caf dkSh- TALK LEGS, WORD MORE READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY e PREUIM-MODULE 1 HOW THE PAST AND THE PRESENT SPEAK TO. EACH OTHER? The Pastiis the Present... Y History comes from the Greek word HISTORIA which means knowledge acquired through inquiry and investigation/research. Y History asa discipline follows a scientific inquiry to arrive in a particular truth, Y "Your word is as only as reliable as your character. Don’t exaggerate, don’t ‘make understatements. Don’t omit information with the intent to deceive. Just speak the truth”, ¥ History as a discipline existed for around 2400 years, as old as ‘mathematical philosophy. HERODOTUS-Father of History DEFINITION OF HISTORY ¥ Study of past events YA chronological records of significant ‘events (such as those affecting a nation/institution often including explanation of their causes and effects) Aristotle (The Father of Logic) defines history as a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena which are arranged in their chronological order. ¥ Herodotus and Thucydides defines history as a learning inquiry about the past of the mankind. YEH Carr defines history as a never- ending dialogue between the past and present. 4, TALK Leds, Will Durant stated that history is a narrative of events of what civilized men have thought and done in the past. Jawaharlal Nehru said that the theme of history should be man’s growth from barbarism to civilization. “HISTORY NEVER REPEAT ITSELF AS MOST PEOPLE FEAR. PEOPLE USUALLY REPEAT HISTORY’ - Divine Chikobvu. ‘THE HISTORIAN’S DUTY ¥ Is towrite about the lives of important individual like ‘monarchs, heroes, saints, nobilities. History is also focused on the war, revolution and other important breakthrough NEW DEFINITION OF HISTORY ‘ACQUIRED FROM CLASSICAL TIN Y The account of the past of a person or a group of people through written documents and historical evidences. -it means that unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be considered a historical fact ¥ Traditional historian lived with ‘mantra “no document, no history” History progressed and opened up to the possibility of valid historical sources, which were ‘not limited only to written documents like (government record, chronicles account or personal letters). Giving premium to written documents essentially invalidates history of other civilization that do not keep written records WORK MORE| Y Some were keener on passing their history by the word of ‘mouth, others got their historical documents burned and destroyed in the events of war or colonization. Restricting historical evidence as EXCLUSIVELY written is also discrimination against other social classes who were not recorded in paper nobiles, monarchs, the elite and even the middle class would have their births, education, ‘marriage and death as matters of government and historical records. But what about the peasant/farmers/common or oor families or indigenous ‘groups who were not given ‘much thought about being registered to government records. Does the absence of written documents about them mean that they were the people of no history or past? Did they even exist? Or neglected by the history? LOOPHOLE IN HISTORY Y The mantra “no documents, no history” invalidates the history of other civilization who do not kept written records. Y The loophole was recognized by historians who started using ‘other kinds of historical sources, which may not be in written form but were just as valid Examples: Oral traditions in the forms of epic, songs, artifacts, architecture and memory. TALK LEG, WORK MORE Thus. History became more INCLUSIVE and start collaborating with other disciplines. OTHER KINDS OF HISTORICAL ‘SOURCES USED AS EVIDENCES IN WRITING HISTORY 1. ARCHEOLOGY The study of human past using material remains. ‘These remains can be any objects, that people created, modified and used. 2. UNGUISTICS Focuses on theories of language, structure, variation and use of the description and documentation of contemporary language. 3. SCIENCE jologist and biochemist can help with the study of the past through analyzing genetic and DNA patterns of human societies. “A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.” “Marcus GarveyRPH MODULE #2 HISTORIOGRAPHY Can history be absolutely objective? Caniit be 100% accurate? “TRUTH IS suBlEcTVITy” “Soren Kierkegaard Itruth is subjective, history is based on ‘ruth then therefore history is subjective Y There's always room for subjectivity in history. Because humans are not PERFECT OBJECTIVIST Y Ifhistory is subjective, is it still worthwhile to study history? Yes, through the help of HISTORIOGRAPHY. Can history be absolutely objective? Can it be 100% accurate? Y One reality is that the exact and accurate account of the past is impossible to get for a very simple reason that we cannot go back to the Past. We have no direct access in the Past. We cannot present the exact happenings in the past That's why historians rely on historical sources in writing history (the job of historian is to gather historical sources and to interpret) as a result different historians came up with different interpretations. For example: ‘A. *Ferdinand Magellan discovered the Philippines (Spanish historian perspective) ‘Ferdinand Magellan rediscovered the Philippines (Filipino historian perspective) B. Two versions of history during colonization period in the Philippines “American historians depicted the Filipino people as uncivilized in their account to justify their colonization while the Filipino writers wrote history that the early Filipinos are people of their own intellect and ‘culture to counterpart American historians account. Y- Ithistory’s object of study is the past in historiography the object of studyis the history itself. Y Historiography defines as the study of historical writings. Historiography deals with the writing of history based onthe critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination/criticism. Y The goal of historiography is to get closer to the truth. HISTORIOGRAPHY'S OBJECT OF STUDY IS THE HISTORY ITSELF. The following are ein historiography. 