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 FIRST AID

First aid is an immediate care given to a

person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill. It includes selfhelp
and home care if medical assistance is
not available or delayed.
ROLES OF FIRST AID

1. It is the bridge that fills the gap

between the patient and the physician.
2. It is not intended to compete with, nor
take the place of the services of the
physician.
3. It ends when the services of a physician
begins.
What should one do when faced
with a medical emergency?
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES
1. CHECK the scene
2. CHECK responsiveness
3. Call for Help – 911
4. Circulation
5. Airway
6. Breathing
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

ü Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a

lifesaving technique that is administered when the
breathing and heartbeat of a person stops, such
events happen during a heart attack and
drowning.
ü CPR involves the C.A.B process that stands for
compression (restoration of blood circulation),
airway (clearing of the airway), and breathing
(breathe for the person).
WHEN ADMINISTERING FIRST AID,
IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW
WHEN THE APPROPRIATE TIME
TO USE CPR IS. IF THERE IS NO
BREATHING AND NO PULSE IS
FELT, ADMINISTER THE CPR
CYCLE—30 COMPRESSIONS,
THEN TWO BREATHS UNTIL HELP
ARRIVES. IN ADMINISTERING
CPR OR COMPRESSION, THE
FOLLOWING MUST BE DONE:
 Put the person on his or her back
on a firm surface.

Locate hand position for compression by

drawing an imaginary line from armpit to
center chest for hand placement.

Place heel of one hand on the lower

part of the breastbone.

Put the other hand over the first,

interlacing your fingers for support.
With straight arms and shoulder positioned over
the victim’s chest, push down on the victim’s
chest. For adult victims, push it down for at
least 2 inches or 2 ¼ inches deep.

Give 30 compressions and let chest rise

completely between compressions.

After 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths.

Repeat cycle until help arrives or when there

are signs of movement.
 * In checking for the pulse of the
victim, put two fingers on the center
of the neck then slide fingers down
to the side of the victim’s neck up to
the nudge between muscles.

• * When pulse is felt but no signs of

breathing, administer one rescue
breathing every five seconds and
recheck pulse every two minutes.
In rescue breathing, do the following:

Gently tilt the victim’s forehead

back with one hand.

Tilt the victim’s chin using the other

hand; this will open the victim’s airway.

Pinch nose close then cover the victim’s mouth

with your mouth. Blow life-giving air to the
victim. Watch for the chest rise; if it does not
rise then reposition and perform the rescue
breathing all over again.
COMMON INJURIES IN OUTDOOR
RECREATION AND ITS FIRST AID
Ø Cuts, scrapes,
and punctures
Ø Sprains, strains, and
fractures
Ø Concussions
Ø Blister
Ø Burns or Scalds
 CUTS, SCRAPES, AND PUNCTURES
To treat minor cuts, scrapes, and punctures:

ü Clean cuts with soap and water then apply antibiotic cream then
cover with a sterile bandage and secure using medical tape.
ü If bleeding, apply direct pressure using a clean cloth to the injury.
ü If the wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb above the heart to
help slow down bleeding.
To treat minor cuts, scrapes, and punctures:

ü Do not apply a tourniquet

unless the bleeding is severe
and does not stop even with
direct pressure.
ü Emergency personnel must be called
immediately if:

ØSevere bleeding or bleeding does not stop despite

pressure.
ØYou suspect there is internal bleeding (inflammation and
severe pain in the area).
ØThere is an abdominal or chest wound.
Ø Blood spurts out of the wound.
 SPRAINS, STRAINS, AND FRACTURES

Sprains are injuries that involve the stretching or tearing

of the ligament. This usually occurs when a joint is
overextended from its usual range of motion.

Strain is the twisting or pulling of a muscle or tendon. This

usually happens when a muscle is stretched and
suddenly contracts such as when one is running or
jumping.

Fracture involves the breaking of a bone.

For fractures, immediately call medical help
if the following occurs:

One suspects injury to the person’s head, neck, or

back.
• Bone is sticking out of the skin.
• Bleeding does not stop after several minutes of firm
pressure.
• Blood spurts from the wound.
While waiting for the medical help, do the following first aid:
1. Immobilize the area of the injury until help arrives or until the person
is brought to the hospital.
2. Make sure to clean and dress cuts before splinting.
3. If bleeding, apply pressure to wound with a clean cloth until bleeding
stops. If the bone is pushing through the skin, do not touch.
4. Gently tape the dislocated area or fracture to a rolled-up newspaper,
ruler, or a rolled piece of clothing with first aid tape. Avoid moving the
injured limb and never force it or even try to twist it back into place.
 CONCUSSIONS
A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that is often caused by a
blow or bumps to the head or body.

1. Treat cuts.
2. Apply ice or compress
if no ice is available.
3. Rest until symptoms
disappear.
4. Watch out for symptoms
that need emergency action.
Call immediate medical help if the following occurs:

• One vomits repeatedly.

• The pupils become unequal.
• One looks agitated or confused.
• One is unconscious or passes out.
• One feels very drowsy.
• There is pain in the neck after the fall or knocked out.
• There is slurred speech.
• One experiences seizure.
 BLISTER
Blisters are a result of ill-fitting footwear. It is especially seen among hikers and
trekkers.
Blisters can be painful and may cause discomfort. Treat blisters with the
following:

· Place a piece of adhesive over

the affected area.
· Doughnut-shaped moleskin helps
when blisters are at the bottom of the foot.
· If blisters have popped, wash area with
soap and water then put antibiotic cream.
· If it is necessary, drain a blister with a
sterilized needle into the side of the blister.
Apply with antibacterial solution and cover
with gauze dressing and tape.
 BURNS OR SCALDS
Burns or scalds are injuries on the skin caused by
hot liquid or heat.

· If still on fire, stop burning immediately through the “stop,

drop, and roll” method. Then remove the flamed
material from the person. However, if the clothing sticks
to the skin, do not pull it out but cut or tear around it.
· Take off constrictive clothing immediately (belts, jewelry,
and tight clothing) as burns can swell quickly.
If first-degree burn (top layer skin affected)

· Put affected area under

running water or immerse in
cool (not ice) water until the
pain subsides. If no running
water is available, then apply
a compress.
· Cover with sterile,
non-adhesive bandage, or
clean cloth.
· Do not apply butter or
ointments, which can cause
infection.
For second degree burn (affecting top 2 layers of skin)
· Immerse in cool water for 10–15
minutes; apply compress if running
water is not available.
· Do not apply ice, it can lower body
temperature and may cause further
damage.
· Do not break blister or apply butter
of ointment causing infection.
· Protect burn with sterile, nonstick
bandage, and secure with a gauze of
tape.
· Wait for emergency personnel.
For Third Degree Burns, immediately call medical help if the
following occurs:

• Burn penetrates all layers

of skin.
• Skin is charred looking,
with white, brown, or black
patches.
• Burn blister is larger than
two inches or oozes.
• Hands, feet, face, or
genitals are burned.
• The person is an infant or a
senior.
AILMENTS OR ILLNESSES:

1. Fever
2. A headache
3. Hyperthermia
a. Heat Cramps
b. Heat Exhaustion
c. Heat Stroke
5. Hypothermia
FIRST AID KIT FOR OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES