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Interview

Selenium Interview Questions And Answers

Last updated on February 10, 2024


Prepare for Selenium interviews with our comprehensive list of over 100
 Selenium interview questions. These questions are designed for both

 beginners and experienced professionals.


We will start with fairly basic Selenium testing interview questions and then
move to more tricky questions related to Selenium-based automation
frameworks.

If you are short on time, I have compiled the top 10 interview questions on
Selenium. You can click on these question links to get to the answers directly.

1. How to locate an element by partially matching the attribute’s value

using XPath?
2. How can we move to the parent of an element using XPath?
3. What is the fundamental difference between XPath and CSS selectors?
4. How to switch between multiple windows in Selenium?
5. Write the code to double-click an element.
6. What are some commonly encountered exceptions in Selenium?
7. How can we capture screenshots using Selenium?

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8. What is the difference between driver.findElement() and

driver.findElements()?
9. How to do drag and drop in Selenium?
10. Explain the line of code Webdriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

Also, you can click on the links below to go to the respective sections for
different selenium tricky interview questions. So, let’s get started.

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Content
1. Selenium Interview Questions for Beginners
2. Selenium Java Interview Questions
3. Selenium Interview Questions for Experienced
4. Selenium Tricky Interview Questions

Selenium Interview Questions for

Beginners
1. What is Selenium?

Selenium is a robust test automation suite that is used for automating web-
based applications. It supports multiple browsers, programming languages,

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and platforms.

2. What are the different forms of Selenium?

Selenium comes in four forms-

1. Selenium WebDriver – Selenium WebDriver is used to automate web

applications by directly calling the browser’s native methods.
2. The Selenium IDE Plugin – Selenium IDE is an open-source test
automation tool that works on record and playback principles.
3. Selenium RC component – Selenium Remote Control(RC) is officially
deprecated by Selenium and it used to work using javascript to
automate web applications.

4. Selenium Grid – Allows Selenium tests to run in parallel across multiple
 machines.

3. What are some advantages of Selenium?

Following are the advantages of Selenium-

1. Selenium is open source and free to use without any licensing cost.
2. It supports multiple languages like Java, Ruby, Python, etc.
3. Selenium supports multi-browser testing.
4. It has vast resources and helping-community over the internet.
5. Using the Selenium IDE component, non-programmers can also write
automation scripts.
6. Using the Selenium Grid component, distributed testing can be carried
out on remote machines.

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4. What are some limitations of Selenium?

Following are the limitations of Selenium–

1. We cannot test desktop applications using Selenium.

2. We cannot test web services using Selenium.
3. Programming language knowledge is required for creating robust
scripts in Selenium Webdriver.
4. Also, we have to rely on external libraries and tools for performing tasks
like – logging(log4J), testing framework-(TestNG, JUnit), reading from
external files (POI for excels), etc.

5. Which browsers/drivers are supported by Selenium


Webdriver?
 Some commonly used browsers supported by Selenium are-


1. Google Chrome – ChromeDriver
2. Firefox – FireFoxDriver
3. Internet Explorer – InternetExplorerDriver
4. Safari – SafariDriver
5. HtmlUnit (Headless browser) – HtmlUnitDriver
6. Android – Selendroid/Appium
7. IOS – ios-driver/Appium

6. What is Selenium 4 and how is it different from

other Selenium versions?
Selenium 4 is the latest version of Selenium that is W3C (World Wide Web
Consortium) compliant. In simple words, this makes the Selenium test suites

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more stable and reduces compatibility issues across different Web browsers.

Those who have used Selenium 3 and lower version would know that a
Selenium test uses JSON wire protocol to communicate with web browsers. In
the case of Selenium 4 there is no need for encoding and decoding the API
requests using the JSON wire protocol for communication between browsers
and test scripts. This allows the WebDriver to interact directly with the target
browser.

7. What are some features of Selenium 4?

The different features of Selenium 4 are-


It is W3C compliant. This makes the cross-browser tests more stable.
 A new Selenium 4 IDE for both Chrome and Firefox is introduced.
The Selenium 4 IDE tests can be exported to desired programming

languages – C#, Java, Javascript, etc.

The Selenium Grid feature is more user-friendly and comes with docker
support (a set of platform-as-a-service products that use OS-level
virtualization to deliver software in packages called containers).
Documentation is more detailed and improved in Selenium 4.

8. Can we test APIs or web services using Selenium

Webdriver?

No. Selenium WebDriver uses the browser’s native method to automate web
applications. So, there is no support for testing web services using Selenium
WebDriver.

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9. What are the various ways of locating an element

in Selenium?
The different locators in Selenium are-

1. Id
2. XPath
3. CSS selector
4. className
5. tagName
6. name
7. link text
8. partialLinkText


10. How can we inspect the web element attributes in

order to use them in different locators?

In order to locate web elements, we can use the Developer tool and plugins like
Firebug.
We can launch the developer tool by pressing F12 on the browser. Users can
easily hover over any element and find its different HTML properties.

Firebug is a plugin of Firefox that provides various development tools for

debugging applications. From an automation perspective, we use Firebug
specifically for inspecting web elements in order to find their attributes like id,
class, name, etc. in different locators.

