WANMUNIRAH 23
INTEGRATING PRODUCTS OF TANGENT AND SECANT
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒙𝒙 𝒏𝒏 − 𝟐𝟐
Solution: 𝒏𝒏
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 =
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
+
𝒏𝒏 − 𝟏𝟏
� 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒏𝒏−𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
By Alternative Method
3
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 3−2
� 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 3−2 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3−1 3−1
sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 1
= + � sec 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 2
Answer
Answer