COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

Presented by Pratik Nayak

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MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA

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MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Q. Why it was introduced?

Q. Agencies Responsible

1.British Government

2.Christian Missionaries

3.Enlightened Indians

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Imperatives

1. British Government

Wanted Political & Administrative Convenience

Educated Indians would be more truly disposed toward British rule

Educated Indians can be a consumer base for British products

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MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Why it was introduced?

Agencies Responsible
1.British Government
2.Christian Missionaries
3.Enlightened Indians

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Imperatives

2. Christian Missionaries
Modern Education will bring rationality & scientific temperament which will lead to
adoption of Christianity

Utilizing weapon of modern education for conversion

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Why it was introduced?

Agencies Responsible
1.British Government
2.Christian Missionaries

3.Enlightened Indians

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA

Imperatives

3. Enlightened Indians
Improvement of society to European standards

Socio Cultural regeneration of Indian Society for its Political Upliftment

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Phases of Development

Phase-1- Phase-2- Phase-3- Phase-4 Phase-5

1750- 1800 1813- 1850s 1850s-1900 1900-1947 1947
Onwards

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Phase-1 1750-1800
Earlier Stage of British Conquest

Orientalist phase
No Social Changes
Wanted to Study Indian Religion

Establishment of Few Institutions

Sanskrit College @ Benares- Jonathan Duncan
Calcutta Madrasa- Warren Hastings
Asiatic Society of Bengal- William Jones

By 1798→ Fort William College- Lord Wellesley

By 1813→ 2 Sanskrit College Established-

Agra & Calcutta

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Phase-2 1800 Onwards

Anglicist Approach

Charter Act of 1813→ Rs. 1 Lakh was set aside for the
education of Indian Masses

By 1823-24→Committee on Public Instruction was setup

Rise of the Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy

1835→ Macaulay's Minute

English became official Language
Opening of Medical College

1844→ Lord Hardinge decided to give government employment to

Indians educated in English schools

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Why it was introduced?
Steps

1.Charter Act of 1813

A sum of Rs.1 Lakh is to be set aside for promotion of education among natives

2.Committee of Public Instruction

In the year 1823-24, a committee on public instruction was constituted with Lord Macaulay as its head

This Committee was to determine the kind/type of education on which the

sum was to be spent

Kind/Type of Education????

Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Why it was introduced?

Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy

Controversy surfaced itself in the committee of public Instruction

This committee was constituted for deciding methods to impart education

Anglicist were lead by Macaulay

Orientalist where lead by James Princep

A section of Enlightened Indians under the leadership of Raja Ram Mohan Roy
supported Anglicist approach towards education

The controversy involved three major aspect

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Why it was introduced?

Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy

Controversy surfaced itself in the committee of public Instruction

This committee was constituted for deciding methods to impart education

two factions of the Committee—

Orientalists
James Sutherland,
John Shakespear,
the brothers James and Henry Prinsep
and Elliot Macnaghten

Anglicists
WW Bird,
CB Saunders,
GA Bushby,
JR Colvin and
CE Trevelyan

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Why it was introduced?

Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy

Three Major aspects of the controversy

1.Content- What kind of education should be imparted

Technical-Vocational or

Humanities-Literature

2. Language- Which language should be used to

teach natives
English or Vernacular

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Why it was introduced?

Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy

Three Major aspects of the controversy

3.Traget- Downward Filtration Theory

a. Education to be percolated down form upper class

b. Selected few Indians to be educated first

c. These educated Indians would in turn educate the masses

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Why it was introduced?

Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy

Orientalist
Oriental learning should not be ignored

Modern Education is to be introduced in Vernacular Language

Mass Education should be given through use of Existing Infrastructure

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Why it was introduced? English in tastes, in opinions,
in morals and in intellect’

Anglicist-Orientalist Controversy

Anglicist

Bentinck himself was an Utilitarian→ Happily

Agreed to Anglicist Proposal

Hence, English was made the official language for education

William Bentinck’s government on March 7, 1835
proclaimed English as India’s official language
upsurge in the activities of the missionaries
Establishment of medical, engineering and law colleges, which marked a
beginning in professional education

This system worked till 1854, when a new setup on Education was Introduced

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Q. What is Magna Carta

Magna Carta of Education Royal Charter of Political

Rights given by the
Charles Wood’s despatch of 1854 King/Monarch of England

President of the Board of Control

It was sent by Charles wood, which specified the nature, scope, method of Imparting
education to the natives

It modified the earlier radical-anglicist approach adopted by Macaulay

in his minute related to education

The despatch had recommended following things:-

Traditional Education should not be Ignored

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Magna Carta of Education

To support Traditional Education a system of Grant-in-aid was introduced

Modern Education should be Imparted in English but vernacular language should not be ignored

English to be Medium of learning only in Higher Education

Primary & Secondary education should be in Vernacular Language

The theory of downward filtration was scrapped

Creation of education departments in the provinces of
Bombay, Madras, Bengal, Northwestern Provinces and
Responsibility of Mass Education was assumed by the government Punjab in 1855

A hierarchy of Educational Institutions were set up. Establishment of the Universities of Calcutta (January
1857), Bombay (July 1857), Madras
(September 1857),
Universities @ Calcutta, Madras & Bombay

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA

Phase-3 1850 to 1900

Indian Education Commission of 1882, generally known as

‘Hunter Commission’
appointed by Lord Ripon

Enquire into principles of the Despatch of 1854

local bodies (district boards and municipalities) should be

entrusted with the management of primary schools.

Govt enterprise→ secondary schools and other essential

institutions
Pvt Sector should be allowed in rest of the areas

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Phase-4 1900 Onwards

Lord Curzon convened the first conference of Directors of 1898→ Central Hindu College by Annie Besant
Public Instruction in 1901 1900s→ DAV School and Colleges by Lala Lajpatrai

Universities Commission under Thomas Raleigh→ 1902

Indian Universities Act of 1904 1904→ Universities Act criticised by the nationalist Indians
for recommending tightening of government control over
universities to assume teaching functions, universities
Constituted syndicates for the speedier transaction of
business, and provided for strict conditions of affiliation and 1905 onwards→ National Education during Swadeshi
periodic inspection of the different institutions Movement
Bengal National College- Aurobindo
1910 a separate Department of Education National Council on Education – Sarath Chandra

1913→ Policy resolution on Education 1907→ Baroda State reforms

1916→ BHU
Non Cooperation Movement
number of universities in India increased to 12,
Gujarat, Bihar, Jamia etc
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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Phase 4 1900 Onwards

1919→ Mont-Ford Reforms

Education under Indian control
expansion at all levels of education.

Sadler Commission (1917–19→ by Lord Chelmsford

• secondary education → board of secondary education
• duration of the degree course should be three years.
• establishment of an Inter- University Board (1924)
• Inter College & Inter Universities activity

Hartog Committee Report (1928–29)

• Appointed by Simon Commision
• Mass education responsibility of the State
• Highlighted→ large number of failures at the matriculation
examination
• wastage of manpower resources→ primary system
• establish a centralised education agency
• Provincial governemt should monitor
• need for improvement in the salary scales of teachers,
• improvement of curricula
• Tutorial work in colleges
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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Fourth Phase 1900 Onwards

Basic or Wardha Scheme of Education (1937)

• Nai Talim,
• idea for a new life and a new society
• put forward by Mahatma Gandhi in 1937 → the Harijan
• free and compulsory primary education+ Vocational training

• National Education’ Conference @ Wardha

• Dr. Zakir Husain to prepare the syllabus

Sargent Education Report (1944)

• Central Advisory Board of Education
• pre-primary education for children- 3 to 6 years
• universal, compulsory and free primary education- 6 -14 years
• university course of 3 years
• liquidation of adult illiteracy and the development of a public libraries
• provision for the proper training of teachers
• compulsory physical education,
• provision of milk and midday meals
• employment bureaus to be formed

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MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Q. What were the Weaknesses of this system?

