ASSIGMENT 1

CONCEPT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION

SUBMITTED BY FATIMA INSHAL MALIK
SUBMITTED TO MISS AYESHA RAHAT
EDUCATION
COURSE NO 301
MAJOR INTERNATIONAL RELATION
MINOR EDUCATION

TOPIC CONCEPT OF ISLAM

INTRODUCTION
Education is exploring the unknown, discovering new ideas, communicating with the world
around us. It is finding own self, recognizing human needs and communicating that
recognition to others. Moreover, it is an effective instrument for bringing about changes of a
man, a society and people to the direction determined by a state’s authority. 1 To acquire
knowledge by human being is predominantly addressed in Islam. Islam has its distinct
attitude towards education that education is the instrument by which people can be trained in
the Islamic way of life. Islam teaches every aspects of human life which are essentially
important for day to day life of a person. Al Qur’ânand Al Hadith contain all possible
solutions that a man can use his knowledge and wisdom.

MEANING OF EDUCATION
Education comes from Latin word “educare, educere or educatu
pupils or to draw out there latent talents.2 The word “educare” a
“educere” means to bring out and “educatum” means to practice
1
* Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, Jagannath University
Arabic language defines three etymological meaning of educatio
‘alima (to know, to be aware, to perceive, to learn) which is used
sought or imprinted through instruction and teaching.Tarbiyah f
increase, to grow, to rear) implies a state of spiritual and ethical
the will of God. And Ta’dib from the root aduba (to be cultured,
suggests a person’s development of sound social behavior. Wha
deeper understanding of the Islamic conception of human being.
meaning of education today is growth, i.e. continuous unfolding
life-long process. 4 This sounds as an echo of the Hadith- “acqu
cradle to the grave”.
Many scholars have defined Education in their own ways Accor
is the mean that helps in searching the truth”. According to Aris
necessary for the creation of sound mind in the sound body”.5 Im
“Education is a process which enables an individual to distingui
false, the good and bad and the right conduct and the evil doing”
poet John Milton interprets it as a device to fit a man to perform
magnanimously all of the offices, both private and public, peace
encyclopedia denotes education as the process by which people
habits, values or attitudes.8 In a nutshell, education is the system
knowledge.It is an understanding to the meaning of the past and
future.
CRITERIA FOR ISLAMIC EDUCATION
As an academic discipline Islamic Education implies a thinking
originating from the Islamic values. Several scholars in the field
to define Islamic education among which MuhibAldin, Dr. Saied
MugdadYalgin are the orators. MuhibAldin Abu Salih defines Is
rearing and formation of an ideal Muslim individual whose life i
1
Islamic ideal in his different bodily, intellectually and mentally.
his education being closely bound by the ideology of Islam. Abu
Islamic Education as the rearing and preparation of the Muslim
life.9 Dr. Saied characterized Islamic Education in a fairly mean
Education as the interrelated ideas and concepts which are syste
scheme itself based on an Islamic ideological and moral framew
and moral are ideologically bound and are passed to the Muslim
and methods of instruction which cause him in the end to behav
Rahman Al Nahlawi identifies Islamic education as a group of p
inspired by knowledge of the Qur’ânand Sunna and based on the
faith.11 Dr. MugdadYalgin mentioned Islamic education as an i
which has its distinct basic aspects, objectives and methods, all
philosophic principals of Islam.12It is a process which produces
the Islamic teaching; especially spirituality and morality. It is th
individual to attain full stature and realize his divine nature. It is
conduct for human life. Islamic education deals with many subje
sociology, geography, philosophy, Islamic culture and civilizatio
AIM OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION
“And the believers should not all go out to fight. Of every troop
party only should go forth, that they (who are left behind) may g
knowledge in religion, and that they may warn their folk when t
them, so that they may guard themselves against evil”.13
Abu Abd-Allâh Al-Qartabi, the renowned Quranic scholar ment
