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ODE Topic 5notes Final

This document discusses second order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of the form f(x, y, y', y'') = 0. It presents two main methods for solving second order ODEs: 1) When the ODE is of the form y'' = φ(x), it can be solved by integrating φ(x) twice. 2) When the ODE is of the form y'' = φ(y), it can be converted to an equation involving ρ = dy/dx and solved by separating variables and integrating. An example problem is worked through to illustrate the second method. Finally, a general form for second order ODEs is presented.

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10 views

ODE Topic 5notes Final

This document discusses second order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of the form f(x, y, y', y'') = 0. It presents two main methods for solving second order ODEs: 1) When the ODE is of the form y'' = φ(x), it can be solved by integrating φ(x) twice. 2) When the ODE is of the form y'' = φ(y), it can be converted to an equation involving ρ = dy/dx and solved by separating variables and integrating. An example problem is worked through to illustrate the second method. Finally, a general form for second order ODEs is presented.

Uploaded by

evansojoshuz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TOPIC 5

SECOND ORDER ODE


Equations of second order are of the form:

f (x, y, y ′ , y ′′ ) = 0 (1)

where

Y ′′ = ϕ(x, y, y ′ ) (2)

Part I:

d2 y
= ϕ(x)
dx2
i.e.
d dy
( ) = ϕ(x)
dy dx
integration gives: ∫
dy
= ϕ(x)dx + C
dx
Further integration yields
∫ [∫ ]
Y = ϕ(x)dx dx + Cx + C1

Example
Y ′′ = 2x + 1
Y ′ = x2 + x + C
x3 x2
Y = 3
+ 2
+ Cx + C1
Part II:
d2 y
dx2
= ϕ(y)
dy
Substituting ρ = dx
where ρ = ϕ(y), we get:
d2 y dρ dρ dy dρ
2
= = =ρ
dx dx dy dx dy

1
i.e.
dρ
ρ = ϕ(y)
dy
Separating the variables and integrating we obtain:
∫
2
ρ = 2 ϕ(y)dy + C1

and √ ∫
dy
ρ= = ± 2 ϕ(y)dy + C1
dx
∫ ∫
dy
√ ∫ = dx
2 ϕ(y)dy + C1
i.e. ∫
dy
√ ∫ =x+C
2 ϕ(y)dy + C1
Example
d2 y −4 dy
Solve dx2
= y3
given dx
= 14 , y = 8 when x = 0.
Solution
d2 y
Let ρ = dy
dx
, ⇒ dx2
dρ
= ρ dy

dρ −4
∴ρ = 3
dy y

giving
ρ2 2
= 2 +C
2 y
On substitution: 1
32
= 2
64
+ C, ⇒ C = 0.
∴ ρ2 = 4
y2
and ρ = dy
dx
= ± y2
∫ ∫
ydy = ±2 dx

y 2 = ±4x + C

On substitution: 64 = C

2
∴ y 2 = 64 ± 4x

A general second order O.D.E takes the form:

d2 y dy
2
+ ρ(x) + q(x)y = r(x)
dx dx

If r(x) = 0, the equation is called homogeneous/reduced, otherwise it is non-


homogeneous/complete equation.
Assignment 5

dy
(i) Solve dx
= 1 + e2x

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