11. What is an XPath?

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Xpath or XML path is a query language that is used for selecting nodes from
XML documents. Also, it is one of the locators supported by Selenium
Webdriver.

12. What is an absolute XPath?

An absolute XPath is a way of locating an element using an XML expression,

beginning from the root node i.e. HTML node in the case of web pages.

The main disadvantage of absolute XPath is that even if there is a slight

change in the UI or any element, the whole XPath will fail.
Example – html/body/div/div[2]/div/div/div/div[1]/div/input

 13. What is a relative XPath?


A relative XPath is a way of locating an element using an XML expression,
starting from anywhere in the HTML document.

In this way, there are different ways of creating robust relative XPaths that
have minimal or no change with the changes in other UI elements.
Example – //input[@id=’username’]

For details, check – XPath Tutorial

14. What is the difference between a single slash(/)

and a double slash(//) in XPath?

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In XPath, a single slash is used for creating absolute XPaths, beginning from
the root node. Whereas double slash is used for creating relative XPaths.

15. How can we locate an element by only partially

matching the value of its attributes in Xpath?

Using contains() method we can locate an element by partially matching its

attribute’s value. This is particularly helpful in scenarios where the attributes
have dynamic values with a certain constant part.

xPath expression = //*[contains(@name,'user')]


Basically, the above statement will match all the values of the name attribute

containing the word ‘user’ in them.


16. How can we locate elements using their text in

XPath?
Using the text() method –

xPathExpression = //*[text()='username']

17. How can we move to the parent of an element

using XPath?

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Using ‘/..’ after the XPath expression of the child element, we can move to the
parent of an element.
For example, the locator //div[@id=”childId”]/.. will move to the parent of the
div element with id value as ‘childId’.

18. How can we move to the nth-child element using

XPath?

Basically, there are two ways of navigating to the nth element using XPath-

Using square brackets with index position-

Example – div[2] will find the second div element.
 Using position()-
Example – div[position()=3] will find the third div element.



19. What is the syntax of finding elements by class
using CSS Selector?

By using .className in the CSS locator, we can select all the elements
belonging to a particular class e.g. ‘.red’ will select all elements having class
‘red’.

20. What is the syntax of finding elements by id using

CSS Selector?
By using #idValue in the CSS locator, we can select all the elements belonging
to a particular class e.g. ‘#userId’ will select the element having an id – userId.

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21. How can we select elements by their attribute

value using the CSS Selector?

Using [attribute=value] in the CSS locator, we can select all the elements
belonging to a particular class e.g. ‘[type=small]’ will select the element having
attribute type of value ‘small’.

22. How can we move to the nth-child element using

the CSS selector?

Using :nth-child(n) in the CSS locator, we can move to the nth child element
e.g. div:nth-child(2) will locate the 2nd div element of its parent.



23. What is the fundamental difference between

XPath and CSS selectors?
The fundamental difference between XPath and CSS selector is – using XPaths
we can traverse up in the document i.e. we can move to parent elements.
Whereas using the CSS selector, we can only move downwards in the
document.

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Selenium Java Interview Questions

In this section, we will primarily talk about the Selenium WebDriver interview
questions based on Java programming language.

24. How can we launch different browsers in Selenium

WebDriver?

By creating an instance of the desired browser driver e.g. below command will
initialize the Firefox browser.

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

 25. What is the use of driver.get(“URL”) and

 driver.navigate().to(“URL”) commands? Is there any

 difference between the two?

Both driver.get(“URL”) and driver.navigate().to(“URL”) commands are used to

navigate to a URL passed as a parameter.
There is a minor difference between the two commands-

1. driver.navigate() allows moving back and forward in browser history with

the help of driver.navigate().forward() and driver.navigate().back()
commands.
2. In the case of single-page applications (where the URL is appended by
‘#’ to navigate to different sections of the page)-
driver.navigate().to() navigates to a particular section by changing the
URL without refreshing the page.
Whereas driver.get() refreshes the page.

This refreshing of the page is also the primary reason why history is not
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maintained in the case of the driver.get() command.

Reference – Stack overflow

26. How can we type text in a textbox element using

Selenium?

With the help of the sendKeys() method, we can type text in a textbox-

WebElement searchTextBox = driver.findElement(By.id("srch"));

searchTextBox.sendKeys("searchTerm");

 27. How can we clear a text written in a textbox?

 In order to delete the text written in a textbox, we can use the clear() method.

driver.findElement(By.id("elementLocator")).clear();

28. How to check a checkbox in Selenium?

The same click() method that we use for clicking buttons or radio buttons can
be used for checking the checkbox as well.

29. How can we submit a form in Selenium?

Using the submit() method we can submit a form in selenium.

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driver.findElement(By.id("form1")).submit();

Also, we can use the click() method for the same purpose.

30. Explain the difference between close and quit

commands.
The difference between close and quit commands is-
driver.close() – Used to close the current browser having a focus.
driver.quit() – Used to close all the browser instances.


31. How to switch between multiple windows in

Selenium?

Selenium
has driver.getWindowHandles() and driver.switchTo().window(“{windowH
andleName}”) commands to work with multiple windows.

