Applications of Information and

Communication Technologies
Lecture 7
Presented By
Dr. Muhammad Umar Javed
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science
The Internet
 The word internet stand for International Network
 Sometimes simply called as "the Net," is a network of networks—a global
communications system that links together thousands of individual networks.
 As a result, virtually any computer on any network can communicate with any
other computer on any other network.
 These connections allow users to exchange messages, to communicate in real time
(seeing messages and responses immediately), to share data and programs, and to
access limitless stores of information.
 Due to internet, world become a “Global village”.
Brief History
 The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for government researchers to
share information because;
 computer’s in the '60s were large and immobile and in order to share information
one has to travel
 Cold war between USA and Russia.
 In 1957 Soviet Union's launched Sputnik the first artificial earth satellite.
 It encouraged the U.S. Defense Department to consider ways in which the
information could still be circulated even after a nuclear attack.
 Hence, Americans established the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
 This eventually led to the formation of the ARPANET (Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network)
Brief History Cont…
 In 1964, Paul Baran Published a paper on distributed communication networks. It
was a theoretical idea for data transfer.
 In 1969, Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of USA established a
small computer network named as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network).
 Initially, ARPANET was a network of four computers.
 ARPANET was a great success but membership was limited to certain academic and
research organizations who had contracts with the Defense Department.
 In response to this, other networks were created to provide information sharing.
 But, these computer networks did not have a standard way to communicate with
each other.
Brief History Cont…
 In 1970, Network Control Protocol (NCP) was developed. It was the first standard
protocol for data transmission between host-to-host.
 In 1974, Transmission Control Program TCP was designed for sharing and
transferring data among different networks. Then it was split in to two parts i.e.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP).
 In 1982, TCP/IP become the official communication protocol.
 In 1986, another federal agency of USA established a network named as NSFNet
(National Science Foundation Network) for academic purpose and accessible for
everyone.
 Later it was expanded all over the country and large number of network of
universities and research centers were connected to this network, so that they
could share information.
 This large network of computers networks was named as internet.
Working of the Internet
 There is no particular organization that controls the Internet
 Different networks of private companies, government agencies, research
organizations, and universities are interconnected together
 Therefore, Internet is a collection of millions of computers, all linked together
 A personal computer can be linked to the Internet using a phone line modem,
DSL(Digital Subscriber Line), or cable modem
 Modem is used to communicate with the server of an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 A computer in a business or university is usually connected with LAN using Network
Interface Card (or LAN card)
Working of the Internet
 LAN of the university or business is connected to the server of the ISP using a high-
speed phone line like a T1 line.
 A T1 line can handle approximately 1.5 million bits per second, while a normal
phone line using a modem can typically handle 30,000 to 50,000 bits per second.
 User’s computer connects to the ISP’s server and ISP’s server makes its connection
to a larger ISP
Working of the Internet
 Largest ISPs maintain fiber optic "backbones“ for an entire region
 Backbone is the central structure or element of the network, which connects other
elements of the network and handles the major traffic
 The backbone is a high speed element
 It is the major communication link that ties Internet servers across wide
geographical areas
 Backbones around the world are connected through fiber optic lines, undersea
cables, or satellite links
 In this way, every computer on the Internet is connected to every other
computer on the Internet
Working of the Internet
The Intranet
 An internal private network of an organization that can be accessed only by
the uses of the organization is called as intranet.
 It uses Internet and Web technologies for sharing information between users
of same organization or company.
 It looks like a private version of internet.
 The information cannot be exchanged outside the organization.
The Extranet
 A network of an organization that can be accessed by authorized users is
called extranet. It is an extension of intranet.
 It is used for business and educational purposes.
 It uses Internet Technology and public telecommunication system for sharing
business information with authorized outside users.
 The users may be customers, suppliers, business, partners etc.
 An outside user accesses the Extranet by using the username and password.
Basic Internet Terminologies
 Web Server
 A web server stores web pages or files and sends information over the internet in
response to request from the web browser.
 A web server communicates with a web browser using the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).
 Client
 The tools and programs through which the user gets information from the server as
well as sends information to other users is called client.
 The most common type of client is a web browser program, which requests data
from your website when a user clicks on a link or downloads a document on a page
displayed in the browser.
Basic Internet Terminologies
 Hosts
 The computer that are connected to the internet and exchange information
between users on the internet are called hosts.
 Web Page
 The documents on the web are called web pages.
 A web page may contain simple text, images and hyperlinks.
 The pages are linked to one another using hyperlinks.
Basic Internet Terminologies
Internet Protocols
Set of defined rules and procedures (or software programs)
used for communication through which internet users exchange
information on the network.
 TCP/IP
 It stands for Transmission control Protocol/ Internet protocol.
 This protocol enables users (or provides connectivity between browsers and servers) for
data communication on the internet.
 TCP/IP manage the transmission of data on the internet by breaking the data into small
pieces called packets.
 Each packet contains the following information
i. Actual data
ii. Destination address
iii. Sender Address
iv. Sequence information used to reassemble the data at the destination etc.
Basic Internet Terminologies
Internet Protocols Cont…
 FTP
 FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.
 This protocol exchanges files between users (or you can "send" or "receive" files).
 It is specially designed for uploading and downloading audio, video, graphics, and all
other different types of files.
 The FTP software uses this protocol for transferring files on the Internet.
Basic Internet Terminologies
Internet Protocols Cont…
 HTTP
 HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
 It is a protocol used for communication between browser and web servers. (e.g. for
transferring information from web pages, stored on the web server, to the browser).
 It was developed in 1990 when world wide web (www) was introduced.
 HTTP uses a request/response model of communication.
 A browser connects with a web server by establishing a TCP connection at port 80 of the
server.
 This port is the address at which web servers listen for browser requests.
 Once a connection has been established, a browser send a URL request to the server. The
server processes the browser’s request and sends a response back to the browser.
Basic Internet Terminologies
 HTML
 It stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
 It is a fundamental language, which is used to design web pages.
 Web Site
 A collection of related web pages stored on a web server is called website.
 The web browser is used to access website.
 A website may contain many web pages.
 Homepage
 The first page that is viewed when the browser starts.
 It is also the page of a Web site that provides the introduction or content with links.
Basic Internet Terminologies
 URL
 It stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
 It is a unique address of web page or any other file on internet.
 A URL generally starts with "http.“
 For Example
http://www.uow.edu.pk
http://google.com
 Each URL consists of few parts
 Prefix with protocol identifier such as “http” followed by a colon and double slashes “//”.
 The domain name.
 The path of the document. The forward slash “/” is used in the document path.
Basic Internet Terminologies
Addressing Schemes
 Every computer connected to an internet has a unique address.
 The addresses are assigned to computers according to a set of rules. These rules
are called addressing schemes.
 On the internet two types of addressing schemes are used. These are:
 IP Addressing
 DNS Addressing
Basic Internet Terminologies
Addressing Schemes Cont…
 IP Addressing
 IP stands for Internet Protocol.
 It is a unique identifier that is assigned to a computer on the internet.
 It is a numerical address with four numbers separated with dots.
 The value of each number is between 0 and 255. These numbers are called octets
For Example IP address is : 192.168.17.43

