Relative pronouns rand estar 270 Pe 254 Inropstiepomne 250 rahe nen zo fos a ene 260 Aiding tw passive 270 os 354 Retr vetts endings 2. Gusta and imetsoal verbs 271 cianges nouns 254 The ‘immediate future’ 261 date m a 258 Regular compound tenses 261 Adverbs ze ce . 255 Present participle 262 Subjunctive tense 273 wate adjectives 256 Past participle 262 Uses of the subjunctive 274 ve ce adjectives 256 Radical-changing verbs 262 Comparisons 28 no 256 Iropur aha 24 ogeda 2 mmerave pronouns 255 Speling changes in verbs 766 Por and para am se rong 257 Reflexive verbs en eat ae 28 pont 257 Imperatives commands) 268 Personal a 28 gene, 257 Positive commands 268 Propositions of place 278 Fe yoomes 258 Negative commands 268 Time and weather expressions 278 ev ous 258 Tener expressions 269 Numbers, a DICTIONARY OF TERMS aguage is made up of different elements (verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc.), which ws and our understanding of how they behave fay we intend, §S (gato, Maria, Miami, hora). 1er a specific noun is referred to despacio). They can also describe bien). de, después, para). es), se, and sometimes other yes the subject of the verb 1d on its own)/antes de {two subordinate clauses)ich noun in §; (ie, articles and oun anish has a ‘gender’, which governs the words that qualify the n adjectives), Broadly spe: He ‘aking, there are two categories: masculine and femi Note that days of the week and months of the year take lowercase letters not cap (lunes — Monday, marzo — March), Gender of nouns Normally in Spanish we expect nouns that end in -o to be masculine in gender (for example el carro — the car) and those which end in -a to be feminine (for example ta casa ~ the house). However, there are exceptions to the rule (for example el cura the priest, fa mano ~ the hand) © Mar Mors that have a masculine meaning are masculine in gender (chico ~ boy) and words for females tend to be feminine in gender (mujer - woman). There are, however, exceptions, such as modelo (model) which can be feminine. paradoxically, if a noun ends in-ma itis most often masculine, and if it ends in -dad, "t's feminine (for example el programa - the programme, la ciudad ~ the city). FOS Nuns that end in ~ista tend to be masculine (el futbolista ~ the footballe, el periodista ~ the journalist), but they can exist in the feminine form also (eVla artista ~ the artist). * Nouns which end in -in are feminine (la estacién, la educacién). Plurals of nouns * Generally speaking, nouns that end in a vowel add -s for the plural (carros, casas, parques — cars, houses, parks). * Ifa word ends in a consonant, -es is added (ciudades, doctores ~ cities, doctors). * The addition of the extra syllable may change the stress patterns of the word, so a written accent is needed in some cases but omitted in others in order to Preserve the original emphasis (see page 4 for further notes on this). : For example: joven—»jévenes (young people), estacién—restaciones (stations), examen—vexdmenes (exams). If a word already ends in -s, no change occurs (for example crisis, paraguas, sacapuntas, abrelatas). uns rd is made plural, a spelling change is required in order ound of the word in its singular form, for example (pencils).ite and indefinite articles must agree with ingly there are four different def the noun to which they refer. - init rmple: el boligrafo (the ball point 4s idwiches), las montafias (the m se tes eet sto fo eines articles, meaning‘ or ‘some’. These are un, tp ahs), Us semanas fare A 0. una mariana (a morning), unos meses Which stand for ‘the’ - el, la, os, las. ), la pay untain)| (the beach), los bocadillas isa neuter article, lo, whichis ys, ; j we To bueno (the good thingy qt masculine adjectives to expres a quality interesante (the interesting thing). ey are not used before certain adjective i oa hundred), mil (a thousand): nor j shame!)