Using Models in Construction

A Planning Guide

Implementation Resource 324-2

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Using Models in Construction

A Planning Guide

Research Team 324, Future Construction Needs of

Virtual Design Models

Construction Industry Institute

Implementation Resource 324-2

November 2016
© 2016 Construction Industry Institute™

The University of Texas at Austin

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 Executive Summary

Digital models can provide significant value in the construction process. Models can
be used to facilitate constructability reviews, visualize schedule progression, calculate
accurate quantities for both bids and construction processes, provide a basis for ordering
materials, streamline component fabrication, help with the planning of temporary systems
and equipment, analyze logistics, support performing safety reviews, visually record
construction progress, guide equipment through GPS integration, and much more.

This Guide focuses on leveraging digital model content throughout the construction
phase of a project, along with providing guidance to the information that will be required
from the design process to support construction. The Guide will help a project team
create a modeling plan during the early stages of a project, ideally at the beginning of
the design phase.

The planning approach contains the following steps:

• defining modeling goals related to construction
• identifying the modeling uses and methods
• planning the modeling process along with information needs
• defining the modeling infrastructure needed for success.

By completing this planning process and using the associated Construction Model Plan
templates, a team will be able to compile a detailed implementation plan for a project. In
addition to defining implementation within construction, the plan will also show design
team members how to support efficient and safe construction by leveraging information
models.

iii
Table of Contents

iii

1. Introduction 1

2. Setting Modeling Goals for Construction 3

3. Model Uses for Construction 7

4. Designing the Modeling Process and Information Exchanges 19

5. Modeling Infrastructure 21

6. Concluding Thoughts 29

Appendix A: References and Additional Resources 31

Appendix B: Definitions 33

Appendix C: Modeling Goals for Construction Table 37

Appendix D: Model Use Descriptions 39

Appendix E: Model Uses Selection Summary Template 97

Appendix F: Model Use Details Table 99

Appendix G: Hardware and Software Planning Table 101

 1
Introduction

What Is the Value of Using Digital Models during Construction?

Project teams spend significant time simply seeking information about the design, or
the means and methods required to deliver the project. Often, the methods for creating
this information are inefficient, and the means of displaying and analyzing it are ineffective.
Models developed throughout the design process, or specifically created to support
construction, can resolve such issues and be highly valuable to project construction
planners and field personnel.

The challenge is to identify efficient methods to gather, generate, analyze, and

visualize this information. Much of the project data has already been developed in previous
modeling initiatives or is created continually by the project support team. Therefore,
the lack of a process for effectively leveraging and visualizing available content is the
source of the inefficiencies, rather than the lack of available data. While it is difficult to
assess or quantify a specific return on investment, it is clear that adopting modeling
into the delivery process could have significant value.

Who Is the Audience for this Guide?

The primary audiences for this Guide are construction management and field
personnel, with a particular emphasis on the people who will plan the process for
implementing models on a project. The secondary audience is the design team and
the operators for the completed facility. It is important to note that this Guide does not
provide a detailed description of every method of implementing modeling throughout
a project. Modeling can improve a project in many different ways—this Guide simply
directs the team toward potential options.

How Can I Plan for Implementing Modeling to Improve Construction Delivery?

Leveraging models within construction requires team collaboration. Team members from
design, construction, and operations should develop plans as early as feasible to maximize
the downstream value of the modeling initiatives. In addition to leveraging the information
for construction purposes, the team should also become familiar with the operational
information handover requirements or desires. The information that is accumulated during
the construction process can be quite valuable to the operations team—enough so that
this information should be considered an important project deliverable.

1
1. Introduction

Overview of the Planning Procedure

1. Modeling Goals 2. Model Uses 3. Process 4. Infrastructure

Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Figure 1. Model Planning Procedure

Figure 1 shows the straightforward, four-step process RT-324 developed to guide

a project team through the development of an execution plan for leveraging models
in construction. The procedure follows four steps (with each step further defined in a
chapter of this Guide):
1. Modeling Goals – Clearly define the overarching goals for leveraging
models on the project. (See Chapter 2.)
2. Model Uses and Methods – Identify the specific tasks that will leverage
modeling content and define the modeling method that will be used to
implement them. (See Chapter 3.)
3. Modeling Process – Plan a process that clearly shows how modeling
content will progress from one activity to another. This process will define
the order and determine which project team member(s) will perform each
task. (See Chapter 4.)
4. Infrastructure – After determining the overall modeling process and
information requirements, the various hardware, software, network, and
other requirements for successful implementation need to be considered as
well. (See Chapter 5.)

A series of tables has been developed to help guide a team through the four steps
of the Model Planning Procedure. The remainder of the Guide will focus on defining
each step (using the planning tables) to develop a high-quality modeling execution plan.
At the conclusion of the planning procedure, readers will have a clear plan that outlines
the overall goal for implementing modeling within construction, a clear definition of how
to perform that implementation, and a definition of what will be needed for success. The
best way to learn the planning procedure is to try it. RT-324 hopes that this Guide and
its corresponding templates prove useful for project planning activities, and encourages
readers to customize the templates with their own modeling methods to maximize the
benefit to their projects.

2
 2
Setting Modeling Goals for Construction

1. Modeling Goals 2. Model Uses 3. Process 4. Infrastructure

The best potential applications for models in the construction industry depend on the
needs of the project participants, from the owner, the design team, or the construction
team. To be successful, it is necessary to identify each user’s goals early in the project
lifecycle, so the models’ information is developed with their needs in mind.

Coordinating the Goal-setting Process

Goals should not be set by one member of the team. More advanced modeling
initiatives require buy-in from the multiple project participants who will benefit from the
information contained in the model. This is particularly true for the adoption of modeling
approaches to support construction. One of the most important factors to support
adoption is the clear identification and definition of construction goals by the planning
and design team members. If a model initiative is to be successful in construction and
facility operations, the initial developers of modeling content (i.e., the initial design
modelers of the facility) need to clearly understand how their design content will be
used in the future. For example, if a model is to carry information necessary for facility
management, it is important that the model be developed to include attributes and
identifiers for the facility management data.

Therefore, goal-setting must include the initial designers and modelers, as well as
representation from the end users of the facility and construction team members. To
coordinate the goal-setting among the different participants, the team must develop
a plan for a meeting, or series of meetings, to discuss the modeling uses from design
through construction to facility operations, so the model can be developed with the
desired end state in mind. Meeting planning should clearly identify participants,
location, and timing. Some preparation will also be required to ensure the efficient
and effective setting of goals.

3
2. Setting Modeling Goals for Construction

Beyond setting construction goals early in the project, it may be critical to begin
by selecting a number of construction modeling initiatives concurrent with the facility
design model development. Clear examples of this approach include: the modeling of
the site logistics to support early design decisions with regard to constructability; the
use of models to support advanced work packaging in order to optimize the engineering
and construction processes; the initial planning and modeling of prefabrication or
modularization strategies that will affect procurement strategy.

A Goal-setting Meeting
After deciding on a process for setting goals, the team must define the structure
for the planning meeting. In some instances, the entire project team may coordinate a
larger meeting to define the goals for the overall strategy. In this case, the construction
goals will be a portion of the discussion. This approach can be valuable, since it focuses
on the lifecycle modeling approach. If a full-team meeting is not feasible, then a more
focused meeting should be scheduled to discuss the specific modeling uses within the
construction phase. However this meeting is scheduled, it should occur as early in the
delivery process as practical.

The core team participants who are responsible for coordinating the modeling strategy
should perform several important steps:
1. Collect and evaluate the overall project goals for the various team members.
These goals may not be directly related to modeling activities, but they could
provide clear justification for appropriate modeling strategies.
2. Capture previous organizational goals related to construction model
adoption on similar projects. For example, if the team is focused on model
planning for an industrial plant, look into the core modeling goals and
modeling approaches (discussed in more detail in Chapter 3) that have been
successful on previous projects.
3. Discuss modeling experience with construction participants, as available,
to gain insights into the benefits and challenges of model adoption on the
project, and to allow for early resolution of issues.
4. If the team desires to pursue targeted goals for leveraging models, perform
the research needed prior to the goal-setting meeting, to ensure that a clear
business case for pursuing the desired goals has been defined. For example,
if the team wishes to pursue a goal focused upon “improving overall project
safety by modeling temporary safety systems,” the team will need to think
through the scope and define the effort required to generate those systems.

4
 2. Setting Modeling Goals for Construction

The goal-setting meeting should include the participating organizations’ key decision-
makers on the project team, since the overall goals set the framework for model adoption
and guide any potential financial investment in the process or tools.

The Goal-setting Table

As will also be the case for many other sections of this Guide, this section provides
a table to help facilitate discussions regarding the different model-planning tasks. For
the goal-setting activity, RT-324 created a goal-setting table. (An example is shown
in Table 1, and a blank template is included in Appendix C.) This table supports the
identification of the goals for leveraging modeling to support overall project goals and
ensure the safe, timely, and cost-effective construction of a quality facility. It is important
to consider that construction supports the overall goals of the project; therefore, there
may be two different levels of goals for modeling initiatives within construction: a focus
on achieving project goals, and a specific evaluation of which aspects of the construction
process may be unique to the project or site and would benefit from the modeling process.

Table 1. Modeling Goals for Construction Table

Modeling Goals for Construction

Priority Construction Goals Modeling/Objectives Potential Model Use(s)

5
2. Setting Modeling Goals for Construction

Tips for Success

• Preparation is critical for the goal-setting meeting. Come prepared to provide

clear goals, but also be prepared to listen to others regarding their goals.
• Try to delay judgment on the goals proposed by others until adequate
information is available.
• Do not get too specific regarding “how” a goal will be achieved. Instead,
simply define whether the team agrees to achieve it, and provide a
prioritization. The “how” is the focus of the more in-depth planning steps
to follow. For goals that are required, a modeling approach will need to be
identified to achieve each goal. For others, the level of difficulty for achieving
the goal will influence final decisions about adopting modeling approaches.
• Make sure that the right people are in the room for the goal-setting
discussions.
• Follow up with the team soon after the meeting, to ensure that everyone is
in agreement with the goals, and to determine whether participants have
additional ideas.
• There are many potential methods to leverage modeling to improve
construction, but to determine the highest-priority uses of modeling, it is
important first to determine “why” it is advantageous to implement modeling.

6
 3
Model Uses for Construction

1. Modeling Goals 2. Model Uses 3. Process 4. Infrastructure

After it has set clear goals, the team can focus on which specific modeling it wishes
to adopt for the project. These model uses can be combined into workflows that allow
the model content to be captured, developed, and used to achieve specific purposes
on the project. This chapter describes a breakdown of model progressions into more
discrete model uses with specific implementation methods. Although it may sound
confusing at first, this structure helps to focus the discussion around the continued
evolution and re-use of modeling content to achieve construction goals. In addition, it
also allows for a focused planning approach, to ensure that the team has the process
and resources available to be successful. Figure 2 shows an overview of the relationships
from Model Progressions to Model Uses to Implementation Methods. Each of these
topics is addressed in more detail in the following sections.

Model Progression Model Uses Methods

Facility Product Gather Design Gather documents and

Management Information convert to model

Temporary Systems Gather model content from

and Equipment designers and engineers

Site and Space

Planning

Realize Layout
Total Station Layout
of Elements
Time Management

Automated Layout

Safety Management

Robotic Layout

Cost Management

Figure 2. From Model Progression to Model Use to Implementation Methods

7
3. Model Uses for Construction

Model Progressions in Construction

When studying the adoption of models within construction, different activities
may be combined to achieve a specific goal on the project. The combination of these
activities into a clear workflow is a Model Progression. Throughout this Guide, a Model
Progression is defined as “a sequence of activities that leverage digital models (model
uses) to achieve a clear goal within the project lifecycle.” By studying various model
implementation strategies on projects, RT-324 has identified six model progressions
specific to construction.

Facility Product Management

This model progression describes a sequence of model use activities that assist
management tasks leading to the physical construction of the finished facility.
It includes materials and asset management, production management, trade
coordination, and quality management.