The getWindowHandles() command returns a list of ids corresponding to each

window. If we pass a particular window handle to the
driver.switchTo().window(“{windowHandleName}”) command then we can
switch control/focus to that particular window.

for (String windowHandle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {

driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}

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32. What is the difference between

driver.getWindowHandle() and
driver.getWindowHandles() in Selenium?

The driver.getWindowHandle() returns a handle of the current window (a single

unique identifier).
Whereas driver.getWindowHandles() returns a set of handles of all the windows
available.

33. How can we move to a particular frame in

Selenium?

The driver.switchTo() command is used for switching to a particular iframe.


 driver.switchTo().frame("{frameIndex/frameId/frameName}");


For locating a frame, we can either use the index (starting from 0), its name, or
its Id.

34. Can we move back and forward in the browser

using Selenium?

Yes, using driver.navigate().back() and driver.navigate().forward() commands,

we can move backward and forward in a browser.

35. What are the different ways to refresh a browser?

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There a multiple ways to refresh a page in Selenium-

Using driver.navigate().refresh() command.

Using sendKeys(Keys.F5) on any textbox on the webpage.
By using driver.get(“URL”) on the current URL or
using driver.getCurrentUrl().
Using driver.navigate().to(“URL”) on the current URL
or driver.navigate().to(driver.getCurrentUrl());

36. How can we maximize the browser window in

Selenium?

 We can maximize the browser window using the following command-


driver.manage().window().maximize();


37. How can we fetch a text written over an element?

Using the getText() method we can fetch the text over an element.

String text = driver.findElement("elementLocator").getText();

38. How can we find the value of different attributes

like name, class, and value of an element?

Using getAttribute(“{attributeName}”) method, we can find the value of

different attributes of an element e.g.-
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String valueAttribute =
driver.findElement(By.id("locator")).getAttribute("value");

39. How to delete cookies in Selenium?

Using deleteAllCookies() method.

driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();


40. What is an implicit wait in Selenium?
 An implicit wait is a type of wait that waits for a specified time while locating an
element before throwing NoSuchElementException. By default, Selenium tries

to find web elements immediately when required without any wait. So, it is
 good to use implicit wait. This wait is applied to all the elements of the current

driver instance.

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

41. What is an explicit wait in Selenium?

An explicit wait is a type of wait that is applied to a particular web element until
the expected condition specified is met.

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);

WebElement element = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(

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It is advisable to use explicit waits over implicit waits because a higher timeout
value of implicit wait (set for handling only some of the slow elements) gets
applied to all the web elements. Thus increasing the overall execution time of
the script. On the other hand, we can apply different timeouts to the different
elements in case of explicit waits.

Check our detailed tutorial here – Implicit & Explicit Waits in Selenium.

42. What are some expected conditions in Explicit

waits?

Some of the commonly used expected conditions of an element in explicit

 waits are-


elementToBeClickable(WebElement element or By locator)
 stalenessOf(WebElement element)
visibilityOf(WebElement element)

visibilityOfElementLocated(By locator)
invisibilityOfElementLocated(By locator)
attributeContains(WebElement element, String attribute, String value)
alertIsPresent()
titleContains(String title)
titleIs(String title)
textToBePresentInElementLocated(By, String)

43. What is a fluent wait?

A fluent wait is a type of wait in which we can also specify the polling intervals
(the time intervals after which the driver will try to find the elements when not
located) along with the maximum timeout value.

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Wait wait = new FluentWait(driver)

.withTimeout(20, SECONDS)

.pollingEvery(5, SECONDS)

.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

WebElement textBox = wait.until(new Function<webdriver,webElement>() {

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public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {

return driver.findElement(By.id("textBoxId"));

}
}
);

44. What are the different keyboard operations that

can be performed in Selenium?
The different keyboard operations that can be performed in Selenium are-

1. .sendKeys(“sequence of characters”) – Used for passing character


sequence to an input or textbox element.

2. .pressKey(“non-text keys”) – Used for keys like control, function keys
 etc that are non-text.
3. .releaseKey(“non-text keys”) – Used in conjunction with the keypress

event to simulate releasing a key from the keyboard event.

45. What are the different mouse actions that can be

performed using Selenium?
The different mouse events supported in Selenium are-

1. click(WebElement element)
2. doubleClick(WebElement element)
3. contextClick(WebElement element)
4. mouseDown(WebElement element)
5. mouseUp(WebElement element)
6. mouseMove(WebElement element)

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7. mouseMove(WebElement element, long xOffset, long yOffset)

46. Write the code to double-click an element.

Code to double-click an element-

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

WebElement element=driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
action.doubleClick(element).perform();

 47. Write the code to right-click an element.

 Code to right-click an element in selenium-

 Actions action = new Actions(driver);

WebElement element=driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
action.contextClick(element).perform();

48. How to mouse hover an element in Selenium?

Code to mouse hover over an element-

Actions action = new Actions(driver);

WebElement element=driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
action.moveToElement(element).perform();

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49. How to fetch the current page URL in Selenium?

In order to fetch the current page URL, we can use the getCurrentURL()
command.

driver.getCurrentUrl();

50. How can we fetch the title of the page in

Selenium?
Using driver.getTitle() command, we can fetch the page title in Selenium.
This method returns a string containing the title of the webpage.