- jeles ae required in Spanish when a no eae tid Gos ees un is used in a general sense, for example « They are used with titles el seior Martnes ~ Mr Mant i Tae Buenas noche, or Mera cl Manes), although notin det et night, Mr Martinez) «+ The article is used when talking about languages (for example aprendo el espaitol ~ {learn Spanish, estudio el ingles ~ I study English), but not with the verb hablar (for example hablo espaiiol ~1 speak Spanish). ADJECTIVES 's Must agree with the noun to which they refer in number el carro blanco (the white car), la casa bonita (the pretty tos (the strict teachers), las mujeres simpdticas (the nice women). After the noun, for example ura ciudad industrial (an industrial they imply that the characteristic described is an inherent part las bonitas flores (the beautiful lowers), las posilessoluciones yhen placed before a masculine singular noun by dropping the ‘apocopation’. The adjectives that do this are: bueno, malo, go, For example an bun ome (od man, r (the first floor), el tercer cutobus (the third bus), BS oo i : hay algin libro que..? (is there any book that...) ‘when placed before the noun. cet hombre grande te big man [aes cine eno EENDemonstrative adjectives * These translate as ‘this'/‘these’, ‘that’/those’, or ‘that over there’/‘those over there’ * ‘They agree in gender and number with the noun to which they refer. this, these | este carro cesta casa estos chicos- | estas profesoras | tis car this house those boys these teachers That, those | ose dboT 259 tonde 50s hombres ~ | esas arenas ~ that tee that shop those men those oranges That those aquel bo | aquela tarde | aqualios das | aque afumnas - (more distant) | that book that afternoon | those days those gt pupis| (over there) | (some time ago) | (some time ago) _| (over there) Possessive adjectives * ‘These translate as ‘my’, ‘your’, his’, ‘her’, ‘our, ‘their’. * ‘They agree in number and gender with the thing possessed, NOT the possessor, for example ‘his son’ and ‘their son’ = su hijo, ‘Where there is ambiguity of meaning, more information can be given thus: su hijo.a.d sw hijo a ello mis padres __| mis amigas my friends ‘ws sandals — your cousins _| your sandals Inuestros abuelos — | nuestras ideas ~ ur grandparents | our ideas your pets Demonstrative pronouns © These translate as ‘this one’, ‘those ones’, ete. © They agree in gender and number with the noun to whicl this one, este carro» | esta caso—> these ones _|éste - this one_|ésta ~ this one thatone, [ese drbol—> | esa tienda—> those ones _|ése—that one _| ésa - that one that one, | aque! ibro—» | aquella tarde—> those ones _| agué/ that one | aquetla ~ that one | aquélios ~ those on more distant) (over there) | (some time ago)_| (some time ago) For example: gqué es esto? (what is this?), eso me da miedo (Im ‘aquello es increible (that is incredible).pronouns i i ; . replace @ possessive adjective and a noun, " seve pronouns agree in number a : we Me follows: nd gender with the noun they replace re ti fe i Ma, las mies, las mas - my on), mine los t 4 F2 9 - yas, 2 ‘W995 Your ones) (familiar, singular ‘you, yours yo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas — hj ; ‘ee singular you’) is one(s), her one(s), your one(s) ro, la nuestra, los nuestros, el muest ros, las nuestras ~ our one(s), 5 7s Ft, 105 suyas, las suyas — : El nuestro es més sample srande que el suyo (Ours is bigger than his) jer mi cas, la tuya es demasiado pequea (prefer my haves yours msl) ; ours their one(s), theirs, yours (plural). sit Pe used when th 1 These are used when there is ambiguity, or, at times, for ‘emphasis. For example: hermanos son diferentes, les grande, ella es menos grande (The siblings are rdpida—»rdpidamente; lento—rlenta—lentamente, «There are some irregulars, including bien (well), mal (badly) and despacio (slowly) «+ Adverbs of frequency include: qmenudo often ‘Pocas veces seldom a veces sometimes rraras veces rarely normalmente normally apenas hardly deves en cuando from time to time nunca never THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD * The subjunctive is an important feature in Spanish which allows different ‘shades’ of meanit avoid ambiguity. he present and the imperfect. The present and Ber combine with the past participle to form inctive and pluperfect subjunctive. king the Ist person singular of the For -ir verbs escriba escribAS ables hable hablEMOS hablEN. © The imperfect subjunctive is minus -RON, and with the folla “RA , -RAS -RA on plural of the preterite tense, “RAMOS (the last syllable of the stem Written accent) “RAN Examples: ; yo hablara 2 5/estudiéramos tui comieras V4. tuviera| TE os samy ca) Fe There is an alternative form of the imperfect subjunctive, which takes a different set of endings: SE “SES “SE ‘SEMOS (again with a written accent on the last syllable of the stem) “SEN Example ‘yo saliese nosotros habldsemos/bebiésemos thi pusieses ellos/Vds. vendiesen/estudiasen