Temporary Systems and Equipment

This model progression describes a sequence of activities that create the models
of temporary elements for construction planning and safety control. The temporary
elements are systems or equipment that are employed during construction in order
to enable the assembly of the final product, but that typically do not remain in place
after construction is complete. They include temporary systems (e.g., scaffolding and
formwork) and construction equipment (e.g., cranes, trucks, and concrete pumps).

Site and Space Planning

This model progression describes a sequence of activities that help the team plan,
represent, and analyze the layout of the construction site and related logistics, with
adequate access for resources (e.g., materials and equipment) to be able to enter
the workspace. By incorporating spatial and logistical requirements with the design,
this often-dynamic information (e.g., equipment or installation path planning, resource
analysis, and what-if scenarios) can be visualized and analyzed more easily to
evaluate different options.

8
 3. Model Uses for Construction

Time Management

This model progression describes a sequence of activities that leverage different

model uses to plan and control the timing and sequence of activities for construction.
The timeliness and cost effectiveness of construction are driven through the schedule.
In order to improve the productivity and efficiency of the process, the team needs to
have the best available access and understanding of the sequence, progress, and
forecasting of schedule activities.

Safety Management

This model progression describes a sequence of activities that leverage different

model uses to plan and control the project safety performance. Models can be used
to automate hazard recognition, as well as to overlay a wide range of simultaneous
construction activities to identify potential safety conflicts. The result is an up-to-
date visual safety plan based on changing site conditions throughout construction.
Moreover, models offer a graphical reference for real-time monitoring, potentially
enabling significant improvements over traditional safety approaches.

Cost Management

This model progression describes a sequence of activities that leverage different

model uses to plan and control the project cost performance. Varying in use from
gathering material quantities to supporting purchasing or billing evidence, to more
advanced design estimation updates or forecasting, this approach offers significant
opportunities to reduce the manual labor often employed in costing processes.

It is important to note that some model uses span several model progressions (e.g.,
predecessor tasks, such as Gather Existing Conditions and Gather Design Information).
These specific model uses focus on gaining the appropriate information to start several
model progressions. For ease of planning, these model uses are shown in each of the
appropriate model progressions, even though the activity may be performed only one
time during the actual model implementation, with the information reused for multiple
progressions.

9
3. Model Uses for Construction

Defining Model Uses

RT-324 defined a model use as “a method or strategy of applying digital modeling
during a project lifecycle to achieve one or more specific objectives.” There are many
different reasons, or purposes, for implementing modeling. The model uses have been
organized into a structure that defines five categories of model uses: Gather, Generate,
Communicate, Analyze, and Produce (Kreider and Messner, 2013). These categories
help to organize the uses, based on how the information in the model is being leveraged,
since they correspond to different tools, people, and purposes for each category. For
example, one person may gather design information for a task using a specific computer
tool, and then provide this information to another person to generate new modeling
content, such as a bill of quantities to support estimating. As discussed in the previous
section, some of these model uses can be integrated into a model progression to
achieve a larger goal.

RT-324 identified 30 different model uses as it investigated the application of digital

models in construction. The team developed a one-page summary for each use. An
example is shown in Figure 3, and a complete set of the model use descriptions is included
in Appendix D. Note that additional model uses may be identified, defined, and added.

Figure 3. Model Use Description Page (See Appendix D for the complete set.)

10
 3. Model Uses for Construction

Considerations When Selecting Model Uses

It is important for the team to consider the potential breadth of model uses and
to decide which model uses to pursue on the basis of highest value. A number of
considerations influence which model uses to pursue. Among the most important factors
to evaluate are the perceived value and level of difficulty involved in executing the
model use. The value of implementing a model use should be addressed in relation to
the overall project and construction goals. The level of difficulty in implementation can
be influenced by many factors, including the following items, which are discussed in
separate sections:
1. What is the current capacity of the team to implement this use? The
modeling team’s levels of skill, speed, and depth of scope are critical, since
these are the resources that drive the modeling effort.
2. When is this information or use needed? The calculations of value and
difficulty should consider the lead time needed to accomplish the model usage
goal, as well as consider whether some of the information or tasks can be
embedded directly into the design process, or whether they will have to be
handed off after design.
3. How will the information be tracked and updated? The communication level
and specific channels or feedback loops (which potentially span design
and construction) are critical to the team’s ability to use the information
created. Information is always changing, so the team must be able to
identify changes in a timely manner and allow for course correction with new
information.
4. Is the design information reliable and detailed enough for the intended uses?
Reliability of data within a model progression is critical. The team needs to
consider whether the model needs to be re-built, or if the existing content from
design or an earlier task will be directly reusable for a subsequent purpose.

11
3. Model Uses for Construction

Skill
Members of the design and construction modeling team either should personally
possess the skills needed to implement the model use, or they should identify a means
to gain those skills, either internally or from a third party. Primarily, this refers to software
competencies, but it can also expand into “process” competencies. For example, if the
concrete modeler wants to use a specific software application to model a temporary
system, such as the formwork, an important question is whether the modeler currently
has the skills to design a formwork layout worth modeling. If not, how easy or difficult
is it for the modeler to learn the skill?

Timing and Efficiency

The speed at which core modeling tasks are executed, while meeting the necessary
quality of information, ultimately determines the realistic model uses on a project.
Revisiting the formwork analogy, if the modeler will be able to generate the formwork
panels for the project, the next question is whether he or she will be able to model them
fast enough, so that the analysis to optimize the amount of formwork material can be
complete before the materials need to be ordered for the project. The answer may vary
with the timing of construction involvement and the speed of construction. Even with the
fastest team, when the lead time between the project award and mobilization is short,
the number of achievable model uses may be significantly reduced. The best scenario
is early contractor involvement in the planning process, to be able to optimize re-use
of design information; however, this is not always feasible.

Scope and Level of Detail

Depth of scope plays a significant role in determining the value and difficulty of
developing a model. Continuing with the formwork analogy, the modeler may create the
formwork panels, but placement of the panels potentially involves many other tasks (e.g.,
identifying laydown areas and assembly areas; logistics for loading and unloading from
trucks; tracking quantities of panels onsite for each lift or pour; planning the timing and
locations for crane picks; and many other possible details). The re-use of information
through progressions will necessarily influence the depth of information and geometry
that must be created to support the array of tasks. The team needs to strike the right
balance to make sure that onerous modeling tasks are not undertaken when little value
will be realized downstream.

12
 3. Model Uses for Construction

Communication
Sometimes, one model use can support many downstream model uses across
different progressions. However, when the modeling effort spans different phases without
thoughtful coordination, model progressions and goals can be rendered unusable. For
example, if the modeler and scheduler work together when developing the construction
sequence, they may create a fantastic 4D model for the project. However, if a new
resource, constraint, or logistical item appears on site that requires a change, then
the modeler and scheduler must be notified to incorporate the change. Without this
information, any future data, model updates, or schedule planning to support sequence
planning based upon the model will be rendered useless.

Reliability
For a model progression to work effectively all the way through the process and support
the highest levels of functionality, the model must work with each team’s software and
standards. For example, if a designer authors a model to feed the construction modeling
team, but produces contract documents from another source, the construction modeler(s)
may waste valuable time either adding this information to a model or abandoning the
design model entirely and beginning to create another model from scratch.

The Model Uses Selection Summary

A Model Uses Selection Summary has been developed to display the array of possible
model uses. (See Table 2.) The left column of the Model Uses Selection Summary
contains the titles for the six Model Progressions. The progressions are shown as rows
in the table, each with its respective color.

13
 3. Model Uses for Construction
14

Table 2. Model Uses Selection Summary

Construction Model Uses
Gather Generate Communicate Analyze Produce
‰‰Gather Design ‰‰Generate ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Constructability ‰‰Fabricate
Information Modularization, Installation ‰‰Analyze Installation Elements
Faculty ‰‰Gather Installation Prefabrication, and/or Progress Progress ‰‰Realize Layout
Product Progress Preassembly Plan ‰‰Communicate of Elements
‰‰Analyze Resource
Management ‰‰Gather Quantities ‰‰Generate Advanced Quantities Availability ‰‰Order Materials
Work Packages
‰‰Analyze Maintainability

‰‰Gather Design ‰‰Generate Design of ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Constructability ‰‰Fabricate

Information Temporary Elements Construction ‰‰Analyze Construction Elements
Temporary ‰‰Gather Existing ‰‰Generate Construction Logistics Logistics ‰‰Control
Systems and Conditions Equipment ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Installation Construction
Requirements Installation Equipment
Model Progressions

Equipment ‰‰Gather Installation Progress

Progress ‰‰Generate Construction Progress
‰‰Analyze Resource
Logistics Availability

‰‰Gather Existing ‰‰Generate Construction ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Construction

Site
Conditions Logistics Construction Logistics
Planning Logistics

‰‰Gather Design ‰‰Generate Construction ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Construction

Time
Information Schedule Construction Sequence
Management Sequence

‰‰Gather Design ‰‰Generate Safety ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Design Safety

Safety Information Requirements Safety Plan
Management ‰‰Gather Existing
Conditions

‰‰Gather Quantities ‰‰Generate Costs ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Cost

Cost Cost Performance Performance
Management ‰‰Communicate
Quantities
 3. Model Uses for Construction

Steps to Select Model Uses and Methods

The selection of model uses and the determination of an implementation method
for each use should be core topics of the model planning meeting. During the meeting,
the project team can proceed through the following steps to identify how to implement
modeling to the benefit of construction.

Step 1. Review Each Model Progression

Investigate the model uses within each Model Progression. By employing the Model
Uses Selection Summary (see Table 2), the team can review all model uses contained in
a model progression. It is helpful to review these model uses prior to considering each
individual use. For example, consider a project where the team would like to leverage
a 3D model for scaffold planning. For this scaffold-planning example, the model uses
would focus on the Temporary Systems and Equipment model progression.

Step 2. Evaluate Each Model Use within the Progressions

Review each potential model use and determine whether the value proposition
for that use is sufficient to justify its adoption on the project. Model uses that could be
selected to successfully perform scaffold planning might include:
• Gather Design Information
• Generate Design of Temporary Elements
• Communicate Construction Logistics
• Analyze Resource Availability
• Analyze Construction Sequence
• Realize Layout of Elements
• Order Materials

Step 3. For Selected Model Uses, Identify a Method for Performing Each
Model Use

Identify the Implementation Method for each model use. For the scaffold example,
this could start with defining an implementation method associated with the Gather
Design Information model use, such as Gather Model Files Directly from Designers if
the designer created a 3D model, or Gather Documents and Convert to a 3D Model
if no existing model is available. These potential methods are shown in the one-page
summaries for each model use. (See Appendix D.)

15
3. Model Uses for Construction

Step 4. Define the Scope and Responsible Party

After identifying each method, several additional model use attributes should be
discussed and documented within the planning meeting: the phase(s) of implementation,
the scope of implementation, and any additional notes required for future activities. For
the scaffold planning example, and given the 3D model shown in Figure 4, a good start
for scope definition would be to define the construction work areas or specific systems
the scaffold will be supporting.

Figure 4. Example Design Model to Support Scaffold Planning

Expectations should be defined regarding the level of detail in the design model
and the construction planning, especially as the plan evolves. For example, work area
dimensions could be shown either as the required work areas to support weld and bolt-
up operations (as illustrated to the left in Figure 5), or as volumes representing individual
supporting scaffold (as illustrated to the right in Figure 5.)

Figure 5. Example Model Images for Scaffold Planning

16
 3. Model Uses for Construction

The scope and detail of the modeling for future phases should be thoughtfully
defined. After the initial planning meeting, it may be appropriate to have targeted breakout
meetings for specific high-value tasks to align the necessary construction planning with
the modeling tasks that support it. For example, the next implementation scope task for
the scaffold would be to hold a coordination meeting to decide the means of support
for each work area. This could be scaffold or (alternately) dunnage, ropes, aerial work
platforms, a man-basket hung from a crane, or to incorporate scaffold into a fabricated
module. Given the set of work areas mandating scaffold, the planning tasks should
identify scaffold work area groups for possible combination opportunities across trades.
This implementation scope task may require further understanding regarding when each
scaffold section is required and for how long. This could necessitate another model use
(i.e., a schedule represented within a 4D model).