 Every computer on the internet has a unique IP address.

 A server has a static IP address that does not change.
 When the user’s computer connects to the ISP (Internet Service Provider), it is assigned
an IP address by ISP.
 This IP address is unique for that session. It is not static.
 When the same computer will be connected next time, a different IP address will be
assigned to it.
Basic Internet Terminologies
Addressing Schemes Cont…
 DNS Addressing
 DNS stands for Domain Name System
 IP addresses are difficult to remember by users. Every server (or host) on the Internet
also has a unique name. The human readable name assigned to the computer (server) on
the internet is called domain name.
 It is a common and unique text name that is alternative to an IP address. Such as
“google.com”.
 The domain name has two parts; a host name and domain name.
 Domain name is also known as top-level domain (TLD).
 It comes at the end of host name separated with dot (.).
Basic Internet Terminologies
 DNS Addressing Cont…
 Some commonly used top-level domain names are:
 com - Commercial business
 edu - Educational institutions
 gov - Government agencies
 mil - Military
 net - Networks organization
 org - Organizations (nonprofit)
Basic Internet Terminologies
 Hyperlinks
 It is also known as a link and web link,
 A hyperlink is an icon, graphic, or text that links to another file or object.
 The world wide web is comprised of hyperlinks linking trillions of pages and files to one
another.
 ISP
 ISP stands for Internet Service Provider
 It is a company that provides the internet connections to the users.
 The ISP company, gives you, a username for your identification, a password for your
account security and a telephone number to connect to its server computer.
 Some ISP in Pakistan are; PTCL, Naya Tel, Pak net, wi-tribe etc.
Internet Services
 The few main services provided by internet are:
 E-mail
 World Wide Web (www)
 FTP
 Telnet
 Usenet News
E-mail

 E-mail stands for Electronic Mail

 In 1971 electronic mail, or e-mail, was invented as a way
to send a message from one computer to another.
 E-mail is a rapid and productive communication tool
because:
 Faster than paper mail
 Unlike telephone, the persons communicating with each other need not be
available at the same time
 Unlike fax documents, e-mail documents can be stored in a computer and be
easily edited using editing programs
E-mail
 E-mail Address
 E-mail is sent and received with the help of e-mail address.
 To send and receive e-mails, each user must have e-mail account on any
e-mail server.
 E-mail address consists of username and users address on the internet
 The general format of an e-mail address is
username@domainName

[email protected]
[email protected]
E-mail
 E-mail Attachment
 Attachment is a powerful feature of e-mail.
 It enables you to send any type of file with e-mail message.
 These files may include documents, images, and audio & video files etc.
 Attachment size varies form one e-mail service provider to the other.
E-mail
 Composing Email
 Composing email means to prepare a message that is to be sent.
 To compose an email there are few major elements/fields;
 To
 It is the field in which email address of the person is entered to whom email is to be
sent. More than one email addresses are separated by commas.
 Subject
 In this field, the subject or title of the email is written
E-mail
 Composing Email
 CC
 CC stands for carbon copy. It is used to write email address of another person.
 BCC
 BCC stands for blind carbon copy. It is same as CC but email address given in this field
is not shown to the other recipients.
 Message box
 The area where message is typed.
E-mail
 Advantages of e-mail
 It is extremely fast and reaches to the destination in a few minutes or in few
seconds.
 One message can be sent to many with a single mail.
 It is available round the globe.
 Any type and any size of file can be sent using e-mail.
 It is also possible to send and receive email through mobile phones.
 The receiver is not interrupted by the arrival of the e-mail. It is put in the
mailbox on the server and can be read later.
E-mail
 Limitations
 Email is not necessarily private. Your confidential message may be read by
someone such as network administrator.
 May receive too much or unwanted emails. These mails are known as junk
mails or spam mails.
 You can only receive the email messages by connecting the internet. If there
is any problem in your computer or on the internet the urgent message
cannot be received in time.
 You can send the email to person if you have its correct email address.
 Disadvantages of the Internet

 Viruses
 Security Problems
 Filtration of Information
 Accuracy of Information
 Wastage of Time
End