above verse of the Holy Qur’ânas the foundation of Islamic educ
that education described as seeking “tafaqquh fid deen”, translat
the sound knowledge in religion. It can also be translated as the
religion. Islamic education glorifies the understanding of religio
religion of all mankind. Islamic education aiming at understandi
1
Qur’ân as the first step of education and establishes the relation
Almighty Allâh. The purpose of Islamic education is not to cram
but to prepare them for a life of purity and sincerity. This total c
building based on the ideals of Islamic ethics is the highest goal
supreme goal of Islamic education is to provide experiences whi
fundamentals of Islam as embodied in the Holy Qur’ân and Sun
changed. Beside these, Islamic education provides experiences i
skills. These experiences are likely to be changed in accordance
Without Islamic education it is in certainty that knowledge with
religion is merely incomplete education. Islamic education teach
the basic values which have been prescribed in religion and scrip
sense of accountability towards Almighty Allâh so that men can
servant. Because it involves the ‘assimilation of Divine attribute
power, freedom, truth, beauty, goodness, love, and justice’.15 In
be flourished by the lessons from Islamic education irrespective
occupations and social classes amongst the persons who are knit
religion and faith. Islamic education reminds the consciousness
universe and brings humankind nearer to an understanding of G
which man stands to his creator.It is imperative to mention that t
education can clearly be distinguishable from the so called mode
which is based on Western philosophy of life. The approach of I
endorsed in the first World Conference on Muslim Education he
quoted words:
“Education should aim at the balanced growth of the total person
through the training of man’s sprit, intellect, his rational self, fee
bodily senses. Education should cater therefore for the growth o
aspects: spiritual, intellectual, imaginative, physical, scientific, l
both individually and collectively and motivate all aspects towar
and the attainment of perfection. The ultimate aim of Muslim ed
the realization of complete submission to Allâh on the level of th
the community and humanity at large.” 16
1
SOURCES OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION
The sources of Islamic education when it is ideologically bound
distinct part from which it is composed. The source for the meta
Qur’an and the authenticated Tradition of the prophet Muhamm
is derived from Islamic values which are found in the Holy Qur’
various saying and deeds of Hazrat Muhammad (s.m). As such t
and unchangeable. Al Qur’âncontains all knowledge and Hazrat
enunciated, instructed and implemented this knowledge .He also
to lead any one’s life in a perfect way. Islamic education is the e
of pure scientific knowledge gained through the application of th
powers on the material environment surrounding man. 18Al Qur
indication and philosophical thought.
IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN ISLAM
Education is the prime basis of Human being
"Read! In the Name of your Lord who has created (all that exist
man from a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood). Read! And
Most Generous. Who has taught (the writing) by the pen. He has
which he knew not.19
Education is the core basis of human being that gives satisfactio
destruction. Islam is the only religion which first verse of the Ho
revealed with the instruction of education. The first word “Iqra”
‘read’ in Arabic, and that implies the concepts of ‘learning’, ‘ex
enlightenment’. This demonstrates that reading (knowledge) is t
creator of all that exists. Education is thus the starting point of e
created man and provided him with the tools for acquiring know
and wisdom. Allâh says - "And Allâh has brought you out from
while you know nothing. And He gave you hearing, sight, and h
thanks (to Allâh)".20Allâh also created human being as a vicege
1
the world for establishing His rules. Allâh honored human being
only by knowledge and wisdom. Al Qur’ânsays – “Allâh will ra
among you and those whohave been granted knowledge, by deg
many messengers in various ages with knowledge and wisdom i
path to those who were astray from Islam. Al Qur’ânsays- “And
gave him Hukm(right judgment of the affairs and Prophethood)