Working through the implementation scope tasks in breakout groups, the team may
uncover benefits that might not have been fully appreciated at the onset of the process.
For example, considering the detailed scaffold geometry requirements in the context
of a schedule could uncover clashes during construction if scaffold remained in place.

Results
At the conclusion of the model use selection process, the team will have a clear list
of modeling uses, along with which methods will be implemented. Chapter 4 focuses
on how to organize these model uses into a process that considers the sequencing
and flow of information between the selected model uses.

17
 4
Designing the Modeling Process and Information Exchanges

1. Modeling Goals 2. Model Uses 3. Process 4. Infrastructure

After identifying individual model uses and methods, the team needs to map the
process for implementing the model uses. By mapping the process, the entire team
gains a better understanding of the sequencing of the modeling activities, along with
gaining a clear identification of the points in the process where information is exchanged
between different activities or team members. An approach for mapping the model uses
has previously been defined within the BIM Project Execution Planning Guide, created
through a collaborative project between CII and the Computer Integrated Construction
Research Group at The Pennsylvania State University. (See CII RES-CPF 2010-2.) This
process mapping approach focuses on the use of Business Process Mapping Notation
to map each identified model use.

Figure 6 shows a sample map that includes model uses (illustrated in the square
boxes) in the top portion (the process swimlane) of the map. After designing the process,
different information exchanges can be identified and represented via the document
icons in the bottom portion (or swimlane) of the diagram. During the detailed planning
process, it is important to define the specific information that will be contained in each
of the information exchanges. To learn more about the development of a process map
for planning the implementation of the modeling approach, download the BIM Planning
Guide from the CII Store and review Chapters 3 and 4.

At the conclusion of this step, the team should have a clear map of the modeling
process, along with a clear definition of the information that will flow from one model
use to another.

19
 4. Designing the Modeling Process and Information Exchanges
20

Figure 6. Level 1 Model Process Map Example

(Source: BIM Project Execution Planning Guide)
 5
Modeling Infrastructure

1. Modeling Goals 2. Model Uses 3. Process 4. Infrastructure

A defined modeling process describes how to augment and transform design content
into an information model useful to construction activities. Beyond basic information
needs and process, technology-related processes add notable infrastructure requirements
to ensure consistent, reliable, and easily accessible model information for fast-paced
construction processes. This chapter reviews a number of parallel project infrastructure
considerations project teams should consider to ensure that the defined modeling
process can be fully implemented.

Communication Procedures
Procedures for changing the model and protocols for communicating these changes
to the project team pose unique challenges.

Model-sharing and Change Protocols

Similar to any design and construction process, updates to the information stored
within the model will occur throughout the project lifecycle. Procedures for accessing and
changing model content, as well as protocols for communicating the changes to the project
team, must be clearly documented and followed to ensure the reliability and usability of
the model information. Non-synchronized data are of little use to anyone if uncertainties
arise about whether construction is operating with valid information.

A variety of project management information systems and related infrastructure

tools manage model files and communication. The organization of these model files,
the permissions for accessing and changing the file content, naming conventions,
and system notifications should be resolved and documented. Revisit and revise
procedures and protocols whenever necessary as the project shifts phases from
design to construction.

21
5. Modeling Infrastructure

Meeting Communication Using Models

Throughout the project, various meetings will rely on the model for general visualization
and as a discussion focal point. Such meetings range from design review sessions to
planning site logistics, schedule forecasting to coordination between trades. Both the
process for ensuring that the model is developed to the appropriate level of detail and
the format for content review (e.g., video output from simulations versus real-time model
walkthroughs) should be clearly defined.
1. Identify all meetings that will require model support.
2. Work backward to sort out the model content development needed to
support the meetings’ goals.
3. Use consistent modeling workflows and protocols to ensure the consistency
of model content, to meet the expected meeting outcomes.

Hardware and Software

Hardware and software requirements are tightly interwoven with selected model
uses. The “Methods” defined in the model process plan imply specific information
development and exchange software requirements and/or specific hardware, such
as laser scanning equipment. One of the starting points for determining software and
hardware requirements for various project personnel and meeting spaces is to identify
hardware and equipment planned for or currently in use, and define the software required
to support selected model uses. An example is shown in Table 3, and a blank template
is included in Appendix G.

Modeling hardware infrastructure falls into two primary categories:

1. Site office hardware the project management staff will use to support the
planning and controls processes
2. Mobile systems needed to support field use of the modeling information.

22
 5. Modeling Infrastructure

Table 3. Hardware and Software Planning Table (Sample)

Hardware and Software Planning Table

Software
Personnel
and Meeting Hardware Model Use: Model Use: Model Use:
Rooms Advanced Progress [Model Use
Work Packaging Tracking Name]
Dashboard with web-
Project Manager Laptop or Tablet QC/Tracking tool
based model-viewing tool
Dashboard with web-
based model-viewing
Superintendent Tablet
tool including support for
status visualizations
Work-packaging tool
Workforce Laptop or where work packs created
Planner Desktop by selecting model
components
Workforce Model-viewing tool for
Tablet
Planner field checks
Model-based tracking tool
where progress can be
Field Engineer Tablet
indicated on individual or
set of components
Model-based tool to
Field Engineer Tablet display progress for sets QC tool
of model components
Model-viewing tool with
Interactive visualizations optionally
Meeting Room 1
Whiteboard organized by work
packages
Model-viewing tool with
Subcontractor
Field Kiosk visualizations organized
Foreman
by work packages

Worker Field Kiosk Model-viewing tool

Project Manager Laptop Model-viewing tool QC/Tracking tool

Superintendent Tablet Model-viewing tool QC/Tracking tool

Workforce
Laptop Model-viewing tool
Planner
Workforce
(tablet?)
Planner

Field Engineer Laptop Tracking tool

Field Engineer Tablet QC tool

Interactive
Meeting Room 1 Model-viewing tool
Whiteboard
Subcontractor
(need tablets) (Model-viewing tool)
Foreman
(mobile
Field Workforce (Model-viewing tool)
workstation)

23
5. Modeling Infrastructure

Site Office Hardware

Site office hardware creates the infrastructure needed to support office personnel’s
daily use of modeling software, to permit the use of models within meeting spaces and
to provide network support.
1. Computers – Personnel using the models, or accessing model information
for reference, need to have workstations or laptops with sufficient computing
capabilities for efficiently navigating model files. While memory, processing
power, and graphics card capabilities may seem intended for supporting
video games, they are critical to saving time when accessing large and
complex model files. In the realm of computing, laptop or personal computer
hardware can determine the efficiency of the project management team
using the model. In addition, the value of larger screens is significant.
Having large screens (or large external monitors to connect to computers)
for enhanced visualization of the model content is extremely valuable and a
nominal upfront cost for speeding up the clarity and precision of the model
information when viewed at a larger scale.
2. Meeting rooms and interactive workspaces – As has already been noted
in the Communication Procedures section, models facilitate more effective
and productive meetings, but the meeting spaces for the project must
contain sufficient infrastructure to support all intended modeling uses. At a
minimum, this usually requires that meeting rooms have projectors or large
screens for sharing the screen from one of the participants’ laptops. This,
however, is only the starting point for leveraging the value.
Large and multiple displays enable better project personnel engagement
with the model or analysis being displayed. Facilities are significant in terms
of scale and dimensions, and are often viewed on scale drawings and small
computer screens. Using larger displays allows the experts, whether safety
personnel or project superintendents, to see the details of final construction
before materials arrive on site. To best take advantage of project personnel’s
extensive knowledge, the displays in meeting rooms should provide as much
and as large of a visualization of the project design as is feasible. In addition,
being able to show different information on parallel displays allows concerns
identified in model views or 4D simulations to be reviewed through the
project schedule or specifications when the concerns are first identified.
Lastly, the ability of meeting attendees to interact with the displayed
information is often invaluable. Only one person may be navigating the
displayed model, but when brainstorming site logistics plans, the right
hardware set-up makes it fairly simple and intuitive for project teams to
sketch different options. Having interactive whiteboards, so superintendents

24
 5. Modeling Infrastructure

or foremen can sketch options directly on top of critical model views, creates
simple but rich information that the modelers can quickly capture and use to
update project plans and models.
3. Network support and security – When assessing the network needs
for the project site, most companies have typical requirements for project
trailers or site offices. As project sites are sometimes remotely located, the
methods for providing access to Internet services may vary. It is important
for the project team to consider this when reviewing software tools that may
be cloud-based, involve shared licensing within the company based on
a limited number of seats, and require a local and/or cache server. Local
servers can be helpful for hosting model files for consistency and access to
day-to-day file use if network connectivity may be unreliable. Some servers
include software tools developed to defer file synchronization until low-
demand times, to reduce aggravating peak-time network traffic by making
large model-file transfers. Lastly, secure or sensitive projects must consider
the security concerns for model files, access, and allowable hosting.

Mobile Field Hardware

One of the most exciting opportunities for leveraging models for construction lies
in the ability to directly use model information to control field equipment or streamline
tasks—automated machine guidance of earthmoving equipment, field elevation and
grade checks, robotic total station laser-based field location, and even robotic masonry
construction. To take full advantage of these model uses, the required field devices
must be identified when a method is planned for each model use.

Some uses and supportive devices align with well-established software requirements
and workflows. For example, GPS-enabled construction equipment has been in use
for civil construction tasks for more than a decade. The information, format, and file
types needed to support these tasks are well understood. Some uses are newer, and
changing software tools and file exchanges may require pilot testing to ensure proper
transmission of the data needed to support the field tasks.

In parallel, project team members need to be able to assess their internal resources
for carrying out certain tasks. Does the firm have internal IT or modeling resources so it
can self-perform laser scanning services, or will this be a subcontracted scope for which
the team will need to clearly define the model requirements, timeline, and deliverables?
While identifying the devices for operations such as laser scanning or field layout is task-
and role-specific, other model uses benefit from direct field access to the model. For

25
5. Modeling Infrastructure

example, quality control tasks and progress tracking tasks can benefit from providing
field engineers or foremen with model-viewing tools on mobile devices (e.g., tablets or
rugged laptops). Specific software applications (apps) may need to be installed before
field personnel will be able to access electronic drawings, models, or field tracking tools.

Finally, network connectivity throughout the site can be a concern. Mobile devices
are often dependent on connections to networks or the Internet to be able to access
project information. The team may need to consider the network set-up that supports
these devices throughout the site. For certain projects, such as bridges or tunnels,
creating a comprehensive network may be necessarily problematic or even infeasible.
The process for updating information on the mobile device and syncing field-collected
information back to the network on a consistent basis (e.g., daily or weekly) should be
defined so it that meets expectations and aligns with model-updating protocols, and to
make sure it considers the timing of design updates.

Software

Along with the necessary hardware, software is necessarily of critical importance

to supporting the implementation of the modeling plan. To ensure the smooth exchange
of information among design and construction team members, the team should review
vendor-specific requirements, supported input and output file formats, and specific
device and operating system support (e.g., apps for tablets) before it finalizes its software
choices. When evaluating alternative software options to support the model uses, some
key trade-offs to consider include:
• interoperability with design and detailing tools
• support of performance or analytical data needed for model progressions
• the ease of creating, modifying, or updating content
• the level of training needed for personnel required to use the software tool
• user-friendliness for model viewers (e.g., will models be shared with owners
or other stakeholders who have limited experience, is the software easy to
learn and use)
• the number and variety of uses supported by a specific software platform.

26
 5. Modeling Infrastructure

Personnel and Training

Project implementation and infrastructure planning are not complete until they
have considered personnel needs, and the broader education and training efforts that
support project implementation. First, firms and projects must put together sufficient
educational programs to provide an understanding of what the model represents, what
it contains, and how it is being used on the project. This will provide for a consistent
minimal understanding and expectation of the value of the model for the project.