1. Purpose was not the Upliftment of Indians

It was meant to serve the cause of British Imperialism & Colonialism

2. Nature of Syllabus Mainly designed to Eulogise the Empire

3. Type of Education Mainly Humanities

Lack of Technical-Vocational Education
No job oriented education

4. Rural & Backward remote areas were neglected

5. Lack of Inclusivity
Only the rich and elite to go for higher studies
Phase-5→ Post Independence
No women education

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 MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA
Phase 5- 1947 Onwards
Radhakrishnan Commission/University Education Commission
1948-49
2002→ 86th CAA
University Grants Commission (UGC) statutory Organization of Article 21-A
the Government of India by an Act of Parliament in 1956
2009→ Right to Education Act
NCERT→ 1961
Indian Institutes of Technology→ Institutes of Technology Act, 1961
2015→ TSR Subramanian Committee
which has declared them as institutions of national importance and
lays down their powers, duties, and framework for governance
2019→ K Kasturirangan Panel
Indian Institutes of Management- 1961

National Education Commission (1964-1966), popularly known

as Kothari Commission→ 1st NEP
Standardization of educational system on 10+2+3 pattern

National Education Policy→ 1986

special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalise
educational opportunity
expanded the open university
spent 6%of GDP on education

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MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

MODERN EDUCATION IN INDIA

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

THANK YOU

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
DEVELOPMENT OF PRESS

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Indian Response
Indian Reaction to British Rule

Immediate Reaction Ideological Reaction

Revolts (In traditional form) - Making of Organisations

- Who - Development of Education
- Where - Role of press
- How - Creating awareness
- Why among masses
- Outcome / Impact - Hence, modern response

Social Economic Political

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 Development of Press

- Historical origin of modern press

- Nature of the press
- Regulation vs. Liberation censorship
- Name of press & its publisher
- Role of press in National Movement

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 Development of Press

Origin of modern press?

- Portuguese 1st printing press in India
- 1 book published in India – 1557
st

- 1684 – EIC sets of printing press in Bombay

- But no publication – Why – EIC official didn’t liked it.
- By 1770s EIC disgruntled employees sought to expose
malpractices of private trade / corruption
- 1776 – William bolt thought of whistle blowing but couldn’t

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 Development of Press

- By 1780s James Hickey published 1st newspaper the Bengal

gazette or the Calcutta general advertiser
- Started criticising the Gov. general & judiciary
- Hence by 1782, press sized
- By 1784 new publications
1. The Calcutta gazette (1784)
2. The Bengal journal (1785)
3. The oriental magazine of Calcutta (1785) - Avoided clash with
4. Calcutta Chronicle (1786) authorities hence flourished
5. The madras courier (1788) - Circulation limited
6. The Bombay Herald (1789) - @ mercy of EIC officials
- 100 to 500 copies
circulation

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 Development of Press

- By 1799 – Lord Wellesley

The censorship of the press Act, 1799
- Why subsidiary Alliance
- Structure for supremacy
- :. Censorship Act Pre censorship
If breach, the publisher can be deported
- 1818→ 1st Vernacular Newspaper→ Samachar
- By 1820s – Lord Hastings removed pre censorship
Darshan
- Liberal phase
- Started by the Missionaries→ William Carey and
Joshua Marshman
- By 1823 – John Adams became acting Gov. general he came
up with a new Act.
- Licensing Regulation, 1823

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 Development of Press

1823 – The licensing regulations - Period from 1820s Onwards

- Obtain license for every publisher
- ₹ 400 penalty / Imprisonment
- Mirat had to shut down - Ram Mohan Roy
- James bucilingham of the Calcutta journal was deported 1st newspaper Samvaad Kaumudi (Bengali)
- Mirat-Ul-Akhbar (Persian)
- By 1828 to 1835 – William Bentinck & Liberation
Charles Metcalfe period. - Jami-i-Jaham Numah→ 1st Urdu Newspaper
- :. New publishers came up, vernacular press as well. - Bangdutta→ Published in four languages→ E/B/P/H
- RMR and Dwarkanath Tagore

- Bombay Samachar→ 1st Gujarati Newspaper

- Development of political organisations.