51. How can we fetch the page source in Selenium?

Using the driver.getPageSource() command, we can fetch the page source
in selenium. This method returns a string containing the page source.

52. How to verify tooltip text using Selenium?

Tooltips web elements have an attribute of type ‘title’. By fetching the value of
the ‘title’ attribute, we can verify the tooltip text in selenium.

String toolTipText = element.getAttribute("title");

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53. How to locate a link using its text in Selenium?

Using linkText() and partialLinkText() methods, we can locate a link. The
difference between the two is – linkText() matches the complete string passed
as a parameter to the link texts. Whereas partialLinkText() only matches the
string parameter partially.

WebElement link1 = driver.findElement(By.linkText("artOfTesting"));

WebElement link2 = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("artOf"));

54. What are DesiredCapabilities in Selenium

WebDriver?

Desired capabilities are a set of key-value pairs that are used for storing or

configuring browser-specific properties. For example – the browser’s version,
 platform, etc in the browser instances.


Read more: Desiredcapabilities in Selenium

55. How can we find all the links on a web page?

All the links are of anchor tag ‘a’. So by locating elements of tagName ‘a’ we can
find all the links on a webpage.

List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));

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56. What are some commonly encountered exceptions

in Selenium?

Some of the commonly seen exceptions in Selenium are-

NoSuchElementException – When no element can be located by the

locator provided.
ElementNotVisibleException – When an element is present in the DOM
but is not visible.
NoAlertPresentException – When we try to switch to an alert box but the
targetted alert is not present.
NoSuchFrameException – When we try to switch to a frame but the
targetted frame is not present.
NoSuchWindowException – When we try to switch to a window but the
 targetted window is not present.
UnexpectedAlertPresentException – When an unexpected alert blocks

the normal interaction of the driver.
 TimeoutException – When a command execution gets a timeout.

 InvalidElementStateException – When the state of an element is not

appropriate for the desired action.
NoSuchAttributeException – When we are trying to fetch an attribute’s
value but the attribute is not correct.
WebDriverException – When there is some issue with the driver instance
preventing it from getting launched.

57. How can we capture screenshots using Selenium?

In order to take screenshots in Selenium, we can use the getScreenshotAs
method of the TakesScreenshot interface.

File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

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FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("D:\\testScreenShot.jpg"));

58. How to handle dropdowns in Selenium?

Using Select class-

Select countriesDropDown = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("countries")

dropdown.selectByVisibleText("India");
//or using index of the option starting from 0
dropdown.selectByIndex(1);
//or using its value attribute
dropdown.selectByValue("Ind");


59. How to check which option in the dropdown is
selected?


Using is Selected() method, we can check the state of a dropdown’s option.

Select countriesDropDown = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("countries")

dropdown.selectByVisibleText("India");

//returns true or false value

System.out.println(driver.findElement(By.id("India")).isSelected());

60. How can we check if an element is getting

displayed on a web page?

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Using the isDisplayed() method we can check if an element is getting

displayed on a web page.

driver.findElement(By locator).isDisplayed();

61. How can we check if an element is enabled for

interaction on a web page?

Using the isEnabled method, we can check if an element is enabled or not.

driver.findElement(By locator).isEnabled();


 62. What is the difference between

 driver.findElement() and driver.findElements()
commands?
The difference between driver.findElement() and driver.findElements()
commands are-

findElement() returns a single WebElement (found first) based on the

locator passed as a parameter. Whereas findElements() returns a list of
WebElements, all satisfying the locator value passed.

Syntax of findElement()-
WebElement textbox = driver.findElement(By.id(“textBoxLocator”));

Whereas the syntax of findElements()-

List <WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.id(“value”));

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Another difference between the two is – if no element is found then

findElement() throws NoSuchElementException whereas findElements()
returns a list of 0 elements.


63. How can we handle window UI elements and
window POP-ups using selenium?
Selenium is used for automating web-based applications only(or browsers
only). If we want to handle window GUI elements then we can use tools like
AutoIT.

AutoIT is a freeware used for automating Windows GUI. The AutoIt scripts
follow the simple BASIC language-like syntax. Also, it can be easily integrated
with Selenium tests.

64. What is Robot API?

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Robot API is used for handling Keyboard or mouse events.

Robot robot = new Robot();

//Simulate enter key action
robot.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ENTER);

65. How to do file upload in Selenium?

File upload action can be performed in multiple ways-

1. Using element.sendKeys(“path of file”) on the web element of ‘input’ tag

and type ‘file’ i.e. the elements should be like –
<input type=”file” name=”fileUpload”>
 2. With the help of Robot API.

 3. Using the AutoIT API.

66. How to handle the HTTPS website in Selenium or

how to accept the SSL untrusted connection?

Using profiles, we can handle accepting the SSL untrusted connection

certificate. Profiles are basically a set of user preferences stored in a file.

FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();

profile.setAcceptUntrustedCertificates(true);
profile.setAssumeUntrustedCertificateIssuer(false);
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile);

67. How to do drag and drop in Selenium?

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Using the Action class, drag and drop can be performed in Selenium. Sample
code-

Actions builder = new Actions(driver);

Action dragAndDrop = builder.clickAndHold(SourceElement)
.moveToElement(TargetElement)
.release(TargetElement)
.build();
dragAndDrop.perform();

68. How to execute JavaScript code in Selenium?

JavaScript code can be executed in Selenium using JavaScriptExecuter.