Within project personnel planning, the team needs to define which roles and
responsibilities across the construction team (including subcontractors) need to be
involved in the selected model uses. The timing of each model use across the project
lifecycle should help identify when to engage key personnel, especially if the model is
used during pre-construction planning in parallel with design.

For new applications, new software platforms, or roll-outs of new devices to personnel
unfamiliar with the technology, it is of critical importance to provide thorough training.
Untrained personnel may become frustrated with the tools or technology. Besides the
negative impact this might have on the capture or use of the most up-to-date information,
a training gap can also lead to negative perceptions by employees or subcontractors
regarding the modeling implementation, resulting in other long-term challenges and
interactions on the project.

Contracts
Using modeling on projects not only offers process efficiencies through the re-use
of information and the automation of certain tasks that were previously performed
manually, but the process of planning how the project will be executed and information
re-used affords opportunities for closer collaboration within the project team (Leicht
et al., 2016). However, despite this opportunity for collaboration, the project delivery
decisions and contractual language are of significant importance in aligning the roles
and responsibilities of the project team members with the planned model uses.

More-integrated delivery methods, such as design-build, offer easier methods

for aligning these roles and responsibilities without the owner’s being at risk relative
to information-sharing content or format. In situations where the owner has separate
contracts with the designer and the builder for the project, the owner should pay careful
attention to the contractual requirements specific to model use and model sharing, as
these will guide project participants’ actions.

27
5. Modeling Infrastructure

The following topics should be considered and potentially included in contracts, if

applicable:
• model development and responsibilities of the parties involved
• model-sharing requirements and right of reliance on model information
• file format or software platform requirements to support interoperability
• model management process and responsibilities
• intellectual property rights.

While standard contracts can still be used for projects that require and share
modeling files, these contracts will need to be edited to include the noted content.
Several standard contract addenda and publicly available references address model
implementation on projects, including the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Attachment F;
the American Institute of Architects’ E202 BIM Protocol Exhibit, and the American
General Contractors’ Consensus DOCS 301 BIM Addendum. In addition, a written
model-use implementation plan should be specifically referenced within the developed
contracts, to obligate team members to participate not only in the implementation, but
also in the planning of the modeling process.

28
 6
Concluding Thoughts

This Guide documents a defined procedure for ensuring that a team considers the
project constraints to develop the most appropriate methods of leveraging models to
improve construction. The RT-324 research identified several important practices to
ensure success during this planning process:
• Create the Modeling Plan in the Early Stages of a Project. This timing
allows the construction team to provide input into the design model’s creation
and format. It may also illustrate the need to add additional designers and
modelers to the design process. For example, on one case study project for
this research, the project saved significant amounts of scaffolding budget by
having the scaffolding manufacturer work closely with the designers to model
detailed scaffolding needs during the design phase of the project.
• Build Support for the Modeling Initiatives. This support can be particularly
beneficial if additional resources are required earlier in the project, in order to
develop valuable information that can save time and cost during construction.
• Maintain Flexibility to Ensure Success. Schedule periodic reviews of
the modeling plan. It is not only important to consider progress within the
modeling initiative, but potentially also to identify changing technologies that
could enable better solutions, especially for longer projects.
• Track Performance and Capture Lessons Learned. Develop a set of core
metrics to be able to determine the impact of the modeling initiatives on the
project. Also, capture the lessons learned, in order to continuously improve.

The procedure, as well as the planning template, have been designed to allow for
different organizations and teams to capture their modeling methods, and potential
additional model uses, for future planning purposes. This enables continual improvements
in the planning process by allowing for the documentation of specific approaches within
a modified version of the template.

RT-324 hopes that this planning procedure proves valuable, and wishes success
to every adoption of this procedure.

29
 Appendix A
References and Additional Resources

Computer Integrated Construction Research Group and the Construction Industry

Institute (2010). BIM Project Execution Planning Guide. CII RES-CPF 2010-2,
Version 2.0. Available at https://www.construction-institute.org/.

Kreider, R. G. and Messner, J. I. (2013). The Uses of BIM: Classifying and Selecting
BIM Uses. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University. Available at
http://bim.psu.edu/.

Leicht, R. M., Molenaar, K. R., Messner, J. I., Franz, B. W., and Esmaeili, B. (2016).
“Maximizing Success in Integrated Projects: An Owner’s Guide.” University Park,
PA: The Pennsylvania State University. Available at http://bim.psu.edu/delivery.

31
 Appendix B
Definitions

General Definitions
Model Progression – A sequence of activities that leverage digital models (model
uses) to achieve a clear goal within the project lifecycle.

Model Use – A method or strategy of applying digital modeling during a project

lifecycle to achieve one or more specific objectives.

Right of Reliance – The ability of a party to rely upon information contained within
a model for a future activity.

Model Use Definitions

Analyze Constructability – The model is used to evaluate the design in an effort
to improve the means and methods or sequencing of construction through model
analysis or review.

Analyze Construction Logistics – The model is used to evaluate the movement

of equipment, systems, materials, or people to, through, or from the project site.

Analyze Construction Sequence – The model is used to evaluate the sequence

of phasing, system installation, or detailed tasks to ensure the ability to implement
the schedule.

Analyze Cost Performance – The model is used to compare construction costs as

installed against estimates, to support identification and forecasting of cost overruns.

Analyze Design for Safety – The design of the facility or system is assessed to
identify design changes that could reduce potential safety hazards or reduce risks
of injury during construction or operation.

Analyze Installation Progress – The model is used to assess the status and
trending of construction through captured progress information, using the model
for forecasting and scenario options.

Analyze Maintainability – The model is used to assess the design, to ensure

appropriate access for maintenance and operations of the structure or systems
installed in advance of construction.

Analyze Resource Availability – The current construction plan is validated with

specific emphasis on the utilization of equipment and labor resources using
installation progress and the model.

33
Appendix B: Definitions

Communicate Cost Performance – The model is used to show cost data to

demonstrate forecasted costs, highlight changes in the design to differentiate cost
impacts, or show cost performance in construction.

Communicate Construction Logistics – The model is used to communicate the

logistics of equipment, systems, people, or materials through the project site.

Communicate Construction Sequence – The model is used to visually display the

sequence of specific construction activities or broader phasing plans.

Communicate Installation Progress – The status of the construction installation

is shared through layout, colors, or data representations to communicate progress.

Communicate Quantities – The geometry, components, and specific quantities

needed for a construction task are consolidated and shared with the responsible
party or workforce.

Communicate Safety Plan – The model is used to visualize the construction site
and activities to identify potential risks and physical hazards.

Control Construction Equipment – The model and related information are used to
directly control construction equipment for precision of installation or safety, such
as linking of GIS data to a grader for precision in final grade levels and topology.

Fabricate Elements – Information from the model is used to fabricate elements,

such as pipe spools or ductwork.

Gather Design Information – Information from designed systems, geometry, or

data is collected and (re)classified through protocols for enabling construction
model uses.

Gather Existing Conditions – Information for the site, facilities, equipment, or

specific areas already existing within a project is represented in the model.

Gather Installation Progress – Information regarding the installation status of

temporary or permanent systems and elements is represented in the model to
support monitoring of construction progress.

Gather Quantities – The quantities of the geometry, components, or systems are

captured from the model.

Generate Advanced Work Packages – The construction scope is broken down into
work areas to support engineering and installation by using the model geometry
and system data.

Generate Construction Equipment Requirements – The construction equipment

is represented to determine the location, capacity, reach, and related requirements.

34
 Appendix B: Definitions

Generate Construction Logistics – The model is used to support the logistics plan
for temporary construction, as well as showing the logistical needs to support the
installation of permanent features.

Generate Construction Schedule – The model is used to create the construction

sequence.

Generate Costs – The model is used to create the cost estimate.

Generate Design of Temporary Elements – The model is used to develop the

design of temporary construction systems (e.g., scaffolding or formwork) and to
support excavation systems.

Generate Modularization, Prefabrication, and/or Preassembly Plan – The model

is used to develop the modular, prefabrication, and/or preassembly plan.

Generate Safety Requirements – The model is used to identify temporary systems

or measures to ensure safe work.

Order Materials – Model information is used to automate the purchase of materials

to support construction operations.

Realize Layout of Elements – Model information is leveraged with field equipment

to identify system or element layout locations.

35
 Appendix C
Modeling Goals for Construction Table

Modeling Goals for Construction

Priority Construction Goals Modeling/Objectives Potential Model Use(s)
37
 Appendix D
Model Use Descriptions

This appendix contains a one-page description for each model use within its
corresponding model progression. Note that some model use pages are duplicated
(e.g., Gather Existing Conditions), since they are used in multiple model progressions.
Each model progression is color-coded for easier reference.

39
MODEL PROGRESSIONS

FACILITY
PRODUCT
MANAGEMENT

41
 Facility Product Management

Gather Design Information

Definition
Information from designed systems, geometry, or data is collected and (re)classified
through protocols for enabling construction model uses.

Enablers
• Access to design model
• Up-to-date drawings and
specifications
• Knowledge of model
breakdown structure

Methods
• Gather documents and
convert to a 3D model. Enterprise Data Center – A combination of the designer model
and a design-assist trade contractor-created model to support
• Gather model files directly construction planning
from designers or engineers.
Resources
Results
• Model-viewing software application
• Design model
• Model-authoring software (to develop or revise model
• System and performance
content)
data
• Training for project teams to be able to effectively
Follow-on Uses navigate and access information within the modeling
software tools
Gathering the design information
through access to a model or Benefits
creation of a model serves as
• Enhanced visual data of design information
a fundamental step in all of the
model progressions: • Searchable design documentation

• Facility Product Management • Fundamental information needed for all future

construction model uses
• Temporary Systems and
Equipment Recommended Practices
• Site and Space Planning • Defined level of detail of model geometry and information
• Time Management • Early involvement of construction to identify important
• Safety Management information for future uses
• Cost Management • Identify important model views or schedules during
design, so they can be consistently accessed in
preconstruction.

42
Facility Product Management

Gather Installation Progress

Definition
Information regarding the installation status of temporary or permanent systems and
elements is represented in the model to support monitoring of construction progress.

Enablers
• Design model
• Quantity takeoff data

Methods
• Gather installation data from
automated system
• Gather installation data from
filed staff
• Gather installation data from Enterprise Data Center – Entering equipment information into
laser scan BIM 360 Field to track installation and turnover

• Gather installation progress

from photogrammetry
Resources
• Access to existing models
Results • Data collection tools (e.g., laser scanners)
• Existing conditions models
Benefits
• Data on installation progress
• Ongoing capture of construction progress
Follow-on Uses • Capture of in-progress data to support visualization of
• Communicate Installation data, for future concealed conditions
Progress
Recommended Practices
• Analyze Installation Progress
• Plan timing or interval of data capture to coincide
• Analyze Resource Availability
with capture of concealed conditions or key progress
milestones.
• Pilot the process to extract the desired data points from
the progress capture.
• Align the level of detail with the intended downstream
uses – data capture can be time- and labor-intensive;
make sure the resources are capturing real value for the
project.

43
 Facility Product Management

Gather Quantities

Definition
The quantities of the geometry, components, or systems are captured from the model.