and We saved him from the town (folk) who practisedAl-Khabâ
deeds). Verily, they were a people given to evil and were Fâsiqû
Allâh)”22.Allâh honored His Messenger Muhammad (s.m) with
which; He taught it to him Muhammad (s.m) so that he might te
Qur’ânsays- “Indeed Allâh conferred a great favour on the belie
them a Messenger Muhammad (s.m) from among themselves, re
(the Qur’ân), and purifying them (from sins by their following h
the Book (the Qur’ân) and Al-Hikmah[the wisdom and the Sunn
Muhammad(s.m) (i.e. his legal ways, statements, acts of worship
had been in manifest error.”23 Most of the Prophet sought to Al
knowledge, i.e. Hazrat Ibrahim (A.) said- “My Lord! Bestow Hu
right judgment of the affairs and Prophethood) on me, and join m
education is mandatory in Islam since it is a comprehensive syst
instruction for increasing knowledge. Al Qur’ânsays- “Say: My
knowledge." 25
Education for all in Islam
Everyone can get education according to his capability. Allâh ha
unlimited talents and virtues and has instructed for developing th
education.26To seek knowledge is a sacred duty; it is obligatory
female. Islam affirms the right to education for all without gend
Qur’ânsays- “Is one who is obedient to Allâh, prostrating himse
during the hours of the night, fearing the Hereafter and hoping f
one who disbelieves)? Say: "Are those who know equal to those
men of understanding who will remember.27 The verse addresse
1
people will be judged by their knowledge and understanding. In
is emphasized in many of Al-Qur’ânand Al-Hadiths . Prophet M
said-“Seeking knowledge is compulsory for every Muslim”.28 H
to the members of the most marginalized communities including
said: “He who has a slave-girl and teaches her good manners an
then manumits and marries her, will get a double reward; (narra
29.This approach indicates the importance of girl’s education. P
only encouraged people to be educated but also He implemented
educated. For example, at the battle of Badr, in which our belov
gained victory over His foes and seventy enemies were taken to
literate people. In order to benefit from their education the Proph
prisoner teaches ten Muslim children how to read and write, this
he will be set free. This was the first school in the history of Isla
himself with all its teachers being non-Muslims. The Sunnah of
education is to be received whatever the risk involved.
Education for practical life
By education in Islamman can know his place, condition of him
his community and his society. He must know the relationship b
applying the Qur’âniccriteria of intelligence, knowledge and vir
makes knowledge on the basis of practical life like habits, mann
and these should be taught to new generations, which are in agre
of life. The religious life should be usual practice for the unity o
obedience of sovereignty. This practice should not be forced pra
inclination and sincerity of intention.31.The practice of knowled
connected with ethics and morality with promoting virtue and co
right and forbidding wrong. This is called in the Qur’ân: amrbil-
munkar. Knowledge is pursued and practiced with modesty and
and dignity, freedom and justice. Allâh said the HolyQur’ân: “H
and piety, and do not help one another in sin and aggression; and
Allâh; surely Allâh is severe in requiting (evil)”.32 In Islam; edu
1
thinking and research; disposing all myths. Moreover, Qur’ânco
observation of the natural phenomena ; at various places it stress
of nature, the moon, the tide, the night, the star, the day, plants,
been presented in testimony of the law of nature and logical attit
the healthy growth of intellectual activity. Al Qur’ân says- “Do
above them, spreading their wings and folding them in? None ca
(Allâh) Most Gracious: Truly ( Allâh) Most Gracious: Truly it is
things”.33 Al Qur’ân also said-“It is not permitted to the Sun to
the Night outstrip the Day: Each (just) swims along in (its own)
Law)”.34Islam also ordered the Muslim to practical implementa
commanded the believers to commit to writing every transaction
who believe! When ye contract a debt for a fixed term, record it
witness.... and not be averse to writing down this (contract) whe
(record of) the term thereof : this is more equitable in the sight o
testimony, and the best way of avoiding doubt between you .....
Education for moral value
Education is identified in Islam as worship. The acquiring of kn
the Qur’ânand pondering upon it is worship, traveling to gain kn