 Sample code for javascript execution-


WebDriver driver = new FireFoxDriver();
 if (driver instanceof JavascriptExecutor) {
((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript("{JavaScriptCode}");
 }

69. How to handle alerts in Selenium?

In order to accept or dismiss an alert box, the alert class is used. This requires
first switching to the alert box and then using accept() or dismiss() command
as the case may be.

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

//To accept the alert
alert.accept();
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//To cancel the alert box
alert.dismiss();

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70. What is HtmlUnitDriver?

HtmlUnitDriver is the fastest WebDriver. Unlike other drivers (FireFoxDriver,
ChromeDriver, etc), the HtmlUnitDriver is non-GUI. On executing test scripts,
no browser gets visible.

71. How to handle hidden elements in Selenium

WebDriver?
Using JavaScript executor we can handle hidden elements-


(JavascriptExecutor(driver))
 .executeScript("document.getElementsByClassName(locator).click();");


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Selenium Interview Questions for

Experienced
72. What is Page Object Model or POM?

Page Object Model (POM) is a design pattern in Selenium. A design pattern is a

solution or a set of standards that are used for solving commonly occurring
software problems.

Now coming to POM – POM helps to create a framework for maintaining

selenium scripts. In POM for each page of the application, a class is created
having the web elements belonging to the page and methods handling the
events on that page. The test scripts are maintained in separate files and the
methods of the page object files are called from the test scripts file.


 In this way, we can create a robust automation framework using POM.


73. What are the advantages of POM?
The advantages are POM are-

1. Using POM, we can create an Object Repository i.e. a set of web

elements in separate files along with their associated functions. In this
way, keeping the code clean.
2. For any change in UI(or web elements), only page object files are
required to be updated leaving test files unchanged.
3. It makes code reusable as well as maintainable.

74. What is Page Factory?

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Page factory is an implementation of the Page Object Model in Selenium. It

provides @FindBy annotation to find web elements. In addition, there is a
PageFactory.initElements() method to initialize all web elements defined with
@FindBy annotation.

public class SamplePage {

WebDriver driver;
@FindBy(id="search")
WebElement searchTextBox;

@FindBy(name="searchBtn")
WebElement searchButton;
//Constructor
public samplePage(WebDriver driver){
this.driver = driver;
//initElements method to initialize all elements
PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
 }

 //Sample method
public void search(String searchTerm){
 searchTextBox.sendKeys(searchTerm);
searchButton.click();
 }
}

75. What is an Object repository?

An object repository is the centralized location of all the objects or
WebElements of the test scripts. In Selenium, we can implement an object
repository using the Page Object Model as well as Page Factory design
patterns.

76. What is a data-driven framework?

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A data-driven framework is one in which the test data is put in external files
like CSV, Excel, etc. Basically, the test data is separated from the test logic that
is written in test script files. The test data drives the test cases, i.e. the test
methods run for each set of test data values.

TestNG provides inherent support for data-driven testing using @dataProvider

annotation.

Also, check – Test Automation Framework

77. What is a keyword-driven framework?

 A keyword-driven framework is one in which we associate the normal set of

actions with keywords and keep them in an external file usually in tabular form.


 For example, we can use-


launchBrowser() keyword, for the action of launching a browser.
writeInTextBox(webElement, textToWrite) keyword, for the action to
write in a textbox with keyword, etc.

The framework contains the code to perform the action based on a keyword
specified in the external file.

In this way, a person of a non-programming background can also write the test
steps in a file as long as all the keywords are present in the framework along
with the implementation.

78. What is a hybrid framework?

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A hybrid framework is a combination of two or more frameworks. For example,

a combination of data-driven and keyword-driven frameworks is also a hybrid
framework.

79. What is Selenium Grid?

Selenium Grid is a tool that helps in distributed testing. Using Grid, we can run
test scripts in different machines having different browsers, browser versions,
platforms, etc in parallel. In the Selenium grid, there is a hub that is a central
server managing all the distributed machines known as nodes.


80. What are some advantages of the Selenium grid?


 The advantages of the Selenium grid are-

 1. It allows running test cases in parallel thereby saving test execution

time.
2. Multi-browser testing is possible using the Selenium grid by running the
test on machines having different browsers.
3. Additionally, we can do multi-platform testing by configuring nodes
having different operating systems.

81. What is a hub in the Selenium Grid?

A hub is a server or a central point in the Selenium grid that controls the test
executions on the different machines.

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82. What is a node in the Selenium Grid?

Nodes are the machines that are attached to the selenium grid hub and have
selenium instances running the test scripts. Unlike a hub, there can be
multiple nodes in the selenium grid.

83. Explain the line of code Webdriver driver = new

FirefoxDriver();.
This is one of the most frequently asked Selenium interview questions. In the
line of code Webdriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); ‘WebDriver’ is an
interface and we are creating an object of type WebDriver instantiating an
 object of FirefoxDriver class.