Spool–BOM
Enablers No. Qty Size Length Description End Condition 1 End Condition 2
• Design model 1 1 16 9'–10¾" a53b seamless std blk pe Bevel End 37.5 FIELD FIT
2 1 6 2'–0½" a53 erw sch 40 blk pe Bevel End 37.5 Bevel End 37.5
• Rules for estimating
3 1 6x16 figure full anvilet (butt weld)
quantities
4 1 ½x6 Figure Full Anvilet (Threadolet)
• Scope and information 5 1 6 Long Radius 90
for targeted system and 6 1 6 raised face weld neck flange
components 7 1 16 raised face weld neck flange

Methods Bill of materials for a pipe spool assembly

• Direct bill of materials from
model data Resources
• Rule-based approximation • Model-viewing or quantity takeoff software application
for conceptual or assemblies • Model-authoring software (to develop or revise model
estimates schedules)
• Manual takeoff from model • Training for project teams to be able to effectively
representations navigate and access information within the modeling
software tools
Results
• Component or system bill of Benefits
materials • Rapid generation of material quantities and requirements
• Change assessment • Near-real-time data for material quantities
for design iterations • Faster iterations and reduced manual labor for takeoff
(added, deleted, or moved tasks to support cost estimates or purchasing
components)
Recommended Practices
Follow-on Uses
• Incorporation of estimating data into design model
• Generate Costs
• Use of a software tool that tracks and visually identifies
• Communicate Quantities changes between takeoff iterations
• Analyze Resource Availability • Parallel use of model takeoffs with other methods, to
• Order Materials ensure no scope gaps for systems or components as
they are designed

44
Facility Product Management

Generate Modular, Prefabrication,

and/or Preassembly Plan
Definition
The model is used to develop the modular, prefabrication, and/or preassembly plan.

Enablers
• Design model
• Modular approach
• Defined modular constraints

Methods
• Manual configuration of
modules within model
• Automated configuration of
modules within model

Results
• Module elements identified Northwest Redwater Diesel Processing Plant – A module scope
from the model
• Module limits defined
• Field install work packages Resources
defined
• Model review application

Follow-on Uses • Module hierarchy or labeling system

• Fabricate Elements • Advanced Work Packaging approach

• Analyze Constructability Benefits

• Analyze Site Logistics • Increased productivity
• Safer construction
• Faster field installation

Recommended Practices
• Modularization should be planned in conjunction with an
Advanced Work Packaging approach.
• Early planning and module definition are critical.

45
 Facility Product Management

Generate
Advanced Work Packages
Definition
The construction scope is broken down into work areas to support engineering and
installation by using the model geometry and system data.

Enablers
• Design model

Methods
• Manual configuration of work
packages within model
• Automated configuration of
work packages within model

Results
• Construction work area data
• Engineering work package
data Illustration of one unit with the construction work areas highlighted
in different colors
• Installation work package
data Resources
Follow-on Uses • Software tools with functionality to support work
packaging
• Communicate Quantities
• AWP training for project team
• Communicate Installation
Progress Benefits
• Analyze Constructability • CII study showed significant improvements in cost
• Analyze Resource Availability productivity, cost, safety, schedule, predictability, and
quality; these benefits grew at different rates as AWP
• Analyze Installation Progress
maturity progressed

Recommended Practices
• Written practices and procedures, EWP and CWP plans,
schedule and progress measurement by work package
and change management systems
• Integrated data systems—status individual EWPs,
CWPs, and IWPs, automated constraint analysis,
effective checkout and startup

46
Facility Product Management

Communicate
Installation Progress
Definition
The status of the construction installation is shared through layout, colors, or data
representations to communicate progress.

Enablers
• Design model
• Project schedule and/
or detailed construction
sequence
• Up-to-date project status
information

Methods Northwest Redwater Diesel Processing Plant – Installation status

• Controlled consumption for of steel assembly
management
• Project communication Resources
• Graphs and charts • 3D model visualization and manipulation software
• Access to detailed project schedule information
Results • Real-time site data input from project site engineers
• Visualized construction
progress Benefits
• Increased speed, accuracy, and quantity of information
Follow-on Uses captured
• Analyze Resource Availability • Reduced construction cost by minimizing rework
• Analyze Installation Progress • Improved communication efficiency between site and
office-based staff

Recommended Practices
• Consistent metrics for schedule data reporting
• Keep track of changes in design and schedule

47
 Facility Product Management

Communicate Quantities

Definition
The geometry, components, and specific quantities needed for a construction task are
consolidated and shared with the responsible party or workforce.

Enablers
• Design model
• Cost data that are assigned
to model components

Methods
• Manually place material
quantities on documents for
field
• Automate purchasing
activities Quantity take-off view
(Wu, S., Wood, G., Ginige, K., Jong, S. W. (2014) “A technical
Results review of BIM-based cost estimating in UK quantity surveying
practice, standards and tools,” ITcon 19, 534-562. http://www.
• Individual component itcon.org/2014/31)
quantities within the model
• Design changes Resources
• Model-based estimating software
Follow-on Uses
• Design authoring software
• Communicate Cost
Performance • Ability to manipulate models to acquire quantities usable
for estimation
• Analyze Cost Performance
• Analyze Resource Availability Benefits
• Order Materials • Review the proposed design and understand the
assumptions and the cost drivers
• Making decisions about design options within budget

Recommended Practices
• Collaboration of multiple professional stakeholders for
their knowledge of means and methods, sequencing and
phasing, conditions, and other constraints
• Track design changes at different stages.

48
Facility Product Management

Analyze Constructability

Definition
The model is used to evaluate the design in an effort to improve the means and methods
or sequencing of construction through model analysis or review.

Enablers
• Design model
• Constructability rules or
codes
• 4D model

Methods
• Manual review of images
• Dynamic walkthrough of
model
• Automated clash detection of Enterprise Data Center – An example of spool drawing and visual
predefined clearances representation with red circles
• Automated rule checking
Resources
• 4D clash detection of
logistics and temporary • Model review tools
facilities • 4D model
• Database of rules or constructability requirements
Results
• Streamlined construction Benefits
systems • Reduce or eliminate field conflicts.
• Constructability feedback for • Maximize construction productivity.
designers
• Reduce construction cost and time.
Follow-on Uses
Recommended Practices
• Realize Layout of Elements
• All systems need to be modeled to an appropriate and
• Fabricate Elements consistent level of detail to be successful.
• Collaboration among various trades
• Construction early involvement

49
 Facility Product Management

Analyze Installation Progress

Definition
The model is used to assess the status and trending of construction through captured
progress information, using the model for forecasting and scenario options.

Enablers
• Design model
• Project schedule
• Up-to-date project status
information

Methods
• Identification of out-of-
sequence work
• Linked to schedule to identify
activities to delay Northwest Redwater Diesel Processing Plant – Piping and
foundation installation status
Results
• Visualized construction Resources
progress • 3D model visualization and manipulation software
• Future construction activities • Access to detailed project schedule information
and resources forecast
• Real-time site data input from project site engineers

Follow-on Uses Benefits

• Analyze Resource Availability • Improved collaboration among project stakeholders
• Efficient management of construction issues in the field
• Reduced waste by effectively managing material and
equipment
• Improved quality by reducing incidence of defects during
construction

Recommended Practices
• Integration of in-depth construction scheduling and
resource planning information

50
Facility Product Management

Analyze Resource Availability

Definition
The current construction plan is validated with specific emphasis on the utilization of
equipment and labor resources using installation progress and the model.

Enablers
• Resource-loaded schedule
• Database of resources or
components
• Model containing or linking to
elements Daytona Rising – Material tracking of steel fabrication and
reporting of progress for billing
Methods
• Manual review of charts Resources
and labor curves with model • Database of resource elements or components
progress
• Project schedule
• Walkthrough of resource-
loaded 4D model • Site logistics model

• Automated analysis and • Model review software

leveling of resources
Benefits
Results • Optimized resource use
• Forecasted resource needs • Verified and refined project budgets and equipment rental
forecasts
• Leveled resource schedule
Recommended Practices
Follow-on Uses
• Productivity data should be incorporated during model
• Order Materials
development.
• Generate (or Revise)
Construction Equipment
Requirements
• Generate (or Revise)
Construction Schedule
• Generate (or Revise)
Construction Logistics

51
 Facility Product Management

Analyze Maintainability

Definition
The model is used to assess the design, to ensure appropriate access for maintenance
and operations of the structure or systems installed in advance of construction.

Enablers
• Design model
• Maintenance requirements
and accessibility codes
• Spatial indicators of access
points or panels

Methods
• Manual review of images
• Dynamic walkthrough of
model Virtual mock-up review with healthcare personnel

• Automated clash detection of

Resources
predefined clearances
• Model review tools
• Rule checking to identify
maintenance issues • Database of rules or maintainability requirements
• Maintenance or facility management personnel
Results
• Streamlined systems Benefits
• Maintainability feedback for • Reduce or eliminate maintenance labor costs.
designers • Maximize maintenance and operational productivity.
• Improved constructability as well as maintainability.
Follow-on Uses
• Realize Layout of Elements Recommended Practices
• Fabricate Elements • All systems need to be modeled to an appropriate level
of detail to be visualized by maintenance and operations
staff.
• Early involvement of maintenance and operations
personnel

52
Facility Product Management

Fabricate Elements

Definition
Information from the model is used to fabricate elements, such as pipe spools or ductwork
(also known as Digital Fabrication).

Enablers
• Parametric modeling content
• Fabrication methods
• Fabrication equipment
• Structural model

Methods
• Fabrication methods

Results
• Fabricated elements

Follow-on Uses
Daytona Rising –
Detailing rebar cages for
offsite CNC fabrication

Resources
• Digital fabrication application

Benefits
• Maximize fabrication productivity.
• Minimize tolerances through machine fabrication.
• Automate building component fabrication.

Recommended Practices
• Detailed model review before fabrication
• Assembly connection details and sequencing
for systems
• Sufficient level of detail of the model

53
 Facility Product Management

Realize Layout of Elements

Definition
Model information is leveraged with field equipment to identify system or element layout
locations.

Enablers
• Design model
• Detailed layout geometry and
dimensions

Methods
• Total station layout
• Automated layout
• Robotic layout
• Augmented reality Model information is extracted into two-dimensional geometry
and imported into the total station to streamline the footing layout
Results process.
• Field layout data
• In-field visualization of layout
Resources
locations • Total station or similar field layout hardware
• Integration software to link model data to field layout
Follow-on Uses equipment
• Fabricate Elements • Field knowledge of layout parameters and sequence
• Control Construction
Equipment Benefits
• Streamlined field layout process
• Improved productivity by field engineers and surveyors
• Improved field layout precision
• Ability to lay out multiple trades and systems concurrently
within one space and using a single set of hardware

Recommended Practices
• Early planning of layout sequence and parameters to
ensure coordination in advance of field layout

54
Facility Product Management

Order Materials

Definition
Model information is used to automate the purchase of materials to support construction
operations.

Enablers
• Resource- or material-loaded
schedule
• Bill of materials

Methods
• Manual query of model
components
• Link model to materials or
resource database to directly
transfer material quantities
• Link model data to online
purchasing tool to request Northwest Redwater Diesel Processing Plant
quotes
Resources
Results
• Model review tool that allows quantity takeoff
• Material orders
• Database of materials or components
• Bill of materials
Benefits
Follow-on Uses
• Faster purchasing processes
• Gather Installation Progress
• Optimized site laydown use by automating material
• Analyze Resource Availability
ordering process
• Control Construction
• Reduced administrative burden on staff related to
Equipment
material ordering

Recommended Practices

55
MODEL PROGRESSIONS

TEMPORARY
SYSTEMS AND
EQUIPMENT

57
 Facility
TemporaryProduct
Systems
Management
and Equipment

Gather Design Information

Definition
Information from designed systems, geometry, or data is collected and (re)classified
through protocols for enabling construction model uses.

Enablers
• Access to design model
• Up-to-date drawings and
specifications
• Knowledge of model
breakdown structure

Methods
• Gather documents and
convert to a 3D model. Enterprise Data Center – A combination of the designer model
and a design-assist trade contractor-created model to support
• Gather model files directly construction planning
from designers or engineers.
Resources
Results
• Model-viewing software application
• Design model(s)
• Model-authoring software (to develop or revise model
• System and performance
content)
data
• Training for project teams to be able to effectively
Follow-on Uses navigate and access information within the modeling
software tools
Gathering the design information
through access to a model or Benefits
creation of a model serves as
• Enhanced visual data of design information
a fundamental step in all of the
model progressions: • Searchable design documentation

• Facility Product Management • Fundamental information needed for all future

construction model uses
• Temporary Systems and
Equipment Recommended Practices
• Site and Space Planning • Defined level of detail of model geometry and information
• Time Management • Early involvement of construction to identify important
• Safety Management information for future uses
• Cost Management • Identify important model views or schedules during
design, so they can be consistently accessed in
preconstruction.