following Hadith shows how important and how rewarding know
narrated that the Prophet Muhammad(s.m) said, “ He who treads
knowledge, Allâh will make that path easy, leading to Paradise f
who assemble in one of the houses of Allâh (mosques), recite th
and teach the Qur’ân (among themselves). There will descend u
will cover them, the angels will surround them and Allâh will m
of those near Him. He who is slow-paced in doing good deeds, h
make him go ahead.” 36In another HadithAbdullah ibn Abbas (R
MessengerMuhammad (s.m) said, “Acquiring knowledge in com
is better than spending the whole night in prayer.”37In Islam; Ed
love and respect in the heart of Muslim for Almighty Allâh. Allâ
those from amongst His servants who possess knowledge are the
1
Allâh is Mighty Most Forgiving.”38. Islam is the only ideologic
moral values, pious feelings and right thinking in any one’s hear
Muslim to striving for gaining knowledge. The objective of Islam
Muslim on right path. Acquiring the love of Allâh is the ultimate
Messenger said: “If anyone travels on a road in search of knowl
travel on one of the roads of Paradise. The angels will lower the
pleasure with one who seeks knowledge, the inhabitants of the h
fish in the deep waters will ask forgiveness for the learned man.
learned man over the devout is like that of the moon, on the nigh
of the stars. The learned are the heirs of the Prophets, and the Pr
dirham, leaving only knowledge, and he who takes it, takes an a
(s.m) also said about moral significant of Education- "When a m
end, but three, recurring charity, or knowledge (by which people
prays for him (the deceased)."40So, we can agree with the statem
Education and He said- “From knowledge comes virtue and goo
all that is evil, No man willingly chooses what is evil, and he do
CONCLUSION
Islam is a disciplined code of life. In Islam, there are equality, tr
generosity, love and friendship. Everything is from Islamic mora
the acquisition of knowledge and its use for the benefit of huma
guidance from religion for the achievement of ultimate goal of h
satisfaction. So, Education in Islam is a comprehensive matter, w
harmonious development of mind, body and soul. Because the f
both on morals as well as on knowledge and wisdom. Morality p
creates the relationship between mind and body.
1
REFERENCES
1. Principal Mohammad Alamgeer, An Analytical look into Mo
Education, (Dhaka ,Ahsan Publication,2010)P.11.
2. Principal Mohammad Alamgeer,Ibid,P11
3. Khamis, Muhamad Hafiz and Salleh, MohamadJohdiThe Phil
of Education in Islam. In: Regional Conference on Islamic Educ
2010,
4. Md. Ferdouse Khan, The Quraanic Principles of Education, (D
Foundation Bangladesh,1988). P1.
5. The Holy Prophet of Islam, Quoted from Pathway to Paradise
6. Muhammad Asif, Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq Khan and Khalid
Study of Analytical and synthetic methods of Teaching Mathem
International Academic Research (2010) Vol.10, No.3.31 Decem
7. Principal Mohammad Alamgeer, Ibid, P.11.
8. World Book of Encyclopedia, United States, Vol.3, P.561.
9. Muhib al-Din Abu Salih, MigdadYalgin and Abd al-Rahman
tarbiyya al- Islamiyya.(Riyad: Muhammad Saud Islamic Univer
10. Ibid,P6.
11. Ibid,P7..
12. MigdadYalgin,Al–jawanib al-asasiyyafi’l-tarbiyyaaI -Islami
(Beirut.Mu’assassat al-Rayhani,1986).P-24.
13. AlQur’an, 9:122.
14. S. N.Al-Attas,Aims and Objectives of Islamic Education, (L
Stroughton. 1979) P. 104.
15. Muhammad Sharif,Islamic and Educational Studies,(Lahore
45
16. Syed Ali Ashraf, New Horizons in MuslimEducation,(Camb
Hodder&Stroughton, 1985).P.4.
17. Ahmad Fu’ad al-Ahwani,Al-Tarbiyyafil Islam.(Cairo, Dar a
18. Ali Khalid Mudawi,Islamic Education :Towards A Compreh
King Saud University,Vol.1.Education Science(1,2)1989.P-10.
19. Al Qur’ân, 96:1-5.
20. Al Qur’ân, 16:78.
21. Al Qur’ân, 58:11
22. Al Qur’ân, 21:74.
23. Al Qur’ân, 3:164.
24. Al Qur’ân,26:83.
25. Al Qur’ân, 20:114.
26. Syed NaeemBadshah, Islamic Concept of Education, Interna
Education and Social Science,Vol,November 2012.
27. Al Qur’ân 39:9
28. Imam Abu A’bdullah Muhammad ibnIsmai’el al-Bukhari, A
Bukhari,(Saudi Arab,Darus Salam,2000).KitabulIl’m .Bab:31.H
29. ‘Abu Abdullah Muhammad IbnYajidIbnMajah ,Assunananib
(Dawbond:Al-Maktabatur Rahimiyya,1385Hijri),Kitab al-Muka
cere or educatum” which means to lead
ord “educare” also means rearing where
eans to practice.