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 Development of Press

- Revolt of 1857
- :. Licensing Act of 1857
No. XI - Restrictions Increased
- The registration Act of 1867
- No. XXV – 1867
- Replaced Charles Metcalfe’s Act - 1861→ The Bombay Times/ Times of India
- Name of publisher, place – Visible - 1851→ Rast Goftar→ Dadabhai Naoroji
- Copy to be given to the Government - 1853→ The Hindu Patriot→ Girish Chandra Ghosh and
- Amended in 1870, 1890, 1914, 1952, 1953 Harish Chandra Mukherji
- IPL section 124-A Reaction to Wahabi Movement - 1862→ Indian Mirror→ Devendranath Tagore, Keshub
Chandra Sen
- 1866→ The Statesman → rotary printing machine
- Published by Robert Knight→ also called as
- Reuters Office in India
- Associated Press of India

1868→ Amrita Bazar Patrika

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 Development of Press

By 1878 the vernacular press Act

- 1878→ The Illustrated Weekly @ Bombay
- Objective – Better control over vernacular press
- 1888→ The Capital @ Calcutta
- But Q. Why?
- 1878→ The Hindu→ G Subramanian Aiyar
- 1857 Revolt – rise of vernacular press
- 1881→ The Tribue→ Dayal Singh Majethia
- Writing against the Government
- 1881→ Kesari (Marathi) and Maharatha (English ) By
- By 1870, famine in India
Tilak
- Lord Lytton celebrating Delhi Darbar
- Therefore, Vernacular press writing against the Government

- Provisions:-. - Also called as the gagging Act.

- Magistrate given power to sign a bond – not to published
anything against the Government
- Deposit security bond – Magistrate can for felt.
- Promises confiscated & equipment sized
- Magistrate’s action final no appeal allowed

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 Development of Press

- Act to be applied only on the vernacular newspapers

:. Discriminatory
- Proceedings initiated Against

The Som Prakash The Bharat Mihir The Decca Prakash The Sahakhar

- By 1882, Act was replaced by lord Rippon – Due to opposition

- Amrita bazar patrika started publishing in
- By 1896-97 Famine & Plague – press getting active Act III – 1892, English
Sec 124-A of IPC, section 153-A, section 505

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 Development of Press

- By 1905 – Swadeshi movement extremists in Congress - Why?

- By 1908 – Newspaper Act to control press - Revolutionary activities
- 1910, Indian press Act - ₹ 5 lakh fine collected
- Revival of Lytton's Act
- Reg. fee ₹ 500 to ₹ 2000
- increase ₹ 1000 to ₹ 10000 - Development of Nationalist Press 1910 to 1920
- power to custom Authority - The Bombay Chronicle→ Pherozshah Mehta
- No. objectionable material allowed - The Leader→ Madan Mohan Malaviya
- Madras Standard/New India & Common Weal→ Annie
Besant
- The Servant of India →VS Srinivasa
- By 1914 – world war – I - The Independent→ Motilal Nehru
- Defence of India rules - Hindustan Times→ KM Pannikar (Became official
- By 1921- press committee under Tej Bahadur Sapru organ of the Swaraj Party )
- Act of 1908 & 1910 replaced.

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 Development of Press

- Why?
- By 1920s & 1930 – nationalist press emergence - Revolutionary activities
- ₹ 5 lakh fine collected
- 1930s – Civil Disobedience movement
- 1931 – The Indian press (Emergency power) Act
- To supress the nationalist feelings - Development of Nationalist Press 1920s Onwards
- Gandhiji→ Indian Opinion ( 1902→ South Africa)
- By 1939 – 1945 WW-II Defence of India Act - Young India, Navjivan, Harijan
- By 1947 press Inquiry Act committee - Free Press of India→ National News Agency managed
- Charged with duty in framing press laws by Annine Besant, MR Jaykar et al
- Constitution Article 19(2) - The Indian Express
- The Star of India→ Supported Muslim league
- 1947 – 2019 Press to social media. - The Dawn→ MA Jinnah
- National Herald→ Jawaharlal Nehru
-

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 Development of Press

- Q. Role of Press in Indian National Movement ?

- Historic and memorable role→ pen is mightier than sword
- 1870 to 1918 powerful newspapers emerged
- made Indian public aware of cruelties
- How?
- poems, songs and article published
- informed of all the activities going on in the country
- Challenge for the British and hence it was banned/prohibited
- Political tasks, political propaganda, education, and formation and propagation of nationalist
ideology
- tallest leaders of the freedom movement themselves turned journalists
- social reform→ expose social evils such as caste fetters, child marriage, ban on remarriage of
widows, social, legal and other inequalities from which women suffered and
others, untouchability
- national and provincial literatures and cultures, and in the forging of bonds of fraternity

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

THANK YOU

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN RESPONSE- MODERN

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Indian Response
Indian Reaction to British Rule

Immediate Reaction Ideological Reaction

Revolts (In traditional form) - Making of Organisations

- Who - Development of Education
- Where - Role of press
- How - Creating awareness
- Why among masses
- Outcome / Impact - Hence, modern response

Social Economic Political

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Development of Nationalism

Q. Factors favouring Indian Nationalism?

- Nation – State
- Nationalism?
- Different Perspectives?
- J.R. Seely India = Geographical Expression
- John Strachey There is not existence of India.

- But By 1919
- Mont – Ford Reforms
- British rule Harbinger of Nationalism

- Q. How it Developed?
- Reasons?

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Freedom Struggle→ Indian National Movement

Development of Nationalism

Politics of Association

Formation of Congress
Early Nationalists-Moderates

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Development of Nationalism
What is Nation?

What is a State?

What is a Nation-State?

What do you mean by Nationalism?

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STATE
What do you mean by State?

The term ‘State’ in its modern sense was first used by Machiavelli (1469-1527), the Italian statesman

The State consists of four elements

(a) the people

(b) the territory on which they live

(c) the government to rule and regulate the lives of the

people

(d) sovereignty

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NATION & STATE
What is the difference between Nation & State?

What is a Nation?

What is Nationality?

term nationality is derived from the Latin word natus→ Reborn

nationality means belonging to the same racial stock or being related by birth or having blood relationship

Q. But is it right to define like this?

No→ It is Misleading

Every nation has people of mixed racial background

psychological phenomenon neither political nor racial

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DISTINCTION BETWEEN NATION AND NATIONALITY
both the terms are derived from the same word
Nation Nationality

cultural term
nation is a people organised; a people
united psychological

generated in a group of people

having geographical unity and who
Nation gives an idea of an organisation; belong to a common race,
nationality gives an idea of sentiment common history, religion, customs
and traditions, economic interests
and common hopes and
aspirations

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NATIONALITY
Common Race/Ethnicity

Common language

Common religion

Common political framework & aspirations

Economic factor

Common Geography

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 Development of Nationalism

Q. Factors favouring Indian Nationalism? Origin by end of 19 th Century

Impact of British Rule Political unity of Establishment of peace Development of Transport Modern Education
- Eco Exploitation Idea & Administrative unification & communication
Of India

Rise of Middle Influence of historical Socio-Religious Role of viceroys

Contemporary Racialism
class researches Reform movement & their Reactionary
National movement
policies

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Factors causing growth of Nationalism
1. Impact of British Rule
Dose of Modernisation
Peasant, Land Revenue Settlement, Colonial
Consciousness

2. Inspiration from West

Impact of Modern Ideas

3. Modern Education
It help channelled modern ideas
English→ Opened the flood gates of liberal education
Nationalistic literature & History writing under oriental Influence
Role of Press→ English & Vernacular

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 Factors causing growth of Nationalism
4. Modern Means of Transport & Communication