58
Facility Product
Temporary Systems
Management
and Equipment

Gather Existing Conditions

Definition
Information for the site, facilities, equipment, or specific areas already existing within a
project is represented in the model.

Enablers
• Existing models
• Survey data

Methods
• Field survey with model
development
• Automated data capture with
manual model development
• Automated data capture
with automated model
Laser scanning data overlaid on a structural steel model
development to demonstrate differences between the design and field
construction conditions
Results
• Existing conditions model Resources
for use as starting point for
• Access to existing conditions
subsequent use cases
• Access to existing models
Follow-on Uses • Data collection tools (e.g., laser scanners)
• Generate Construction
Logistics
Benefits
• Understanding of existing conditions
• Generate Construction
Equipment Requirements • Access to real-time visuals and data from pre-
construction site conditions
• Generate Safety
Requirements
Recommended Practices
• Communicate Construction
• Verify existing models against as-built conditions.
Logistics
• All systems need to be modeled to an appropriate and
consistent level of detail.
• Verify tolerance and accuracy of data capture – different
tool precision and accuracy varies with device type and
site conditions.

59
 Facility
TemporaryProduct
Systems
Management
and Equipment

Gather Installation Progress

Definition
Information regarding the installation status of temporary or permanent systems and
elements is represented in the model to support monitoring of construction progress.

Enablers
• Design model
• Quantity takeoff data

Methods
• Gather installation data from
automated system
• Gather installation data from
filed staff
• Gather installation data from Enterprise Data Center – Entering equipment information into
laser scan BIM 360 Field to track installation and turnover

• Gather installation progress

from photogrammetry
Resources
• Access to existing models
Results • Data collection tools (e.g., laser scanners)
• Existing conditions models
Benefits
• Data on installation progress
• Ongoing capture of construction progress
Follow-on Uses • Capture of in-progress data to support visualization of
• Communicate Installation data; for future concealed conditions
Progress
Recommended Practices
• Analyze Installation Progress
• Plan timing or interval of data capture to coincide
• Analyze Resource Availability
with capture of concealed conditions or key progress
milestones.
• Pilot the process to extract the desired data points from
the progress capture.
• Align the level of detail with the intended downstream
uses – data capture can be time- and labor-intensive;
make sure the resources are capturing real value for the
project.

60
Facility Product
Temporary Systems
Management
and Equipment

Generate Design of
Temporary Elements
Definition
The model is used to develop the design of temporary construction systems (e.g.,
scaffolding or formwork) and to support excavation systems.

Enablers
• Design model

Methods
• Manually generate temporary
system design
• Automated layout and sizing
of temporary elements

Results
• Temporary system model
• Materials information for
purchasing
Temporary Systems – Support of excavation and shoring systems
• Documentation for field
construction or installation
Resources
Follow-on Uses • Model-viewing software application
• Fabricate Elements • Model-authoring software (to develop temporary systems
design)
• Analyze Constructability
• Automated design algorithms or rules to run model
• Communicate Construction
generation
Logistics
• Database of reusable system components

Benefits
Coordination between trades, occurring as early as possible,
often will indicate the most efficient forms of temporary elements
(e.g., combine individual scaffold requirements into a single
unit and even eliminate the need for temporary elements). In
general, results in the safest and most efficient implementation
and use.

Recommended Practices
• Show temporary elements in 3D and 4D models.
• Optimize designs for temporary systems to reduce labor
costs.
• Incorporate temporary elements into fabrication and general
construction planning and work packaging.

61
 Facility
TemporaryProduct
Systems
Management
and Equipment

Generate Construction
Equipment Requirements
Definition
The construction equipment is represented to determine the location, capacity, reach,
and related requirements.

Enablers
• Design model
• Construction logistics model
• Site soil data
• Equipment model resources

Methods
• Define requirements
• Manually check fit and reach
for a particular piece of
Bentley ConstructSim Planner
equipment (https://www.bentley.com/~/asset/14/9091.ashx)
• Automate selection of
equipment from database Resources
• Model-review application
Results
• Vendor-supplied equipment information
• Automate selection of
equipment from database • Database of model equipment options

Follow-on Uses Benefits

• Analyze Constructability • Generate an accurate schedule.

• Control Construction • Create a safer work environment through a detailed

Equipment logistics plan.

• Communicate Construction • Maximize equipment efficiency throughout project

Logistics duration.

• Analyze Construction Recommended Practices

Logistics
• Obtain equipment models from manufacturers.
• Analyze Resource Availability
• Include important equipment constraints in model.

62
Facility Product
Temporary Systems
Management
and Equipment

Generate Construction Logistics

Definition
The model is used to support the logistics plan for temporary construction, as well as
showing the logistical needs to support the installation of permanent features.

Enablers
• Design model
• Schedule
• Existing conditions model
• Site data or site plan
• Construction equipment
requirements

Methods
• Manually block out areas and
spaces for site logistic needs The temporary overhead protection for the entrance, sheeting
and shoring for the excavation, and location of the excavator are
• Use automated analyses modeled to facilitate detailed site planning.
to identify layout and
sequencing considerations Resources
Results • Model-viewing software application

• Construction logistics model • Model-authoring software to support site information

• Sequencing constraints or • Scheduling software and output

options • Superintendent knowledge needed to review layout
constraints and options
Follow-on Uses
• Communicate Construction
Benefits
Logistics • Constructability plan confirmation
• Analyze Construction • Visualization of “what if” scenarios
Logistics
Recommended Practices
• Analyze Construction
Sequence • Preliminary 3D model should have enough detail for both
graphics and supporting data to facilitate visual planning.
• Control Construction
Equipment • A minimum Level 2 schedule must be in place with
activities supported by data-enabled 3D model or a 4D
model to show current sequence.

63
 Facility
TemporaryProduct
Systems
Management
and Equipment

Communicate
Construction Logistics
Definition
The model is used to communicate the logistics of equipment, systems, people, or
materials through the project site.

Enablers
• Design model
• Project schedule
• Site spatial and temporal
information

Methods
• Static images
• Dynamic representations
• Simulated equipment
movement High-level planning model of construction site logistics that was
used for daily discussion of site activity
Results
• Site layout plan Resources
• Resource analysis over • 3D model manipulation
different spatial and temporal • Ability to manipulate and assess construction schedule
data with 3D model
• Knowledge of typical construction methods
Follow-on Uses
• Analyze Construction Benefits
Logistics
• Generate site usage layout for temporary facilities,
• Analyze Resource Availability assembly areas, and material deliveries for all phases of
construction.
• Identify potential and critical space and time conflicts.
• Select a feasible construction scheme.

Recommended Practices
• Update site organization and space usage as
construction progresses.

64
Facility Product
Temporary Systems
Management
and Equipment

Communicate
Installation Progress
Definition
The status of the construction installation is shared through layout, colors, or data
representations to communicate progress.

Enablers
• Design model
• Project schedule and/or
detailed construction
sequence
• Up-to-date project status
information

Methods Northwest Redwater Diesel Processing Plant – Installation status

of steel assembly
• Controlled consumption for
management
Resources
• Project communication
• 3D model visualization and manipulation software
• Graphs and charts
• Access to detailed project schedule information
Results • Real-time site data input from project site engineers
• Visualized construction
progress
Benefits
• Increased speed, accuracy, and quantity of information
Follow-on Uses captured
• Analyze Resource Availability • Reduced construction cost by minimizing rework
• Analyze Installation Progress • Improved communication efficiency between site and
office-based staff

Recommended Practices
• Consistent metrics for schedule data reporting
• Keep track of changes in design and schedule.

65
 Facility
TemporaryProduct
Systems
Management
and Equipment

Analyze Constructability

Definition
The model is used to evaluate the design in an effort to improve the means and methods
or sequencing of construction through model analysis or review.

Enablers
• Design model
• Constructability rules or
codes
• 4D model

Methods
• Manual review of images
• Dynamic walkthrough of
model
• Automated clash detection of
Enterprise Data Center – An example of spool drawing and visual
predefined clearances
representation with red circles
• Automated rule checking
• 4D clash detection of Resources
logistics and temporary • Model review tools
facilities
• 4D model
Results • Database of rules or constructability requirements
• Streamlined construction
Benefits
systems
• Reduce or eliminate field conflicts.
• Constructability feedback for
designers • Maximize construction productivity.
• Reduce construction cost and time.
Follow-on Uses
• Realize Layout of Elements
Recommended Practices
• All systems need to be modeled to an appropriate and
• Fabricate Elements
consistent level of detail to be successful.
• Collaboration among various trades
• Construction early involvement

66
Facility Product
Temporary Systems
Management
and Equipment

Analyze Construction Logistics

Definition
The model is used to evaluate the movement of equipment, systems, materials, or people
to, through, or from the project site.

Enablers
• Design model
• Project schedule
• Site spatial and temporal
information

Methods
• Identify resource or material
constraints on planned
activities

Results
• Equipment layout
Enterprise Data Center – Chiller in the mechanical room
• Optimized labor resource, visualized to verify the equipment access path
material and equipment
utilization plan Resources
• 3D model manipulation software
Follow-on Uses
• Access to project schedule
• Analyze Resource Availability
• Knowledge of site and building boundaries

Benefits
• Decreased cost of utility demand and demolition
• Improved safety of construction systems
• Minimized risk of hazardous material

Recommended Practices
• Information exchange is required between contractor and
its suppliers.

67
 Facility
TemporaryProduct
Systems
Management
and Equipment

Analyze Installation Progress

Definition
The model is used to assess the status and trending of construction through captured
progress information, using the model for forecasting and scenario options.

Enablers
• Design model
• Project schedule
• Up-to-date project status
information

Methods
• Identification of out-of-
sequence work
• Linked to schedule to identify
activities to delay Northwest Redwater Diesel Processing Plant – Piping and
foundation installation status
Results
• Visualized construction Resources
progress • 3D model visualization and manipulation software
• Future construction activities • Access to detailed project schedule information
and resources forecast
• Real-time site data input from project site engineers

Follow-on Uses Benefits

• Analyze Resource Availability • Improved collaboration among project stakeholders
• Efficient management of construction issues in the field
• Reduced waste by effectively managing material and
equipment
• Improved quality by reducing incidence of defects during
construction

Recommended Practices
• Integration of in-depth construction scheduling and
resource planning information

68
Facility Product
Temporary Systems
Management
and Equipment

Analyze Resource Availability

Definition
The current construction plan is validated with specific emphasis on the utilization of
equipment and labor resources using installation progress and the model.

Enablers
• Resource-loaded schedule
• Database of resources or
components
• Model containing or linking to
elements Daytona Rising – Material tracking of steel fabrication and
reporting of progress for billing
Methods
• Manual review of charts Resources
and labor curves with model • Database of resource elements or components
progress
• Project schedule
• Walkthrough of resource-
loaded 4D model • Site logistics model

• Automated analysis and • Model review software

leveling of resources
Benefits
Results • Optimized resource use
• Forecasted resource needs • Verified and refined project budgets and equipment rental
forecasts
• Leveled resource schedule
Recommended Practices
Follow-on Uses
• Productivity data should be incorporated during model
• Order Materials
development.
• Generate (or Revise)
Construction Equipment
Requirements
• Generate (or Revise)
Construction Schedule
• Generate (or Revise)
Construction Logistics

69
 Facility
TemporaryProduct
Systems
Management
and Equipment

Fabricate Elements

Definition
Information from the model is used to fabricate elements, such as pipe spools or ductwork
(also known as Digital Fabrication).

Enablers
• Parametric modeling content
• Fabrication methods
• Fabrication equipment
• Structural model

Methods
• Fabrication methods

Results
• Fabricated elements

Follow-on Uses
Daytona Rising –
Detailing rebar cages for
offsite CNC fabrication

Resources
• Digital fabrication application

Benefits
• Maximize fabrication productivity.
• Minimize tolerances through machine fabrication.
• Automate building component fabrication.