 84 What is the purpose of creating a reference

variable- ‘driver’ of type WebDriver instead of directly
creating a FireFoxDriver object or any other driver’s
reference in the statement Webdriver driver = new
FirefoxDriver();?

By creating a reference variable of type WebDriver, we can use the same

variable to work with multiple browsers like ChromeDriver, IEDriver, etc.

85. Name an API used for reading and writing data to

Excel files.

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Apache POI API and JXL(Java Excel API) can be used for reading, writing, and
updating Excel files.

86. Name an API used for logging in Java.

Log4j is an open-source API widely used for logging in Java. It supports
multiple levels of logging like – ALL, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR, TRACE, and
FATAL.

87. What is the use of logging in automation?


Logging helps in debugging the tests when required and also provides storage
 of the test’s runtime behavior.

88. What is TestNG?

TestNG(NG for Next Generation) is a testing framework that can be integrated
with Selenium or any other automation tool. Moreover, it provides multiple
capabilities like assertions, reporting, parallel test execution, etc.

89. What are some advantages of TestNG?

Following are the advantages of TestNG-

1. TestNG provides different assertions that help in checking the expected

and actual results.
2. It provides parallel execution of test methods.
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3. We can define the dependency of one test method over others in

TestNG.
4. Also, we can assign priority to test methods in selenium.
5. It allows the grouping of test methods into test groups.
6. It allows data-driven testing using @DataProvider annotation.
7. TestNG has inherent support for reporting.
8. It has support for parameterizing test cases using @Parameters
annotation.

You can also look for What is TestNG?

90. What are commonly used TestNG annotations?

The commonly used TestNG annotations are-


@Test – The @Test annotation marks a method as a test method.
 @BeforeSuite – The annotated method will run only once before all
tests in this suite have run.

@AfterSuite -The annotated method will run only once after all tests in

this suite have run.
@BeforeClass – The annotated method will run only once before the
first test method in the current class is invoked.
@AfterClass – The annotated method will run only once after all the
test methods in the current class have been run.
@BeforeTest – The annotated method will run before any test method
belonging to the classes inside the <test> tag is run.
@AfterTest – The annotated method will run after all the test methods
belonging to the classes inside the <test> tag have run.
@BeforeMethod – The annotated method will run before each test
method marked by @Test annotation.
@AfterMethod – The annotated method will run after each test
method marked by @Test annotation.
@DataProvider-The @DataProvider annotation is used to pass test data
to the test method. The test method will run as per the number of rows

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of data passed via the data provider method.

91. What are some common assertions provided by

TestNG?

Some of the common assertions provided by TestNG are-

1. assertEquals(String actual, String expected, String message) – (and

other overloaded data types in parameters)
2. assertNotEquals(double data1, double data2, String message) – (and
other overloaded data type in parameters)
3. assertFalse(boolean condition, String message)

 4. assertTrue(boolean condition, String message)

5. assertNotNull(Object object)

6. fail(boolean condition, String message)
 7. true(String message)

92. What is the use of the testng.xml file?

A testng.xml file is used for configuring the whole test suite. In this file, we can
create a test suite, create test groups, mark tests for parallel execution, add
listeners, and pass parameters to test scripts. Later, this testng.xml file can be
used for triggering the test suite.

93. How can we pass the parameter to the test script

using TestNG?

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Using @Parameter annotation and the ‘parameter’ tag in testng.xml we can

pass parameters to the test script.
Sample testng.xml –

<suite name="sampleTestSuite">
<test name="sampleTest">
<parameter name="sampleParamName" value="sampleValue"/>
<classes>
<class name="TestFile" />
</classes>
</test>
</suite>

Sample test script-

 public class TestFile {

@Test
 @Parameters("sampleParamName")
public void parameterTest(String paramValue) {
 System.out.println("Value of sampleParamName is - " + sampleParamNam
}


94. How can we create a data-driven framework using

TestNG?

Using @DataProvider we can create a data-driven framework. Basically, we

can pass test data to the associated test method and then multiple iterations
of the test run for the different test data values passed from the
@DataProvider method. The method annotated with @DataProvider annotation
return a 2D array of object.

//Data provider returning 2D array of 3*2 matrix

@DataProvider(name = "dataProvider1")

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public Object[][] dataProviderMethod1() {

return new Object[][] {{"kuldeep","rana"}, {"k1","r1"},{"k2","r2"}};
}
//This method is bound to the above data provider returning 2D array of 3*2
//The test case will run 3 times with different set of values
@Test(dataProvider = "dataProvider1")
public void sampleTest(String s1, String s2) {
System.out.println(s1 + " " + s2);
}

95. What is the use of @Listener annotation in

TestNG?
Listeners are used for performing some action in case an event gets triggered.
Usually, testNG listeners are used for configuring reports and logging. One of

the most widely used listeners in testNG is the ITestListener interface.


 It has methods like onTestSuccess, onTestFailure, onTestSkipped, etc. We need

to implement this interface by creating a listener class of our own. After that

using the @Listener annotation, we can specify that for a particular test class,
a customized listener class should be used.

@Listeners(PackageName.CustomizedListenerClassName.class)
public class TestClass {
WebDriver driver= new FirefoxDriver();

@Test
public void testMethod(){
//test logic
}
}

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96. How can we make one test method dependent on

others using TestNG?