Postal System→ Circulation of Ideas, Literature

Railways

Roads

5.British Necessity of Administrative & Economic Convenience

Political & Administrative Integration

Centralisation of Power Indian Civil Services

IPC, CrPC, Unified Set up of Judiciary

Economic Integration

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 Factors causing growth of Nationalism
British are exploiting
us
6.Emergence of New Social Classes
Rise of Middle Class, Peasants, Workers→ New Consciousness

Rise of Intelligentsia→ Provided Leadership

7. Role of Political Parties

Shaped up the national Consciousness

National Leaders
Revolutionaries

8. Socio Religious Reform Movements

Society on Democratic lines→ Equality, Liberalism

History→ Pan Indian Feeling

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 Factors causing growth of Nationalism
9. Specific Acts & Measures taken by Colonial Government
Development after 1857 revolt
Reactionary policies of viceroys Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act

Illbert Bill Partition of Bengal

10. Economic Critique of Colonialism

Drain of Wealth
Home Charges

12. World Events→ Contemporary Events

Crimean War, Russia Vs. Japan
Ethopia Vs. Italy, World Wars
Liberation Movements & Rise of new states in South America

13. Racial Discrimination→ Insult & Humiliation

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 Development of Nationalism

Q. How national Consciousness was shaped up?

Ideas Political Associations @ regional levels Formation of congress

N
- Political Associations W E

- Started in Bengal
- Early period of 1830s
- Expanded after the 1857
- Demanded Political Reforms

Q. Name of Association

- Leaders
- Their Demand

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 Development of Nationalism

1828 - The academic association @ Calcutta by Ram Mohan Roy

- Discussed Sol-Eco-Pol issues

1836 - Bangbhasa Prakashik Sabha.

- By friends of Ram Mohan Roy

1838 - Society for Acquisition of General knowledge

- Discussed @ trial by Jury, free press forced labour

1838 - Land holders Society Zamindari Association

- Safeguard Interest of the landlords→ Dwarkanath Tagore
- Starting of organized political activity in India.

1839 - British India Society @ London

- William Adam

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 Development of Nationalism

1843 - Bengal British India Society

- Collection & dissemination of information relating to Indians

By Oct 1851 - Merger of Landholders Society & British Indian

Bengal British India Society Association
Bombay Madras Native
- Debendranath tagore Charter Act of 1853 Association Association
- Radhakant Deb
- Dadabhai Naoroji
- Sent a petition to British parliament
- J Shankar Sheth
- Separation of Judiciary & Executive
- Reducing salaries
- Abolishing Salt Duties
- Establishment of Legislatures

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 Development of Nationalism

- By 1875 – Indian League Babu Sisir Kumar

- Post 1857 Revolt consciousness Increased Ghose
- Education press political Associations
- Abroad East Indian Association – 1866 Dadabhai Naoroji - July 1876 – Indian Association
- National Indian Association – 1867 Mary Carpenter - Anand Mohan Bose
- Poona Sarvajanik Sabha – 1870 - Surendranath Banerjee
- MG Ranade, GV Joshi - 1st all india Association Before congress
- Indian Society – 1870 - Reduced subscription
- By Anand Mohan Bose - Civil services reforms
- SN Banerjee on All India Tour

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 Development of Nationalism

- Issues:
- By 1880s
- Civil Services
- Tariff on Cotton
- Salt Duty
Bombay Presidency Madras Mahajan - Afghan Policy
Association (1885) Sabha (1884) - Arms Act
- Press Liberty
- Ferozshah Mehta - P. Ananda Charlu - Illbert Bill
- KT Telang - G. Subramanian Aiyer
- Badruddin Tayibji - Viraraghav Chari

- By 1885→ Formation of Congress

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 Development of Nationalism

- 1883 – AO home Wrote to Indian

Q. Formation of Congress? intelligentsia

- How it was Formed? - 1884 – Public Demonstration against

- Leaders & Their Role? departure of lord Rippon
Safety Value
- Controversy
Lightning Couductor
- Origin – 1877 – Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
- Bengal & Bombay Should work together
- Indian Association made efforts
- British Indian Assn. National Conference
- National Mohmmadean Association