Recommended Practices
• Detailed model review before fabrication
• Assembly connection details and sequencing for systems
• Sufficient level of detail of the model

70
Facility Product
Temporary Systems
Management
and Equipment

Control Construction Equipment

Definition
The model directly controls construction equipment for precision of installation or safety,
such as linking of GIS data to a grader for precision in final grade levels and topology.

Enablers
• Design model
• GIS data

Methods
• GPS-enabled automated
adjustments
• GPS or related feedback
equipment to support manual
operator control

Results
• GPS-enabled equipment
operations Caterpillar D8T with Trimble GPS system
(image by Shaun Greiner, Wikipedia)
Follow-on Uses
Resources
• Gather Installation Progress
• Model and GIS data review application
• GPS-enabled equipment

Benefits
• Increased precision of equipment
• Faster production

Recommended Practices
• Detailed design review before construction
• Sequencing planning and logistics for equipment

71
MODEL PROGRESSIONS

SITE AND
SPACE
PLANNING

73
 Facility
Site andProduct
Space Planning
Management

Gather Existing Conditions

Definition
Information for the site, facilities, equipment, or specific areas already existing within a
project is represented in the model.

Enablers
• Existing models
• Survey data

Methods
• Field survey with model
development
• Automated data capture with
manual model development
• Automated data capture
with automated model
Laser scanning data overlaid on a structural steel model
development to demonstrate differences between the design and field
construction conditions
Results
• Existing conditions model Resources
for use as starting point for • Access to existing conditions
subsequent use cases
• Access to existing models
Follow-on Uses • Data collection tools (e.g., laser scanners)
• Generate Construction
Logistics
Benefits
• Understanding of existing conditions
• Generate Construction
Equipment Requirements • Access to real-time visuals and data from pre-
construction site conditions
• Generate Safety
Requirements
Recommended Practices
• Communicate Construction
• Verify existing models against as-built conditions.
Logistics
• All systems need to be modeled to an appropriate and
consistent level of detail.
• Verify tolerance and accuracy of data capture – different
tool precision and accuracy varies with device type and
site conditions.

74
Facility
Site andProduct
Space Planning
Management

Generate Construction Logistics

Definition
The model is used to support the logistics plan for temporary construction, as well as
showing the logistical needs to support the installation of permanent features.

Enablers
• Design model
• Schedule
• Existing conditions model
• Site data or site plan
• Construction equipment
requirements

Methods
• Manually block out areas and
spaces for site logistic needs
Penn State Virtual Construction Simulator
• Use automated analyses
to identify layout and
Resources
sequencing considerations
• Model review software application
Results • Model-authoring software to support site information
• Construction logistics model • Scheduling software and output
• Sequencing constraints or • Superintendent knowledge needed to review layout
options constraints and options

Follow-on Uses Benefits

• Communicate Construction • Constructability plan confirmation
Logistics
• Visualization of “what if” scenarios
• Analyze Construction
Logistics Recommended Practices
• Analyze Construction • Preliminary 3D model should have enough detail for both
Sequence graphics and supporting data to facilitate visual planning.
• Control Construction • A minimum Level 2 schedule must be in place with
Equipment activities supported by data-enabled 3D model or a 4D
model to show current sequence.

75
 Facility
Site andProduct
Space Planning
Management

Communicate
Construction Logistics
Definition
The model is used to communicate the logistics of equipment, systems, people, or
materials through the project site.

Enablers
• Design model
• Project schedule
• Site spatial and temporal
information

Methods
• Static images
• Dynamic representations
• Simulated equipment
movement
High-level planning model of construction site logistics that was
used for daily discussion of site activity
Results
• Site layout plan Resources
• Resource analysis over • 3D model manipulation
different spatial and temporal
• Ability to manipulate and assess construction schedule
data
with 3D model
Follow-on Uses • Knowledge of typical construction methods
• Analyze Construction
Benefits
Logistics
• Generate site usage layout for temporary facilities,
• Analyze Resource Availability
assembly areas, and material deliveries for all phases of
construction.
• Identify potential and critical space and time conflicts.
• Select a feasible construction scheme.

Recommended Practices
• Update site organization and space usage as
construction progresses.

76
Facility
Site andProduct
Space Planning
Management

Analyze Construction Logistics

Definition
The model is used to evaluate the movement of equipment, systems, materials, or people
to, through, or from the project site.

Enablers
• Design model
• Project schedule
• Site spatial and temporal
information

Methods
• Identify resource or material
constraints on planned
activities.

Results
• Equipment layout
Enterprise Data Center – Chiller in the mechanical room
• Optimized labor resource, visualized to verify the equipment access path
material and equipment
utilization plan Resources
• 3D model manipulation software
Follow-on Uses
• Access to project schedule
• Analyze Resource Availability
• Knowledge of site and building boundaries

Benefits
• Decreased cost of utility demand and demolition
• Improved safety of construction systems
• Minimized risk of hazardous material

Recommended Practices
• Information exchange is required between contractor and
its suppliers.

77
MODEL PROGRESSIONS

TIME
MANAGEMENT

79
 Facility
Time Management
Product Management

Gather Design Information

Definition
Information from designed systems, geometry, or data is collected and (re)classified
through protocols for enabling construction model uses.

Enablers
• Access to design model
• Up-to-date drawings and
specifications
• Knowledge of model
breakdown structure

Methods
• Gather documents and
convert to a 3D model. Enterprise Data Center – A combination of the designer model
• Gather model files directly and a design-assist trade contractor-created model to support
from designers or engineers. construction planning

Results Resources
• Design model • Model-viewing software application
• System and performance • Model-authoring software (to develop or revise model
data content)
• Training for project teams to be able to effectively
Follow-on Uses navigate and access information within the modeling
Gathering the design information software tools
through access to a model or
creation of a model serves as
Benefits
a fundamental step in all of the • Enhanced visual data of design information
model progressions: • Searchable design documentation
• Facility Product Management • Fundamental information needed for all future
• Temporary Systems and construction model uses
Equipment
Recommended Practices
• Site and Space Planning
• Defined level of detail of model geometry and information
• Time Management
• Early involvement of construction to identify important
• Safety Management information for future uses
• Cost Management • Identify important model views or schedules during
design, so they can be consistently accessed in
preconstruction.

80
Facility
Time Management
Product Management

Generate Construction Schedule

Definition
The model is used to create the construction sequence.

Enablers
• High-level critical path
method or milestone
schedule
• 3D model

Methods
• Manually link critical path to
3D geometry.
• Automate creation of
schedule to model.
• Directly select and sequence
model elements. Daytona Rising – An image from the steel demolition and erection
planning
Results
• Sequenced construction Resources
workflow • Database of production information
• Foremen and superintendent input on sequencing
Follow-on Uses
• Modeling structure for work packages
• Communicate Construction
Sequence Benefits
• Analyze Construction • Consistent understanding of the construction schedule by
Sequence all team members
• Visualization of schedule
• Marketing and proposal development

Recommended Practices
• Early planning and development
• Define model and schedule naming to facilitate
automated linking for large or complex schedules

81
 Facility
Time Management
Product Management

Communicate
Construction Sequence
Definition
The model is used to visually display the sequence of specific construction activities or
broader phasing plans.

Enablers
• Design model
• Project schedule

Methods
• Phasing models
• Phase diagrams
• Detailed sequence diagrams
Daytona Rising – Sequencing model images used for field
• Sequencing simulations production drawings and communication
• Trade movement
Resources
• Move management
• 3D model manipulation
Results • Scheduling software
• Dynamic phasing plans of • Knowledge of construction scheduling and general
construction activities construction process
• Space and workspace plans
during construction Benefits
• Consistent understanding of the phasing schedule by the
Follow-on Uses owner and project participants
• Analyze Construction • Space and workspace conflicts identified and resolved
Sequence ahead of the construction process
• Communicate Installation
Progress Recommended Practices
• Consistent model geometry, work breakdown structure of
the schedule, and the estimate are required to make the
process more efficient.

82
Facility
Time Management
Product Management

Analyze Construction Sequence

Definition
The model is used to evaluate the sequence of phasing, system installation, or detailed
tasks to ensure the ability to implement the schedule.

Enablers
• Design model
• Project schedule

Methods
• 4D simulation
• 4D phase plan
• Virtual mock-up visualization

Results
• Detailed phasing plans for
construction tasks
Daytona Rising –
• Labor resources, material, Flow-line analysis of
and equipment loading over steel production and
schedule resource loading

Follow-on Uses
• Analyze Constructability
Resources
• Analyze Resource Availability
• 3D model manipulation software
• Analyze Installation Progress
• Scheduling software
• Knowledge of typical and appropriate construction
practices for each component

Benefits
• Increase constructability of a complex building system.
• Increase construction productivity.
• Space and workspace conflicts identified and resolved
ahead of the construction process.

Recommended Practices
• Perform clash detection using 4D model to identify
temporary clashes between temporary equipment and
final elements.

83
MODEL PROGRESSIONS

SAFETY
MANAGEMENT

85
 Facility
Safety Management
Product Management

Gather Design Information

Definition
Information from designed systems, geometry, or data is collected and (re)classified
through protocols for enabling construction model uses.

Enablers
• Access to design model
• Up-to-date drawings and
specifications
• Knowledge of model
breakdown structure

Methods
• Gather documents and
convert to a 3D model. Enterprise Data Center – A combination of the designer model
• Gather model files directly and a design-assist trade contractor-created model to support
from designers or engineers. construction planning

Results Resources
• Design model(s) • Model-viewing software application
• System and performance • Model-authoring software (to develop or revise model
data content)
• Training for project teams to be able to effectively
Follow-on Uses navigate and access information within the modeling
Gathering the design information software tools
through access to a model or
creation of a model serves as
Benefits
a fundamental step in all of the • Enhanced visual data of design information
model progressions: • Searchable design documentation
• Facility Product Management • Fundamental information needed for all future
• Temporary Systems and construction model uses
Equipment
Recommended Practices
• Site and Space Planning
• Defined level of detail of model geometry and information
• Time Management
• Early involvement of construction to identify important
• Safety Management information for future uses
• Cost Management • Identify important model views or schedules during
design, so they can be consistently accessed in
preconstruction.

86
FacilityManagement
Safety Product Management

Gather Existing Conditions

Definition
Information for the site, facilities, equipment, or specific areas already existing within a
project is represented in the model.

Enablers
• Existing models
• Survey data

Methods
• Field survey with model
development
• Automated data capture with
manual model development
• Automated data capture
with automated model
development Laser scanning data overlaid on a structural steel model
to demonstrate differences between the design and field
construction conditions
Results
• Existing conditions model
Resources
for use as starting point for
subsequent use cases • Access to existing conditions
• Access to existing models
Follow-on Uses • Data collection tools (e.g., laser scanners)
• Generate Construction
Logistics Benefits
• Generate Construction • Understanding of existing conditions
Equipment Requirements • Access to real-time visuals and data from pre-
• Generate Safety construction site conditions
Requirements
Recommended Practices
• Communicate Construction
Logistics • Verify existing models against as-built conditions.
• All systems need to be modeled to an appropriate and
consistent level of detail.
• Verify tolerance and accuracy of data capture – different
tool precision and accuracy varies with device type and
site conditions.

87
 Facility
Safety Management
Product Management

Generate Safety Requirements

Definition
The model is used to identify temporary systems or measures to ensure safe work.