nnath University, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

ning of education. Ta’lim from the root
n) which is used to denote knowledge being
hing.Tarbiyah from the root raba (to
tual and ethical nurturing in accordance with
(to be cultured, refined, well-mannered)
behavior. What is meant by sound requires a
of human being. 3 The universally accepted
nuous unfolding of one’s potentialities; it is a
e Hadith- “acquiring knowledge from the

wn ways According to Socrates, “Education

cording to Aristotle, “Education is a process
ound body”.5 Imam Ghazali defines,
dual to distinguish between the true and the
d the evil doing”. 6The celebrated English
man to perform justly, skillfully and
nd public, peace and war. 7 World book of
y which people acquire knowledge, skills,
on is the systematic way of utilization of
of the past and linking the potentials of the

plies a thinking system, directly or indirectly,

olars in the field of Islamic education attempt
Aldin, Dr. Saied, Abu al Rahman and Dr.
Salih defines Islamic education as the
dual whose life is brought to bear on the
y and mentally. The content and methods of
gy of Islam. Abu Salih precisely presented
of the Muslim for his earthly and immortal
in a fairly means. He indicates Islamic
which are systematized in one intellectual
d moral framework. Such ideas, intellectual
d to the Muslim learners through strategic
he end to behave in an Islamic way.10Abd al
as a group of practical and verbal actions
and based on them in matters to do with
ducation as an independent educational system
nd methods, all inspired by the fundamental
which produces human resources following
morality. It is the device for enabling an
vine nature. It is an attitude and code of
with many subjects, i.e. Islamic theology,
re and civilization.

Of every troop of them, a

t behind) may gain sound
heir folk when they return to
evil”.13
ic scholar mentioned the significance of the
of Islamic education policy. The goal of
d deen”, translated above (by Fickthall) as
anslated as the sound understanding of
nding of religion and spreading of Islam as a
g at understanding the teaching of Holy

hes the relation of humankind with the

on is not to cram the pupil’s head with facts
ity. This total commitment to character-
he highest goal of Islamic education.14The
experiences which are based on the
Qur’ân and Sunnah which cannot be
es experiences in the form of knowledge and
d in accordance with the changes in society.
knowledge without the basis in faith and
education teaches the commitment towards
eligion and scripture. It also focuses on the
so that men can pass their lives as a faithful
Divine attributes’ leading to a life of ‘unity,
nd justice’.15 International brotherhoods can
ion irrespective of differences in generations,
ons who are knit together by a common
consciousness of the Divine Presence in the
erstanding of God and of the relation in
o mention that these aims of Islamic
e so called modern system of education
he approach of Islamic education was
m Education held in Mecca in 1977 in the

f the total personality of man

rational self, feelings and
or the growth of man in all
cal, scientific, linguistic,
all aspects towards goodness
m of Muslim education lies in
on the level of the individual,

logically bound by Islam are indicated by the

rce for the metaphysical part in the Holy
ophet Muhammad (s.m).17 Islamic Education
n the Holy Qur’an and it is explained by the
(s.m). As such they are considered as final
dge and Hazrat Muhammad (s.m) practically
wledge .He also showed the right path how
ducation is the ever –increasing accumulation
application of the human mind and sensual
man. 18Al Qur’ânalso contains scientific
 d (all that exists). He has created
od). Read! And your Lord is the
the pen. He has taught man that

gives satisfaction and saves him from

verse of the Holy Scripture, Al Qur’ânwas
rst word “Iqra” is a command that means
f ‘learning’, ‘exploring’ and ‘seeking
knowledge) is the way to approach the
arting point of every human activity. Allâh
acquiring knowledge, namely hearing, sight
ht you out from the wombs of your mothers
ng, sight, and hearts that you might give
eing as a vicegerent of Allâh and sent them in

ed human being over all of His creations

– “Allâh will raise those who have believed
wledge, by degrees.” 21 Moreover Allâh sent
ge and wisdom in the world for showing right
r’ânsays- “And (remember) Lût (Lot), We
d Prophethood) and (religious) knowledge,
ctisedAl-Khabâ’ith(evil, wicked and filthy
and were Fâsiqûn(rebellious, disobedient to
mmad (s.m) with the knowledge (Sharee'ah)
that he might teach it to mankind. Al-
our on the believers when He sent among
g themselves, reciting unto them His Verses
heir following him), and instructing them in
m and the Sunnahof the Prophet
, acts of worship)], while before that they
het sought to Allâh for increasing their
ord! Bestow Hukm(religious knowledge,
n me, and join me with the righteous”. 24 So
prehensive system of life. Allâh also taught
says- “Say: My Lord! Increase me in

ability. Allâh has favored human being with

or developing these talents through
; it is obligatory on every Muslim, male and
ll without gender discrimination i.e. Al
ostrating himself or standing (in prayer)
er and hoping for the Mercy of his Lord (like
w equal to those who know not?" It is only
e verse addresses all people and indicates that