- By 1883 – 1885 2 National Conference Set up

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 Development of Nationalism

By December 1885

- AO Home called for a conference

- Named – Indian Union @ Poona
- But due to snide spread of diseases shifted to Bombay

28 Dec 1885 Attendees from all

over the country
- Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit college @ Bombay
- 72 delegates 1 chosen president WC Banerjee
AO Home Secretary

- 9 Resolution passed
- Political Representation
- Abolishing Taxes
- Annexation of Burma
Political Social Economic

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

•Congress→ Type of Questions?

Place of Session

Year of Session

President of the Session

Resolution

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Development of Nationalism

- Congress Origin Safety value

- Phase-1 1885 to 1905 moderate phase
- 3 day tamasha
- Expansion from 72 delegates to 434 delegates (next session)
- Emergence of leaders

- WC Banerjee - SN Banerjee - Shishirghosh - BG Tilak - B Tayabji - GS Aiyar

- RC Dutt - Anand Mohan Bose - Motilal Ghose - GK Gokhale - P Mehta - C Vijaya Raghava Chariyar
- D Wacha

- Q. Was it a safety valve?

- Why this Controversy evolved?
- Because of the Nature of Moderate politics

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Development of Nationalism

- Peaceful, Constitutional
Nature of Moderates? - 3P – Prayers, Petitions, Passing resolutions
- Writing through press
- Loyalty to British - Wanted to reach out the people &
- British Required Government.
- Indian progress under British
- Dadabhai Blessings of British rule
- Foreign presidents to London To take message
Journal
- George Yule - British Committee formed India.
- William Wedderbun

- 1893 – Indian Parliamentary Committee

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress
Formation of Congress
Two sessions of the Indian National Conference 1883,1885

December 1885 Bombay

Final shape to this idea was given by a retired English civil
servant, A.O. Hume
Attended by 72 delegates and presided over by Wyomesh
Chandra Bonnerjee

1890, Kadambiny Ganguly the first woman graduate of Calcutta

University addressed the Congress session

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress Formation of Congress
Aaj Kuch Toofani karte Mitron→Yaad Rakhna...I
hain was the 1st President of
Congress

AO Hume- ICS ( Retd) Founded WC Bonerji

Congress

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress Formation of Congress
Aaj Kuch Toofani karte Mitron→Yaad Rakhna...I
hain was the 1st President of
Congress

AO Hume- ICS ( Retd) Founded WC Bonerji

Congress

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress
Formation of Congress- The Myth

Safety Valve Theory

To provide a safe, mild, peaceful and constitutional outlet or
safety valve for rising discontent among the masses, which was
inevitably leading towards a popular & violent revolution

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress
Formation of Congress- The Myth Safety Valve
Theory

The British are Formation of

Congress Angrezo ki using Congress Congress is a
Representative hai as a tool Myth

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress Safety Valve
Theory

Your Excellency, I can What you talking

smell something about

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress Safety Valve
Theory

There are secret Revolt...is it

reports of some so...We need to
kind of revolt do something

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Congress Myth→Safety Valve
Theory
Yes Sir, We need to pacify
Okay, then Go ahead
the people by providing
So, in this them some kind of political
with your plan & keep
me informed
background platform

Congress was
formed by AO Hume

It was thought that

AO Hume used
Congress as a tool
till India became
Independent

Post Independence India→ Q. Who gave these reports to AO

Hume?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Congress Safety Valve
Theory
I have read 7
volumes of Secret
Report in Shimla
(1878)

Q. Who gave these Secret reports to

AO Hume?

3 Hypothesis

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress Myth→Safety Valve
Theory How did Hume got
these Secret Reports??