Enablers
• Design model
• Existing conditions model
• Safety regulations, codes,
and industry practices

Methods
• Generate safety
requirements manually within
the walkthough identification
Fall protection detection and installation in Tekla: modeling
and creation
without protective system (left) and modeling with protective
• Generate safety system (right)
requirements automatically (Zhang, S., Teizer, J., Lee, J. K., Eastman, C. M. and Venugopal,
from the embedded rules M. 2013. “Building information modeling (BIM) and safety:
Automatic safety checking of construction models and schedules.”
Automation in Construction, 29, 183–195.)
Results
• Project-based safety Resources
requirements
• Model review application
• Drawings or specifications of
• Safety code checking rules or database
safety systems
• Access to project safety personnel
Follow-on Uses
Benefits
• Communicate Safety Plans
• Early hazard identification in construction model
• Analyze Design for Safety
• Enables design for prevention
• Improved safety management efficiency

Recommended Practices
• Sufficient level of detail of the model for target system
planning
• Plan in parallel sequencing information
• Consistent documentation of safety knowledge
• Involvement of multiple stakeholders (e.g., owner,
contractor, foremen) to ensure optimal planning

88
FacilityManagement
Safety Product Management

Communicate Safety Plan

Definition
The model is used to visualize the construction site and activities to identify potential
risks and physical hazards.

Enablers
• Design model
• Construction logistics model
• Knowledge of construction
hazards and risks

Methods
• Static images
• Animations
• Augmented reality

Results
• Identified risk areas and
hazards
• Construction site layout and
arrangements related to
safety
• Day-to-day safety
coordination
Safety egress plan created by using a building model
Follow-on Uses
• Analyze Design for Safety
Resources
• Model communication software application
• Access to project safety personnel

Benefits
• Better communication of safety plan details
• Adequate training opportunities for workers

Recommended Practices
• Multiple safety reviews should be performed throughout
the project.
• When safety reviews are conducted before sufficient detail
is modeled, it is challenging to effectively leverage input
from the safety personnel.

89
 Facility
Safety Management
Product Management

Analyze Design for Safety

Definition
The design of the facility or system is assessed to identify design changes that could reduce
potential safety hazards or reduce risks of injury during the construction or operation.

Enablers
• Design model
• Hazard checklist for targeted
trades or scopes
• Safety system design specs

Methods
• Manual review of images
• Dynamic walkthrough of Enterprise Data Center – Safety review regarding maintenance
model activities

• Automated clash detection of

Resources
predefined clearances
• Model review application
• Rule checking (e.g.,
identifying openings or pinch • Access to project safety personnel and safety knowledge
points)
Benefits
Results • Early determination of safety risks and system types
• Safe design options • Reduced risks during construction
• On-site risk control
approaches
Recommended Practices
• Effective collaboration of all parties (especially for the
Follow-on Uses design team) who are required to have the knowledge in
construction and engineering approaches
• Realize Layout of Elements
• Safety leadership in facilitating the design for safety
• Control Construction
process
Equipment
• Engagement with facility operators for operational safety
• Generate Safety
in parallel with construction safety
Requirements
• Generate Design of
Temporary Elements

90
MODEL PROGRESSIONS

COST
MANAGEMENT

91
 Facility
Cost Management
Product Management

Gather Quantities

Definition
The quantities of the geometry, components, or systems are captured from the model.

Spool–BOM
Enablers No. Qty Size Length Description End Condition 1 End Condition 2
• Design model 1 1 16 9'–10¾" a53b seamless std blk pe Bevel End 37.5 FIELD FIT
2 1 6 2'–0½" a53 erw sch 40 blk pe Bevel End 37.5 Bevel End 37.5
• Rules for estimating
3 1 6x16 figure full anvilet (butt weld)
quantities
4 1 ½x6 Figure Full Anvilet (Threadolet)
• Scope and information 5 1 6 Long Radius 90
for targeted system and 6 1 6 raised face weld neck flange
components 7 1 16 raised face weld neck flange

Methods Bill of materials for a pipe spool assembly

• Direct bill of materials from
model data Resources
• Rule-based approximation • Model-viewing or quantity takeoff software application
for conceptual or assemblies • Model-authoring software (to develop or revise model
estimates schedules)
• Manual takeoff from model • Training for project teams to be able to effectively
representations navigate and access information within the modeling
software tools
Results
• Component or system bill of Benefits
materials • Rapid generation of material quantities and requirements
• Change assessment • Near-real-time data for material quantities
for design iterations • Faster iterations and reduced manual labor for takeoff
(added, deleted, or moved tasks to support cost estimates or purchasing
components)
Recommended Practices
Follow-on Uses
• Incorporation of estimating data into design model
• Generate Costs
• Use of a software tool that tracks and visually identifies
• Communicate Quantities changes between takeoff iterations
• Analyze Resource Availability • Parallel use of model takeoffs with other methods, to
• Order Materials ensure no scope gaps for systems or components as
they are designed

92
Facility
Cost Management
Product Management

Generate Costs

Definition
The model is used to create the cost estimate.

Enablers
• Design model
• Component or system bill of
materials
• Cost database

Methods
• Link model quantities to
estimating database
• Use estimating modeling tool
to generate control budget as
design is generated Autodesk Revit
(Ma, Z., Wei, Z., and Zhang, X. (2013). “Semi-automatic and
• Manually assign costs to
specification compliant cost estimation for tendering of building
quantities generated from projects based on IFC data of design model.” Automation in
model Construction 30, 126-135.)

Results Resources
• Breakdown of cost for • Model-based estimating software
components or systems
• Design authoring software
Follow-on Uses • Ability to define specific design-modeling procedures that
• Communicate Quantities yield accurate quantity take-off information

• Analyze Resource Availability Benefits

• Order Materials • Ability to quickly determine costs of specific objects and
generate quick revisions, if needed
• Rapid comparison of design alternatives
• Engagement of all stakeholders

Recommended Practices
• Information should be updated for the model across
design development
• Consistent unit format of quantities takeoffs and pricing

93
 Facility
Cost Management
Product Management

Communicate Cost Performance

Definition
A process in which the model is used to show the cost data to demonstrate forecasted costs,
changes in the design to differentiate cost impacts, or show cost performance in construction.

Enablers
• Design model
• Bill of quantities
• Cost database

Methods
• Manually link cost data to
model components
• Track cost throughout
construction

Results Source: http://blog.rsconstruction.com/bid/361430/Reaching-

• Cost performance in Target-Project-Costs-with-5D-BIM-Estimating
construction
Resources
• Cost of design changes
• Design authoring software
Follow-on Uses • Model-based estimating software
• Analyze Cost Performance • Access to historical cost database
• Ability to identify quantities for the appropriate estimating
level

Benefits
• Better visual representation of project and construction
elements that need to be estimated
• Provide cost information to the owner during the early
decision-making phase of design
• Quickly determine costs of specific objects

Recommended Practices
• Clearly communicate the elements or systems that cause
significant variance from budget

94
Facility
Cost Management
Product Management

Communicate Quantities

Definition
The geometry, components, and specific quantities needed for a construction task are
consolidated and shared with the responsible party or workforce.

Enablers
• Design model
• Cost data that are assigned
to model components

Methods
• Manually place material
quantities on documents for
field
• Automate purchasing
activities Quantity take-off view
(Wu, S., Wood, G., Ginige, K., Jong, S. W. (2014) “A technical
Results review of BIM-based cost estimating in UK quantity surveying
practice, standards and tools,” ITcon 19, 534-562. http://www.
• Individual component itcon.org/2014/31)
quantities within the model
• Design changes Resources
• Model-based estimating software
Follow-on Uses
• Design authoring software
• Communicate Cost
Performance • Ability to manipulate models to acquire quantities usable
for estimation
• Analyze Cost Performance
• Analyze Resource Availability Benefits
• Order Materials • Review the proposed design and understand the
assumptions and the cost drivers
• Making decisions about design options within budget

Recommended Practices
• Collaboration of multiple professional stakeholders for
their knowledge of means and methods, sequencing and
phasing, conditions, and other constraints
• Track design changes at different stages

95
 Facility
Cost Management
Product Management

Analyze Cost Performance

Definition
The model is used to compare construction costs as installed against estimates, to support
identification and forecasting of cost overruns.

Enablers
• Design model
• Cost database
• Construction installation
progress

Methods
• Manually link cost data to
model components
• Automatic quantity takeoff
• Automatic cost data with (http://blog.rsconstruction.com/bid/361430/Reaching-Target-
installation progress Project-Costs-with-5D-BIM-Estimating)

Results Resources
• Current construction cost • Model-based estimating software
• Forecasted cost performance • Design authoring software
• Access to historical cost database
Follow-on Uses
• Data input of current construction progress, actual bill of
• Order Materials
material, and quantities in construction

Benefits
• Real-time cost data in construction
• Reduction of rework by enabling collaboration among
different parties
• Proactively manage cost overruns

Recommended Practices

96
 Appendix E
Model Uses Selection Summary Template

Construction Model Uses

Gather Generate Communicate Analyze Produce
‰‰Gather Design ‰‰Generate Modular, ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Constructability ‰‰Fabricate
Information Prefabrication, and/or Installation ‰‰Analyze Installation Elements
Faculty Preassembly Plan Progress
‰‰Gather Installation Progress ‰‰Realize Layout
Product Progress ‰‰Generate Advanced ‰‰Communicate of Elements
‰‰Analyze Resource
Management ‰‰Gather Quantities Work Packages Quantities Availability ‰‰Order Materials
‰‰Analyze Maintainability
‰‰Gather Design ‰‰Generate Design of ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Constructability ‰‰Fabricate
Information Temporary Elements Construction ‰‰Analyze Construction Elements
Temporary ‰‰Gather Existing ‰‰Generate Construction Logistics Logistics ‰‰Control
Systems and Conditions Equipment ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Installation Construction
Model Progressions

Equipment ‰‰Gather Installation Requirements Installation Progress Equipment

Progress ‰‰Generate Construction Progress
‰‰Analyze Resource
Logistics Availability

Site ‰‰Gather Existing ‰‰Generate Construction ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Construction

Conditions Logistics Construction Logistics
Planning Logistics

Time ‰‰Gather Design ‰‰Generate Construction ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Construction

Information Schedule Construction Sequence
Management Sequence
‰‰Gather Design ‰‰Generate Safety ‰‰Communicate ‰‰Analyze Design Safety
Safety Information Requirements Safety Plan
Management ‰‰Gather Existing
Conditions
‰‰Gather Quantities ‰‰Generate Costs ‰‰Communicate Cost ‰‰Analyze Cost
Cost Performance Performance
Management ‰‰Communicate
Quantities
97
 Appendix F
Model Use Details Table

Model Use Details

Project Scope/Level of
Model Use Method Responsible Party(s) Notes
Phase Development
99
 Appendix G
Hardware and Software Planning Table

Hardware and Software Planning Table

Software
Personnel
and Meeting Hardware Model Use: Model Use:
Model Use:
Rooms Advanced Progress
[Model Use Name]
Work Packaging Tracking

101
Research Team 324, Future Construction Needs of Virtual Design Models
Jon Alberson, Southern Company
Louis G. Archuleta, Jr., Aramco Services Company
* Dean Bowman, Bentley Systems, Inc., Chair
Gary Coleman, Day & Zimmermann
Kevin W. Dahm, DTE Energy
Snehal Desai, Smithsonian Institution
Craig Durgarian, Zurich
* Trevor Gronseth, Baker Concrete Construction, Inc.
Bradley S. Hardin, Black & Veatch
Andy Kayhanfar, InEight (Kiewit)
Jaime Kurry, Smithsonian Institution
Laird Landis, General Motors Company, Vice Chair
* Robert M. Leicht, The Pennsylvania State University, Principal Investigator
Donald Manzek, Smithsonian Institution
* John I. Messner, The Pennsylvania State University, Principal Investigator
Chris Mosko, The Procter & Gamble Company
* Miaomiao Niu, The Pennsylvania State University
Harshad K. Patel, Worley Parsons
Ganesan Rajaram, Technip
Raymond A. Roache, Fluor Corporation
Richard Tregaskes, Faithful + Gould
Edward W. Williamson, U.S. Department of State

Past members
Shelley R. Brewer, CB&I
Chris Hammer, Affiliated Construction Services
Jiang Li, The Pennsylvania State University
Floyd Meredith, The Procter & Gamble Company
Rita Norat, Air Products
Larry Redden, IHI E&C International

* Principal authors

Editor: Michael E. Burns

 Construction Industry Institute
The University of Texas at Austin
3925 W. Braker Lane (R4500)
Austin, Texas 78759-5316
IR 324-2