1. Howwas a certs historical text written? 2. Who wrote it? 3. What particular historical method was employed? 4. What were the sources used? Historiography is necessary to detect fake news. TALK LEC, WORK Nun¥ What will happen if our foundation Is. “they do not only get to learn foe news startet ec ssoc. Prof. Danilo Arao provided with the understanding of ‘Argo said itis disturbing that a the facts, and the historical context significant number of Filipinos believe and perspective which guided him stories from fake news websites and also analyzed. dubious social media pages. itis also 2, Historiography fs important for troubling that there are those who someone who studies history actively promote and disseminate these because it teaches the student to stories as well, He said that if people be critical in the lesson presented start believing in fake news more than tohim. 7 Historians are also expected they in news from legitimate sources, they willtend to make decisions that tobe objective and would not be based on reliable or oeecoarenee information. arguments but also on their FALSE, MISLEADING, AND BIASED conduct of historical REPORTING, A.K.A, “FAKE NEWS" OR racentch VIRAL NEWS" HAS DETRIMENTAL HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN EFFECTS Misinformation can be weaponized to influence politics, economics, and social well-being, from potentially affecting elections and referendums to inciting prejudice, confusion, and violence. ¥ Itis impossible to get the exact and accurate account of the past Historians access to past is not through time machine but through historical sources and evidences. Y_ HISTORICAL SOURCES AND EVIDENCES- are historian’s representation of the past. Therefore, itis the historian’s job is not just to MISINFORMATION, DISINFORMATION AND HISTORICAL DISTORTION ¥_ MISINFORMATION- unintentional spread of false information because of the inaccuracy of information (pranks, rumors) YY DISINFORMATION- intentional spread seek historical evidences of false information which intend to and facts but also to mislead interpret these facts. Y HISTORICAL DISTORTION- when Y Historians job is to give historical accounts or narratives are ‘meaning to these facts and changed to suit the personal agenda, organize them into a disinformation and lies change history. timeline, establish causes and write history. IMPORTANCE OF HISTORIOGRAPHY ¥ Historian must be fair and 1. Historiography lets the students to justin interpreting have a better understanding of historical sources because history. “FACTS CANNOT SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES”. TAW LEG, WORK MOREHISTORIAN Historian is a person of his ‘own who is influenced by hhis own context, environment, ideology and education ete, A. Inthat sense his interpretation of the historical fact is affected by his context and circumstances. 8. His subjectivity will inevitably influence the process of his historical research C. The methodology that he will use, the facts that he shall select, and deem relevant, his interpretation and even the form of his writings “Is history an objective discipline if the agenda is heavily influenced by the historian’s context or perspective?” “Historical research requires rigor strategy. Despite the fact that historians cannot ascertain absolute objectivity, the study of history ‘remains SCIENTIFIC because of the rigor of, research and methodology that historian employ. HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY -it comprises of certain techniques and rules that historian follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing history. Example: -Certain rules apply in cases of conflicting accounts in different sources. technique on how to properly treat eyewitness accounts and oral sources as valid as historical evidences. Example: Ha historian chooses to use an oral account as his data in studying the ethnic history of the fugaos in the Cordillera during the American occupation, he needs to validate the claims of his informant through ‘comparison and corroborating it with written sources. Therefore, while bias is inevitable, the historian can balance this out by relying to evidence that back up his claim. In this sense, need not let his bias blind his judgement. TALK LES, WORE MORELESSON 3: HISTORICAL SOURCES Definition of historical sources Historian's representation of the past Something that tells us about history Historical sources are historian’s ‘most important tools (because without historical source hist ians cannot write something about the articular event that happened in the past, there must be a source, because the historical sources serve as bridge towards our understanding of the historical past) Historical sources, however, are never the happenings or the events, whether artifacts or documents they are materials out of which history may be written (Howell and prevenier,2001) Relics or remains whose existence offer researchers a clue about the past. TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES de 2 3. PRIMARY ‘SECONDARY TERTIARY fertiary Primary Secondary “Produced at | Produced by authors | Produced by authors who the same who used primary | used secondary sources time, asthe | sources event, period, ‘or subject being studied Includes the _ | Analyzed scholarly documents or | question and often artifacts use primary sources created bya _| as evidence witness to or participants in anevent. They canbe | They may include firsthand bibliographies that testimony or | may lead to primary evidence sources created during you are studying. ‘Autobiography | Biography ‘A chapter in a textbook about a person's life base ‘on biography. Birthday Party | Description based on | Comments/interpretation the pictures/videos | based on the secondary captured during the | sources event or interpretations/stories based on the statement of those present in the event.PRIMARY SOURCE A. Legal sources such as land titles * Social documents pertains to economic, ‘social, political and judicial significance, They are records kept by the government Examples are government records such as municipal account, research findings and documents like these Parliamentary procedures, civil registry records, property registers and record of census. 