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BF 01040819

This document summarizes research on using a multilayer dielectric transformer to control the radiation pattern and improve matching of a semi-infinite planar dielectric waveguide. Key points: 1) A multilayer dielectric transformer was modeled as a set of dielectric prisms to act as a two-dimensional analog of a layered coating on the waveguide. 2) Calculations showed the transformer could narrow the radiation directivity pattern by expanding like a horn, and improve matching to open space by gradually transitioning the dielectric constant. 3) For a sample configuration, the transformer reduced reflected power by a factor of 3 to 9 compared to an abrupt transition, and the interference pattern within was analyzed.

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22 views4 pages

BF 01040819

This document summarizes research on using a multilayer dielectric transformer to control the radiation pattern and improve matching of a semi-infinite planar dielectric waveguide. Key points: 1) A multilayer dielectric transformer was modeled as a set of dielectric prisms to act as a two-dimensional analog of a layered coating on the waveguide. 2) Calculations showed the transformer could narrow the radiation directivity pattern by expanding like a horn, and improve matching to open space by gradually transitioning the dielectric constant. 3) For a sample configuration, the transformer reduced reflected power by a factor of 3 to 9 compared to an abrupt transition, and the interference pattern within was analyzed.

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gabrieltamas7890
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RADIATION DIRECTIVITY PATTERN OF A SEMIINFINITE PLANAR

DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDE WITH A MULTILAYER TRANSFORMER

A. A. Bykov UDC 517.9

The possibility of using a multilayer dielectric transformer to control the shape


of the radiation directivity pattern from the end of a planar dielectric waveguide
and of improving the matching of the waveguide with open space is investigated.
The results of calculation of the radiation from a waveguide excited by the funda-
mental synxmetric TE mode are presented.

Multilayer dielectric coatings are widely used to obtain a given reflection coefficient
of a plane electromagnetic wave from the surface of a metal or dielectric [i]. Since-the
fields in plane-layer media are described by a system of two ordinary second-order differen-
tial equations [2] the numerical solution of which poses no difficulit~es, there are efficient
numerical methods for synthesizing a given frequency characteristic of the reflection coef-
ficient [3]. This article investigated the possibility of calculating the radiation of a
planar dielectric waveguide at the end of which is a matching transformer in the form of a
set of dielectric prisms forming a two-dimensional analog of a layered coating. The trans-
former is used both to improve matching and to control the shape of the directivity pattern.
Dielectric prisms with different dielectric constants and different widths in the transverse
direction are Used. Each prism has finite dimensions in the plane of the magnetic field H,
and so the Maxwell equations are solved in the two-dimensional region, for which the direct-
projection method is used.
Let a semi-infinite planar waveguide occupy an area - - ~ < z < o o x~O, --d/2<y<d/2 (Fig.
i), where the dielectric constant s = c a (c a is a real constant). The-two-dimensional problem
is examined - the dielectric constant ~(x, y), and all of the field components do not depend
on the z coordinate. On the right the waveguide is excited by a fundamental s3amnetric mode
of the TE type, in which

E~'(x, y, t)=V,(y) exp (--i~x--ir , E~=- E~)-~ O, H~'--- O,


af'(0)
z-z~o~=(i| :.2_, m~~ = - ( l ~ , a , ) - ' aE~o,
ay ~x
where V1(y) and 61 are a fundamental function and the largest real fundamental value of the
Sturm-Lieuville problem [4]:

dtV
- - - - pv+,~(y)v = 0, --oo<v<oo, v(--y)=v(y),
dy'
IV(v) I < const-exp(-vlyl), v>0, &2=o~0w0,
~(v) = {'" lyl<~d12,
1 ' Ivl>al2,

time dependence of the form exp(-i~t) is omitted below.


TO the left of the x = 0 plane there is a matching transformer which occupies an area
-a < x < 0, IYl < b/2. It consists of N dielectric prisms the transverse cross-section of
each of which in the xy plane has the shape of a rectangle. Along the z axis the prisms,
like the dielectric waveguide, have-a rather large extension, so that boundary effects may
be isnored and the boundaries considered to be infinite, considerin$ only the two-dimensional
Mowsow, State University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radio-
fizika, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 222-225, February, 1990. Original article submitted May 19,
1988.

173
0033-3443/90/3302-0173512.50 9 1990 Plenum Publishing Corporation
problem in the xy plane. The thicknesses of all the prisms along the x axis are identical
and equal to a/N; the width (along the y axis) depends linearly on x, each prism being made
of homogeneous dielectric and the dielectric constants forming an arithmetic progression.
The dielectric constant of the far left prism is equal to e b (e b is the real constant):