Using the ‘dependsOnMethods’ parameter inside @Test annotation in TestNG,

we can make one test method run only after the successful execution of the
dependent test method.

@Test(dependsOnMethods = { "preTests" })

97. How can we set the priority of test cases in

TestNG?

Using the priority parameter in @Test annotation in TestNG we can define the

priority of test cases. The default priority of the test when not specified is the
 integer value 0. Example-


@Test(priority=1)

98. What is the default priority of a test method in

TestNG?
The default priority of a test when not specified is integer value 0. So, if we
have one test case with priority 1 and one without any priority then the test
without any priority value will execute first.

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99. How to prevent a test case from running using

TestNG?
A Test method can be disabled from getting executed by setting the “enabled”
attribute as false.

//In case of a test method

@Test(enabled = false)
public void testMethod1() {
//Test logic
}

//In case of test method belonging to a group

@Test(groups = {"NegativeTests"}, enabled = false)
public void testMethod2() {
//Test logic

}



100. How can we run test cases in parallel using
TestNG?

In order to run the tests in parallel just add these two key-value pairs in the
suite-

parallel=”{methods/tests/classes}”
thread-count=”{number of threads you want to run simultaneously}”.

<suite name="ArtOfTestingSuite" parallel="methods" thread-count="5">

Check Running Selenium Tests in parallel for details.

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101. What is the use of @Factory annotation in

TestNG?

@Factory annotation helps in the dynamic execution of test cases. Using

@Factory annotation, we can pass parameters to the whole test class at run
time. The parameters passed can then be used by one or more test methods of
that class.

For example – there are two classes TestClass and the TestFactory class.
Because of the @Factory annotation, the test methods in class TestClass will
run twice with the data “k1” and “k2”.

public class TestClass{

private String str;

//Constructor
 public TestClass(String str) {
this.str = str;
 }

 @Test
public void TestMethod() {
System.out.println(str);
}
}

public class TestFactory{

//The test methods in class TestClass will run twice with data "k1" and "k2"
@Factory
public Object[] factoryMethod() {
return new Object[] { new TestClass("K1"), new TestClass("k2") };
}
}

102. What is the difference between @Factory and

@DataProvider annotation?
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@Factory method creates instances of test class and runs all the test methods
in that class with a different set of data.
Whereas, @DataProvider is bound to individual test methods and runs the
specific methods multiple times.

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 Selenium Tricky Interview Questions

103. How do you handle dynamic elements in
Selenium WebDriver?

During automation, many times we face situations in which the application to

be automated has certain elements whose locators are dynamic or in other
way not known beforehand. These elements change their attributes, IDs, or
positions in the DOM during runtime. To effectively handle these elements, we
can use the following strategies-

1. Using XPath or CssSelector with Contains–

We can use XPath or CSS selectors with the “contains” function to locate
elements based on partial attribute values that remain constant. For instance,
if an element’s ID contains a dynamic number, we can use-

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WebElement dynamicElement =
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[contains(@id, 'partialId that is static')]"))

2. Using parent elements–

Sometimes, we can locate a stable parent element and then navigate to the
dynamic element within it.

WebElement parentElement =
driver.findElement(By.id("staticParentElementId"));
WebElement dynamicElement =
parentElement.findElement(By.tagName("button"));


In case of web elements that appear with some delay on the web page, we can
 use different waits like – implicit wait, explicit wait (preferred as it has waits


based on different expected conditions) and fluent wait.

104. Explain the concept of parallel test execution in

Selenium. What tools or frameworks can be used for
parallel execution?

Parallel test execution involves running multiple test cases simultaneously to

save the test execution time. Tools and frameworks like TestNG, JUnit, and
Selenium Grid can be used for parallel execution.

105. How do you handle SSL certificate errors in

Selenium?

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We can bypass SSL certificate errors by creating a custom ChromeOptions

object and setting the --ignore-certificate-errors flag.

106. Explain the concept of headless browsers in

Selenium. In what situation can we use headless
browsers?

Headless browsers (e.g., Headless Chrome) offer faster test execution, lower
resource consumption, and provide the ability to run tests on servers without a
graphical interface. They are suitable for automated testing, web scraping, and
continuous integration environments where GUI rendering is unnecessary.

 107.Can you discuss the best practices for writing

 maintainable and robust Selenium automation scripts?

 Best practices for writing robust test scripts include using a design pattern like

– Page Object Model, implementing proper waits, keeping test data separate
from test logic, using meaningful test case names, and regularly refactoring
code to maintain readability and reliability.

108. How do you handle synchronization issues in

Selenium when dealing with asynchronous web
applications?

Asynchronous web applications can be challenging to automate due to

delayed element loading. We can use explicit waits, ExpectedConditions, and
custom wait conditions to handle synchronization issues. You may need to
wait for elements to become clickable, visible, or have specific

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attributes/values before interacting with them.

109. Explain how you would handle cross-browser

testing using Selenium. What challenges can arise in
this context?

Cross-browser testing involves running tests on different browsers (e.g.,

Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, etc) to ensure browser compatibility. Selenium
Grid and WebDriver’s support for multiple browser drivers helps in cross-
browser testing.