derstanding. In addition, women’s education

iths . Prophet Muhammad (s.m)
y Muslim”.28 He also encouraged education
unities including slave girls. The Prophet
ood manners and improves her educationand
e reward; (narrated by Abu MusaAl-Ashari)”
l’s education. Prophet Muhammad (s.m) not
He implemented the rules’ how to be
which our beloved Holy Muhammad (s.m)
s were taken to prison. These prisoners were
cation the Prophet declared that if one
d and write, this will serve as his ransom and
e history of Islam established by the Prophet
The Sunnah of the Prophet shows that
olved.

ondition of himself, his family, his people,

e relationship between creations and creator
owledge and virtue.30 Islamic Education
ke habits, manners, social behavior and skills
which are in agreement with the basic realities
e for the unity of Allâh and practical
ot be forced practice but be with willingness
ctice of knowledge in practical life is
ng virtue and combating vice, enjoining
Qur’ân: amrbil-l ma’ruufwa nah-y’ani-l
th modesty and humility and leads to beauty
HolyQur’ân: “Help one another in goodness
 aggression; and be careful of (your duty to)
32 In Islam; education supports the scientific

eover, Qur’ânconstantly encourages

s places it stresses the necessity of the study
he day, plants, and animals - all these have
and logical attitude which is so essential for
r’ân says- “Do they not observe the birds
hem in? None can uphold them except
cious: Truly it is He that watches over all
ed to the Sun to catch up the Moon, nor can
ong in (its own) orbit (according to
ical implementation of education: Al Qur’ân
very transaction concerning credit:"O ye
d term, record it in writing...... And call to
s (contract) whether it be small or great, with
ble in the sight of God and more sure for
etween you ..... 35

acquiring of knowledge is worship, reading

eling to gain knowledge is worship. The
rewarding knowledge is: Abu Hurairah (R)
“ He who treads the path in search of
ng to Paradise for him and those persons
sques), recite the Book of Allâh and learn
 will descend upon them tranquility, mercy
nd Allâh will mention them in the presence
ng good deeds, his (long) descent does not
lah ibn Abbas (R) narrated that Allâh's
nowledge in company for an hour in the night
.”37In Islam; Education creates feelings of
ghty Allâh. Allâh says in SuraFatir- “Only
nowledge are the ones who fear Allâh; surely

e only ideological religion which creates

n any one’s heart. Islam guides all the
bjective of Islamic education is to keep
h is the ultimate goal of human’s life.Allâh’s
earch of knowledge, Allâh will cause him to
s will lower their wings in their great
abitants of the heavens and the Earth and the
he learned man. The superiority of the
oon, on the night when it is full, over the rest
hets, and the Prophets leave neither dinar nor
es it, takes an abundant portion.’” 39Prophet
ion- "When a man dies, his acts come to an
by which people) benefit, or a pious son, who
e with the statement of Socrates about
s virtue and goodness, from ignorance comes
evil, and he does evil out of ignorance”.41
e are equality, tranquility, fraternity,
om Islamic moral values. Islam encourages
benefit of humanity. Education should take
timate goal of human being that is Allâh’s
ensive matter, which brings about
l. Because the focus of education in Islam is
dom. Morality purifies human mind and

al look into Modern & Islamic

adJohdiThe Philosophy and Objectives

on Islamic Education, 24 - 25 July

of Education, (Dhaka,Islamic

way to Paradise, 1st Ed, 1999, P.29

han and Khalid Zaman, Comparative
aching Mathematics.Journal of
No.3.31 December 2010.

Vol.3, P.561.
Abd al-Rahman al- Nahlawi.Dirasatfi’l-
Islamic University, 1982), P.5.

rbiyyaaI -Islamiyya

c Education, (London: Hodder and

Studies,(Lahore: Ashraf Dar. (1976) P.

ducation,(Cambridge:

m.(Cairo, Dar al-Ma’arif,1960).P.7

ards A Comprehensive View, Journal of
1,2)1989.P-10.

ucation, International Journal of

el al-Bukhari, Al-Zami-us-Shahih Al-
lIl’m .Bab:31.Hadith No-9
ah ,AssunananibnMaja’a.
,Kitab al-Mukaddima.