Raspberry Pi

Hardware
CHIFUNDO POLSKA MLANGENI
 Lecture Objectives
• Describe the capability of the Raspberry
Pi (RPi) and its suitability for different
project types.
• Describe the major hardware systems and
subsystems on the RPi boards.
• Identify important accessories that you
can buy to enhance the capability of your
RPi.
• Have an appreciation of the power and
complexity of the RPi as a physical
computing platform.
• Be aware of the first steps to take in
protecting your board from physical
damage
Introduction to the Platform

• The RPi models are capable

general-purpose computing
devices
• They are also capable
physical computing devices
that can be used for
embedded systems
applications—and for
Internet-attached
embedded applications.
 General characteristics of RPi devices
• They are low cost, available for as little as $5–$35.
• They are powerful computing devices.
• For example, the RPi 3 contains a 1.2 GHz ARM Cortex-A53 processor that can perform more than 700 million Whetstone instructions per
second (MWIPS).
• They are available in a range of models that are suitable for different applications
• (e.g., the larger-format RPi 3 for prototyping and the tiny format RPi Zero or Compute Module for deployment).
• They support many standard interfaces for electronic devices.
• They use little power, running at between approximately 0.5 W (RPi Zero when idle) and
approximately 5.5 W (RPi 3 under load).
• They are expandable through the use of Hardware Attached on Top (HAT) daughter boards and USB
devices.
• They are supported by a huge community of innovators and enthusiasts, who generously give of their
time to help the RPi Foundation with their educational mission
• The RPi platform can run the Linux operating system, which means that you can use many open source
software libraries and applications directly enabling you to interface devices such as USB cameras,
keyboards, and Wi-Fi adapters with your project.
 When to Use the RPi
• The RPi is perfectly placed for the integration of high-level software and low-
level electronics in any type of project.
• Whether you are planning to build an
• automated home management system,
• robot,
• multimedia display,
• Internet of Things (IoT) application With NGIX webserver
• vending machine,
• the RPi has the processing power to do whatever you can imagine of an embedded device.
• When you need to leverage the Linux OS
• When you require secure remote shell (SSH) access.
• When you need to play high-definition video.
When to Not Use the RPi
• In its default state, the RPi is not an ideal platform for real-time systems
applications. Real-time versions of Linux are available, but they are currently
targeted at very experienced Linux developers, and there are limits to their real-
time capabilities
• The RPi platform is not ideal for project developments that are likely to be
commercialized. The RPi platform largely utilizes open source software but it is
not open source hardware. The focus of the RPi Foundation is on education, and
not product commercialization.
• If you are planning to build an embedded Linux project that is to be
commercialized, you should examine the BeagleBone platform, which is entirely
open source and is suppported by strong Texas Instruments documentation.
Raspberry Pi Versions
 Raspberry Pi Pico W Hardware
• The wireless version of Raspberry Pi’s powerful Pico
microcontroller board offers a wealth of possibilities for IoT
projects
• launched the original Pico in January 2021 (No wifi)
• powerful, low-cost ($4) microcontroller development board
• Launched at the end of June 2022, the $6 Pico W rectifies
that with built-in wireless connectivity.