The challenges in cross-browser testing include –




1. Browser Diversity – Different browsers have distinct rendering engines
(e.g., Chrome’s Blink, Firefox’s Gecko, Safari’s WebKit), leading to

variations in how they display web content. At times, we have to write
 browser-specific code to handle different web elements.
2. Browser Versions – Each browser frequently releases new versions
with updates and improvements. So, we have to make sure that the test
scripts work fine with the new version while also supporting the older
versions.
3. Platform Differences – Browsers may behave differently on different
operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux). Cross-browser testing
should account for these platform variations to ensure a seamless
experience for all users.

110. What is the role of the WebDriverManager

library in Selenium automation, and why is it useful?
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WebDriverManager is a library that automates the download and setup of

WebDriver binaries for different browsers and versions. It simplifies WebDriver

setup and ensures that the correct driver version is used, reducing
compatibility issues and maintenance efforts.

Other Recommended Resources

Complete Selenium Tutorial Manual Testing Interview Questions

SQL Query Interview Questions JMeter Interview Questions

Core Java Interview Questions OOPS Interview Questions


TestNG Interview Questions Agile Interview Questions


 With this, we have come to the end of our comprehensive list of the top 100
Selenium interview questions. If you have any queries or concerns regarding
any of the questions listed here or you want to help us add some more
selenium interview questions then please feel free to let us know in the
comments.

Manual Testing Interview Questions and

Answers

TestNG Interview Questions

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27 thoughts on “Selenium Interview Questions And

Answers”

Isha
January 15, 2020 at 11:59 am

Thanks for sharing

Reply


Vp

February 24, 2023 at 10:39 pm



Very usefull

Reply

István Máté
February 8, 2020 at 5:31 am

Thank you 🙂
Reply

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kumar
February 16, 2020 at 6:58 pm

Great and useful

Reply

Kuldeep Rana
February 17, 2020 at 11:35 am

Thanks Kumar for the feedback.



 Reply

Manisha
July 11, 2020 at 7:32 pm

This is literally the best link for Selenium questions.

Thank you so so much team 🙂
Reply

Kuldeep Rana
July 11, 2020 at 8:58 pm

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Thanks Manisha, appreciate your feedback 🙂

Reply

Gopala Gadde
October 20, 2020 at 8:37 am

Rana-
QQ- Syntax of findElements()-
List elements = element.findElements(By.id(“value”));


this should be
 Syntax of findElements()-
 List elements = driver.findElements(By.id(“value”)); right? just checking


Reply

Kuldeep Rana
October 20, 2020 at 5:38 pm

Actually, element.findElements is also correct since we can use

findElements and findElement method with an element also.
But for the sake of simplicity, I have updated it to driver. Thanks.

Reply

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Manohar
November 13, 2020 at 11:23 am

Nice collection of Questions

Thanks

Reply

Hameed
November 25, 2020 at 5:51 pm

 Hi Rana, Thanks for sharing the beautiful set of question and answer.

Kindly answer and explain the below question for me…

what can be used to test flex/flash applications using selenium
1.SeleniumFlex
2.FlexUI
3.Xebium
4.FlexUISelenium

Reply

Kuldeep Rana
December 5, 2020 at 11:27 am

Thanks, will add these questions along with answers soon.

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Reply

Sangeetha
February 18, 2021 at 9:55 pm

Well explained.

Thanks for the update.

Reply

 Chetan

 February 25, 2021 at 8:55 am

Fantastic work, all material under a single page.

Reply

Mani
May 21, 2021 at 4:40 pm

Great collection of everything

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Reply

RANJAN V
June 23, 2021 at 3:20 pm

Nicely Explained))))

Reply

Anuj Sharma

August 9, 2021 at 8:10 pm



Wow, It’s an amazing Collection The best part is Questions With its

Answers.

Reply

Pooja patil
October 3, 2021 at 10:05 pm

Great great work..thank you for your valuable efforts

Reply

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Akshay
March 1, 2022 at 9:23 am

Will the method, code be same if we want to do selenium webdriver

with python. If not can you please share the things which will be
different for python

Reply

deepak d
May 12, 2022 at 1:01 am


 Great Material for interview preparation


Reply

Nidhi
June 24, 2022 at 10:08 am

Superb!! Thank you!! It has covered almost everything.

Reply

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Arijit Das
July 10, 2022 at 10:30 am

Thank you, Kuldeep for this website and everything in it.

Reply

weldsh
October 11, 2022 at 2:52 pm


Thanks for all interview questions and answers

Reply


Mithun
December 9, 2022 at 10:59 pm

This is wonderful. Great coverage and very helpful. Thank you.

Reply

Krupa Suresh
December 11, 2022 at 4:17 am

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Very helpful.Thanks

Reply

Harshavardhan Waghmode
February 9, 2023 at 9:45 am

Great 👍 sir
Thank you sir

Reply



Santhosh M

July 20, 2023 at 11:26 am

thank you

Reply

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Kuldeep Rana
Kuldeep is the founder and lead author of ArtOfTesting. He is skilled in test automation,
performance testing, big data, and CI-CD. He brings his decade of experience to his
current role where he is dedicated to educating the QA professionals. You can connect
with him on LinkedIn.

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