e(x, y)=e,~, if x.<x~x._, H [yl~d-/2, l~n~N,


e(x, y ) = l , if x.<x~x._~ and [ Y l > d . / 2 -ou i f x <--a,
d,----- (d(N--n)+b(n--1))/(N--1),
x,,=--na/N, e,,----e~+n(eb--ea)/N.
The selection of this configuration of the transition element is determined by the fol-
lowing considerations. Setting b > d, we obtain an expanding dielectric horn the use of which
leads to narrowing of the directivity pattern. To improve matching of the dielectric wave-
guide with open space we set 1 < E b < ~a, leads to a smooth transition from the dielectric
constant of the waveguide c a to a unitary value of E.
The mathematical formulation of the problem includes the Maxwell equations with the cor-
responding conditions of conjugation on the discontinuity surface of the function E(x, y)
and the emission conditions given in [4]. With the above configuration of the waveguide and
the transformer the E(x, y) field has only one nonzero component Ez, while the H(x, y) field
has H x and Hy components, which are expressed i n terms of E z from the Maxwell equations. For
Ez(x, y) we obtain a second-order equation:
O ' E r . a'E~
Ox* + ~ + k*, (x, y) E~ = O.
We w i l l s e l e c t the c o n d i t i o n s of r a d i a t i o n n e c e s s a r y to e x t r a c t a s i n g l e s o l u t i o n in
a form which w i l l p r o v i d e e x c i t a t i o n in the fundamental mode and the absence of o t h e r types
of wave incident from infinitely distant regions of space. For a numerical solution let us
apply the partial Galerkin method [5], which belongs to the class of direct projection meth-
ods. The characteristics of the algorithm are described in [6].
We will cite some typical numerical results. Let the dielectric constant of a planar
waveguide be s = 4, the dielectric constant of the far left layer of the transformer be E b =
2.55, the number of layers be N = 10; the dielectric constants of the layers are given in
Table I. The ratio of the frequency ~ and the thickness of the waveguide d is such that
kd = 1.2~. For the selected value of E a there are two adjustable modes in the waveguide: the
fundamental symmetrical mode, for which ~i/k = 1~87, and the antisyrmmetrical, for which 62/
k = 1.32. Since the transformer does not disturb the symmetry relative to the y = 0 plane,
the antisymmetrical mode is not excited.
The field in the far zone (for r/d >> i, where r = (x 2 + yi)I/2) may be characterized
by the directivity pattern F(~): Ez(x,y)~-F(~)Xexp(ikr)/~r'.k.O(r,~ ) , with ~O(.r,~)--+O for
r ~ ~, where cos~ =x/r, sin~---y/r, 2 x - - ~ > ~ > a , a is some small constant (a > 0), introduced
in order not to describe using the directivity pattern the field in the immediate vicinity
of the wave. guide, which is determined by the structure of the exciting mode and the reflected
waves. Figure 2 shows the amplitude directivity patterns /(~)=IF(~)I for some values of a/d
and b/d. In the upper half of the diagram b/d = 5, while in the lower half b/d = 3, and the
magnitude of a/d takes on the values 0; i; 2; 3; 5; 8; and 12. The directivity pattern is
shown in polar coordinates and normalized so that the total area within the curve r~---[(~) is
proportional to the total radiated power. Half of the graph of the function [(~) is given
for the angles a<~<x and = < ~ < 2 ~ - - ~ , respectively, in the upper and lower halves of
Fig. 2. This figure illustrates the narrowing effect of the pattern due to the transformer
in the form of an expanding horn.
TABLE i

4,0 [ 3,86 1 3,72 t 3,57 I 3.43 3.2S I 3.14 I 2,99 t 2,84 [ 2,70 t 2,55

174
W2 eo d.l~

Fig. 1

. . . .

o./d. 0 "I " " I

~' 0 (B o | ~ (D I

Fig. 2

The magnitude of that part of the power of the exciting wave which is reflected back
into the waveguide. At the indicated parameter values this magnitude ranges from 1% to 4%
of the power of the exciting mode as a function of a/d and b/d, excluding the case a/d = 0,
which corresponds to radiation from the truncation of the planar waveguide without a transi-
tion element. If we set e b = Ea, i.e., make the dielectric constant of constant magnitude
within the transformer, then the power reflection coefficient will lie within the 9-14% range.
Thus a multilayer coating lowers the reflected power by a factor of three to nine. The x =
-a boundary makes the fundamental contributionto the reflected wave; there is a sharp jump
in the dielectric constant here. The characteristic picture of the interference of the incident
and reflected waves is observed within the transformer. Figure 1 shows the equal-level lines
of the function IEz(x, Y)I in the region of the transformer for the values of the geometrical
parameters a/d = 8 and b/d = 5. If for purposes of comparison we calculate the same geometri-
cal configuration, setting E b = Ea, i.e., making the dielectric constant over the entire region
of the transformer and equal to the dielectric constant of the feeder waveguide, then the
amplitude of the standing waves increases significantly.
Thus t o control the shape of the directivity pattern of a dielectric waveguide it is
possible to use a multilayer transformer which can be calculated by computer using numerical
methods.
Using the partial Galerkin method permits calculation of the coupling of two and more
dielectric waveguides, the losses at the breaks and at the smooth discontinuities of a complex
geometrical shape.

LITERATURE CITED
i. P . G . Kard, Analysis and Synthesis of Multilayer Interference Filters [in Russian], Val-
gus (1971).
2. P. Felsen and N. Markuvits, Wave Emission and Scattering [Russian translation], Mir, Mos-
cow (1971).

175
3o A. G. Sveshnikov, A. V. Tikhonravov, and S. A. Yaishin, Zh. Vychisl. Mat. Mat. Fiz.,
23, NO. 4, 929 (1983).
4. Kh. G. Unger, Planar and Fiber Optical Waveguides [Russian translation], Mir, Moscow
(L980).
5. A. G. Sveshnikov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 236, No. 5, 1076 (1977).
6. A. S. Ii'inskii and A. A. Bykov, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Radiofiz., 23, No. 7, 821
(1980).

176

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