▪ Powered by Raspberry Pi's own RP2040 system-on-chip (SoC) based on two Arm Cortex-M0+ cores running
at 133MHz, it features 2MB of onboard flash storage, 264kB of RAM, and 40 pins—including three
analogue inputs and the unique Programmable I/O subsystem.
▪ support for standard digital communication protocols: I2C, SPI, and UART
▪ there’s a unique Programmable I/O subsystem which lets you customize the I/O interface
▪ The standard Pico and Pico W boards do not come with male pin headers, so you'll need to solder on
suitable 0.1" headers. Alternatively, there are Pico H and Pico WH models available with headers already
attached
Firmware for Pico W and Potential Pico W Projects
• All Pico models can be programmed using C/C++ or MicroPython (and also CircuitPython). The
standard Pico C/C++ SDK includes wireless networking support.
• With your Pico W connected to Wi-Fi, you can interact with other network devices and send
and receive data from the internet. So there's great potential for all sorts of IoT projects—take
a look at our Arduino IoT projects for some inspiration, or you could try adding wireless
functionality or a web interface to one of these Raspberry Pi Pico projects.
• Here are a few more project ideas to get you started…
• Web Server: The Raspberry Pi Foundation’s step-by-step project guide shows you how to turn
your Pico W into a web server to control digital outputs from a browser, and to receive sensor
data.
• Network Scanner: Richard Hayler’s network scanner (Twitter) uses an LED strip to indicate
nearby networks detected, with color-coding for secure networks, hidden SSIDs, and insecure
open networks.
• Garage Door Sensor: Jeff Geerling's simple sensor project on GitHub sends data locally to
Home Assistant to show whether his garage door is open or closed, viewable on a web
dashboard
How to choose a Raspberry Pi
• If you need an RPi for general-purpose computing, consider the RPi 3 or Rpi 4
• The 1 GB of memory and 1.2 GHz quad-core processor provide the best
performance out of all the boards.
• For applications that interface electronics circuits to the Internet on a wired
network, consider the RPi 3, RPi 2, or RPi B+, Rpi 4 with cost being the
deciding factor.
• ■ If you need a small-footprint device with wireless connectivity, consider the
RPi Zero. The RPi A+ could be used to develop the initial prototype.
• If you want to design your own PCB that uses the RPi (or multiple Rpi boards),
investigate the Compute module.
The Raspberry Pi Hardware
The Raspberry Pi Hardware
• Figure details the various inputs and outputs that are available on the
GPIO header. On recent RPi models (A+, B+, 2, 3, and Zero), there are
40 pins in total on this header (2 × 20); however, not all are available
for general-purpose input/outputs (GPIOs). Several of the connections
have a fixed configuration:
• 8 pins are connected to ground
• 4 pins are allocated to voltage supplies: 3.3 V (up to 50 mA) and to 5 V (up to
300 mA).
• 2 pins are reserved for HATs (discussed later in this chapter) but they can be re-
tasked.
• The remaining 26 connectors are available to be multiplexed to many
different functions
• The function of each of these input/output types is described in detail
in later lectures
The Raspberry Pi Hardware
The Raspberry Pi Hardware
The Raspberry Pi Hardware
The Raspberry Pi Hardware
The Raspberry Pi Hardware
The Raspberry Pi Hardware
 Raspberry Pi Accessories
• The RPi has minimal external requirements to use the board, typically as follows:
• A USB 2.0 cable (usually a micro-USB plug to USB-A plug) that is used to connect the RPi to
a power supply, such as a desktop computer or USB mains supply (e.g., a cell phone
charger)
• A micro-SD card that is used to contain the operating system, which is used to boot the
board
• A CAT 5 network patch cable to connect your RPi to the network using its RJ-45 10/100
Ethernet connector
• The RPi can be connected to a display using a HDMI cable, but most of the
examples in this course assume that the RPi is used in headless mode—that is,
not connected directly to a display; rather, the RPi is used as a networked device
that interfaces to electronic circuits, USB modules, and wireless sensors.
 Important Accessories
• External 5 V Power Supply (for Powering the RPi)
• The RPi is best powered using a micro-USB cable that is connected to a good
quality 5 V power supply (±5%) that is rated to deliver a current of at least 1.1A
(1,100 mA) for older boards, and 2.5 A (2,500 mA) for the RPi 3.
• RPi boards typically require 500 mA–700 mA, but some USB peripherals (e.g., Wi-
Fi adapters and webcams) have significant power requirements.
• Micro-SD Card (for Booting an Operating System)
• Ideally, you should use an 8 GB to 32 GB micro-SD card with wear-leveling functionality
because it will extend the lifespan of the card,
• Ethernet Cable (for Network Connection)
• The RPi B/B+/2/3 can be connected to the Internet using a wired network connection.
• The RPi A/A+/Zero can be connected to the Internet using a USB wireless adapter.
Recommended Accessories
• HDMI Cable (for Connection to Monitors/Televisions)
• The majority of RPi models have a full-size HDMI connector.
• However, the RPi Zero has a mini-HDMI socket (HDMI-C).
• Wi-Fi Adapters (for Wireless Networking) Wi-Fi adapters
• The RPi 3 has on-board Wi-Fi, but this capability can also be added to other RPi
models using the many different Wi-Fi adapters that are available
• USB Webcam (for Capturing Images and Streaming Video)
• Attaching an RPi camera can be a low-cost way to integrate image and video capture
into your RPi projects.
• In addition, utilizing Linux libraries such as Video 4 Linux and Open Source Computer
Vision (OpenCV)enables you to build “seeing” applications
• USB Keyboard and Mouse (for General-Purpose Computing)
• It is possible to connect a USB keyboard and mouse to the RPi or to use a 2.4
• GHz wireless keyboard and mouse combination
Logitech C920 USB webcam
 HATs
• HATs (Hardware Attached on Top) are daughter boards that
can be attached to the GPIO expansion header on the RPi.
• Some pins on the expanded 40-pin GPIO header (ID_SD and
ID_SC) of newer RPi models are utilized to automatically
The RPi Sense HAT
identify which HAT is attached to the Rpi
• This allows the Linux OS to automatically configure pins on
the GPIO header and to load drivers that make working with
the HATs very easy.
• The RPi Sense HAT ($35).
• It contains an: 8 × 8 LED matrix display, accelerometer, gyroscope,
magnetometer, air pressure sensor, temperature sensor, humidity
sensor, and a small joystick.
 How to Destroy Your RPi!
• RPi boards are complex and delicate devices that are very easily damaged if you
do not show due care.
• Here are some things that you should never do:
• Do not shut the RPi down by pulling out the USB power supply. You should shut down the
board correctly using a software shutdown procedure
• Do not place a powered RPi on metal surfaces (e.g., aluminum-fi nish computers)
• Do not connect circuits that source/sink other than very low currents from/to the GPIO
header. The maximum current that you can source or sink from many of these header pins
is approximately 2 mA to 3 mA.
• The GPIO pins are 3.3 V tolerant. Do not connect a circuit that is powered at 5 V;
• Do not connect circuits that apply power to the GPIO header while the RPi is not powered
on. Make sure that all self-powered interfacing circuits are gated by the 3.3 V supply line or
using optocouplers
• Carefully check the pin numbers that you are using. There are 40 pins on the GPIO header,
and it is very easy to plug into header connector 21 instead of 19.
THANK YOU