8. Material Evidence known as archaeological evidence. Example; Pottery, jewelry, dwellings, Graves, churches, paintings, drawings, songs, Plays, sculpture, roads and others that tell a Story about the past and their culture. C. Oral Evidence folktales of ancient people, folk Songs or popular rituals. Interviews is another major form of oral evidence. ‘SECONDARY SOURCES: ‘Secondary sources put primary sources in context. They comment, summarize, interpret or analyze information found in primary source. Secondary sources offer interpretation or ‘commentary on primary sources. They are the “product” of historians doing history - a part of historians ongoing discussion or debate about the past. Secondary sources therefore, can be argued with, criticized, or defended against criticism. Example: Biographies, histories, literary criticism, books written by a third party about historical event, art and theater review, newspaper or journal articles that interpret. * Both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing and learning history. However, historian and students of history need to be scrutinize those historical sources to avoid deception and to come up with the historical truth, PRIMARY SOURCE-representation of the past SECONDARY SOURCE- interpretation of the past EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL TYPES OF CRITICISM CRITICISM- identify or examine the genuineness of a document or historical sources EXTERNAL CRITICISM- Verification of authenticity by ‘examining its physical characteristics Consistency with the historical characteristics of the time when it was produced; materials used Example of the things that will be examined when conducting external criticism of a document: 1. The quality of paper 2. Type of ink 3. Language used in the materials. 4. Material used EXTERNAL CRITICISM, We can ask the following questions: 1. When it was written? 2. Where it was written? 3, Whowas the real author? 4. Why did it survive? What were the materials used? 6. Were the language and words used in the document consistent with the language and words during those time? 7. Isitauthentic? sPRIMARY SOURCE A. Legal sources such as land titles * Social documents pertains to economic, social, political and Judicial significance. They are records kept by the government Examples are government records such as municipal account, research findings and documents like these Parliamentary procedures, civil registry records, property registers and record of census. B. Material Evidence known as archaeological evidence. Example; Pottery, jewelry, dwellings, Braves, churches, paintings, drawings, songs, plays, sculpture, roads and others that tell a story about the past and their culture. C. Oral Evidence folktales of ancient people, folk songs or popular rituals. Interviews is another major form of oral evidence. SECONDARY SOURCES Secondary sources put primary sources in context. They comment, summarize, interpret or analyze information found in primary source. Secondary sources offer interpretation or ‘commentary on primary sources. They are the “product” of historians doing history - a part of historians ongoing discussion or debate about the past. Secondary sources therefore, can be argued with, criticized, or defended against criticism. Example: Biographies, histories, literary criticism, books written by a third party about historical event, art and theater review, newspaper or journal articles that interpret, * Both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing and learning history. However, historian and students of history need to be scrutinize those historical sources to avoid deception and to come up with the historical truth, PRIMARY SOURCE-representation of the past ‘SECONDARY SOURCE: interpretation of the past EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL TYPES OF CRITICISM CRITICISM- identify or examine the genuineness of a document or historical sources EXTERNAL CRITICISM- Verification of authenticity by ‘examining its physical characteristics Consistency with the historical characteristics of the time when it was produced; materials used Example of the things that will be examined when conducting external criticism of a document: 1. The quality of paper 2. Type of ink 3. Language used in the materials 4, Material used EXTERNAL CRITICISM We can ask the following questions: 2. When it was written? 2. Where it was written? 3. Who was the real author? 4. Why did it survive? 5. What were the materials used? 6. Were the language and words used in the document consistent with the language and words during those time? 7, Isit authentic?INTERNAL CRITICISM “It looks within the data itself to try to determine the truth, facts and reasonable. *italso looking at the possible motives of the person providing the data. ‘internal criticism looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at: 41. The author source 2.1ts context 3. The agenda behind its creation 4, Intended purpose