Wa. durmiese Note that when the stem is irregular, the irregularity will remain in the subjunctive form. Examples are the present subjunctive of the verb hacer (haga, hagas, haga, etc.) and its imperfect subjunctive (hiciera, hicieras, hiciera, ete.) Note that stem-changing verbs have the same stem changes as the present indicative, ie jue giera, queramos, quieran. spelling of the verb to retain the original , juguemos, jueguen and toque, toques, present, perfect or future tense, the ir example me gusta que vaya. However, ect, conditional or imperfect, the in wis of the first. For example: quiero ir Itis also used when wishing someone luck, ‘gue tengas suerte! (may you be lucky), ;que after verbs of emotion (e.g. joy, fear, sorrow, hope, pity the emotion. For example: estoy contento de que vengas al c you are coming to the concert), me enoja que hable ast (it a speak like that). after verbs of permitting and requesting. The subjunctive is used a produce an effect on others, but only when there is a change of sub +0g6 que viniera yo (he asked me to come), permitié que entraran (he in), mi madre me dice que vaya a ver a mi abuelo (my mother tells my grandfather), quiso que yo pagara la cuenta (he wanted me to p whenever there is doubt or uncertainty about something. For example: razdn (maybe he is right - ‘but I don't think so’ is implied).afer all impersonal expressions, unless the expression states the certainty of something. For example: es importante que escuches bien (itis important that you yjsten well), es una ldstima que esté loviendo (it’s a shame it is raining), but — ¢s cierto que vendrd (it is certain that he'll come). in a negative statement, The subjunctive is used in a secondary clause, when the preceding clause is in the negative, for example no creo que tenga mucho dinero (( don't think that I/he has much money), in conditional sentences, when the condition is hypothetical. For example: si tuviera mucho dinero me compraria un yate (i | had a lot of money, ! would buy myself a yacht). Compare this with Si tengo mucho dinero, me compraré un yate (If !have a Jot of money, I shall buy myself a yacht). when there is an indefinite antecedent. When no person is specified, the subjunctive is needed. For example: busco a alguien que sepa conducir (I am looking for someone who knows how to drive — i.e. anyone will do, as long as they know how to drive), in the case of futurity, after certain conjunctions, For example: ‘con tal de que — providing that (con tal providing I have the money, I'll go) sin que ~ without (entré sin que supiera = 1 qu qualities, For example: Bs mds grande que yo (He is bigger t (am less tall than her), ‘There are some irregular comparatives, the most common being: (worse), mayor (greater, older), menor (smaller, younger). i 7 ion chan When talking about ‘more than’ + a number, the preposition chang mds de ta iad viven en esta elle (more than a hundred people liv i 1), simply add the definite ‘To form a superlative phrase (the most...), simply add the defini comparative. For example: es elms grande de tad hei the bigest of ‘aburridas (they are the least boring), es la mds importante (she is the mo‘ est in the class’, * When expressing a superlative within a limited group, such as ‘she is the best in t a ‘he is the tallest in the school’ or ‘Venezuela’s Salto Angel is the highest ie beni » the expression requires the use of de: es la mejor de la clase, es el mds alto del colegio, Salto Angel de Venezuela es la catarata mds alta del mundo. Adjective Comparative ‘Superlati equero mas pequefio el mas pequerio ‘bueno ‘mejor ef mejor melo peor el peor ‘mas despacio e/ mas despacio Tan... como... is how we express a comparison of similar qualities, for example 5 tan bajo como mi hermano (he is as short as my brother) ‘These constructions can also be used with adverbs, for example répidam yo,(he runs more quickly than me). or example no tengo amigos ~ syerb (for example no me gusta ~ Own (for example ‘boyfriend) or in cine con mi novio), rninguno not any (as an adjective or a pronoun, which mu chica ~ there is no girl, or no hay ninguna - there is not one) NOTE: this word apocopates (shortens) before a masculine for example; no hay ningiin libro de francés en la biblioteca (there is no French book in the library). Mic. Mi. = neither... nor... (no quiero ni jamén ni queso — 1 ‘ampoco ~ neither (yo tampoco ~ me neither) ‘ ni siquiera ~ not even (ni siquiera mi madre lo sabe — not even my n ya-no ~ no longer (ya no viene a visitarnos ~ he no longer comes to yiN L «Both of these words mean ‘for’ but are used in different situations, « Por refers to a means (for example viaja Por avin — he travels by plane, habla por teléfono — i madre — I am doing the shopping beres por mi amigo — I did the d motion through somewhere (for e3 Mexico, andaba por la calle ~ 1 was w © exchange (for example te doy las gracias por el Present, me dio dos kilos por un délar —he gave £ on behalf of (for example me alegro por ti = am happ por él ~ don't worry about him) § sending for/asking for (for exam principal) ple pregunté por el direct h and is used in some phrases of course, therefore, for the Para refers to (for example por supuesto, por eso first time) @ the idea of destination (for example salimos para Espaiia — we set o se va para la ciudad mariana — he’s going off to the city tomorrow) futurity (for example ahorro para el afto que viene - I am saving haré los deberes para la semana que viene ~ 1 shall do the homework for € intention (for example estudio para ser médico — 1 am studying to be ad éPara qué quieres el dinero? Para comprarme un carro ~ Why do you we money? To buy a car) d purpose (for example lo necesito para el trabajo ~ 1 need it for work, est €s para ayudar con el examen ~ this book is to help with the exam) ° someone's benefit (for example lo hago para mi madre ~ P'm doing it for my mother) a time by which something is needed (for example lo quiere para pasado —he needs it the day after tomorrow) 8 suitability (for example estudiar es bueno para ti ~ studying is good for youAll exclamations are preceded by an upside-down exclamation mark and end with an exclamation mark. Many are adjectives, prefaced by jque... ! For example: jqué bonito! (how pretty!). Note that the adjective must agree with the noun being described, for example ‘qué cara la ropa! (how expensive the clothes are!).. When the object of the verb is a person (noun or pronoun), a must be placed before the person, after the verb. For example: veo a los chicos (I see the boys), visitamos a nuestros abuelos (we visit our grandparents), espero a Vd. (I wait for you). @ indicates motion towards (for example a México, a la casa de mi abuelo, al centro de la ciudad — to Mexico, to my grandfather's house, to the city centre). Note: a + el = al een casa, en Espafia, en la mesa, table, I entered (into) the room). g or someone (for example de Madrid, F/bclonging to my mother, from/of/ se include: fe ~ after ide ~ inside de - outside B ce ~ under de — on top of4 others tse hays ay niebla - It is foggy py sol ~ It is sunny { some use estd plus a participle: std nublado It is cloudy std despejado ~ The skies are clear etd oscuro ~ It is dark std loviendo ~ It is raining (meaning at the time of speaking) std nevando ~ Itis snowing (meaning at the time of speaking) Note llueve/nieva means ‘it rains ‘it snows’. When talking about the weather in the past, the tense most commonly used is the imperfect, for example hacfa calor, estaba lloviendo, habia niebla, as it usually describes ascene, and not an event. An exception would be, for example, hubo tormenta aquel dia (there was a storm that day). + The verb ser is used for time expressions: Qué hora es? — What time is it? Es la una/Son las dos ~ It’s one o'clock/It is two o'clock Es tarde/temprano ~ It is late/early Note por la mafiana/tarde/noche is the expression used for ‘in the morning/afternoon/ evening/night. ‘On Mondays’ is translated as Los lunes; ‘on Saturday’, el sdbado ete. 1 uno 16 dieciséis 31 weinta, 2 dos 17 diecisiete 3 tres 18 dieciocho 4 cuatro 19 diecinueve 5 cinco 20 veinte 6 seis 21 veintiuno 7 siete 22 veintidés 8 ocho 23 veintitrés 9 nueve 24 veinticuatro 10 diez 25 veinticinco 11 once 26 veintiséis 12 doce 27 veintisiet 13 uece B veintioc 14 catoree 15 quinceNote 1 Uno shortens to un before masculine nouns Un perro, veintivin chicos, ochenta y un hombres, ciento un dias 2. Ciento shortens to cien before any noun, including mil Cien carros, cien mil personas, cien noches 3 Agreement is necessary in the following cases: * with uno, when followed by a feminine noun (una hora) * with hundreds, when followed by a feminine noun (doscientas alumnas, setecientas semanas) Ordinal numbers are as follows: primero — first segundo - second tercero — third