Official Mysterious Baba- Koot

CID Reports
Capacity Homi lal Singh

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

CongressMyth→Safety
Theory
Valve
AO Hume(ICS)→
Secretary Revenue,
Commerce & Agriculture

Official Mysterious Baba- Koot

CID Reports
Capacity Homi lal Singh

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress
Formation of Congress- The Reality

Part → Whole
All regional political organisations leaders became the part of the
Congress
Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D.E. Wacha, W.C. Bonnerjee, S.N.
Banerjee
Q. Does that means, they felt into trap laid by Hume & Dufferin
No, they cooperated with Hume because they did not wanted to arouse
official hostility of leadership at such an early stage of their works

Rather than AO Hume using congress leaders as Safety Valve, it were

the Congress leaders who hoped to use AO Hume as lightning conductor

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Congress
Aims & Objectives
1.Nation Building
Rotation of Sessions
President not from home state
No overwhelming majority resolution

2.Create all India leadership

3.Taking up issues/problems which are common in relation to all

4.Modern Politics→ Train People in Politics

Political Education & Agitation

5.Indigenisation of Political Democracy

Congress Meaning→Assembly/Movement of People
North American Model→ Congress

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress
Aims & Objectives
found a democratic, nationalist movement
politicise and politically educate people
promote friendly relations among nationalist political workers from
different parts of the country

develop and propagate an anti-colonial nationalist ideology

formulate and present popular demands before the Government with a

view to unifying the people over a common economic and political
programme

develop and consolidate a feeling of national unity among people

irrespective of religion, caste or province

carefully promote and nurture Indian nationhood

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress
Early Nationalists→ Moderates
Demands

Demands

Economic Political

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Congress
Early Nationalists→ Moderates
Economic Demands

Revenue Reduction→ Concession, Remission, Relief in time

of natural calamity

Cutting expenditure on administrative & military areas

Larger allocation of budget in agriculture areas

Raised voices for Indian Workers, working in British

industries
Demanded favourable exchange ratio for Indian currency

Reforms in Trade Policy

Abolishing Unilateral free trade policy

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Congress
Early Nationalists→ Moderates
Political Demands

Political Reforms on Democratic Lines

Representation @ various levels

Legislative Councils→ Central & Provincial

Curtailment of Powers

Appointment of Indians in Administration

Judiciary→ Power of Indian Judges to be increased

Indian judges given power to try European citizens

Abolishing discrimination against Indians

Trial by Jury

Civil Rights→ Freedom of Speech, Press etc.

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress
Q. Official/Government’s Attitude towards Congress?
Initially Welcomed the decision in a neutral way
1887- started becoming hostile
Lord Dufferin→ a microscopic minority of people

Lord Curzon→ Congress is tottering to its fall & one

of my great ambitions while in India, is to assist it to
a peaceful demise

Policy of Divide & Rule

1887-88Encouraged Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Raja Shiv Prasad of
Benaras etc. to start an anti congress movement
United Indians Patriotic Association

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Development of Nationalism

Q. Moderates Failure / Success

Political Impact Socio-Economic Impact

Indian Councils ICS Reforms Democracy Economic Critique Civil Rights & Press
Act 1892 Strengthened

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Congress
Q. Assessment of the Moderates?

British treated them with contempt

Failed to acquire any roots among the common people & even those who joined
congress with hopes was feeling more & more disillusioned

Failed to keep pace with yearning & aspirations of the people

Muslims stayed away from them

But still, they achieved a lot under difficult circumstances

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Congress
Assessment of the Moderates
But still, they achieved a lot under difficult circumstances
Made a decisive shift in Indian Politics
Made the people of India conscious of the bonds of common political, economic, &
cultural interest

Also the existence of a common enemy & thus helped to weld them into a common
nationality

Popularised the idea of democracy & civil liberty

Exposed the true character of British imperialism in India

Some success in political arena was seen

Indian Council Act 1892
Laid the foundation for future leaders & path

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

INDIAN COUNCILS ACT OF 1892

Central Legislative Council was to consist of nine

ex-officio members

Governor-General, six members of the Executive

Council, the Commander-in-Chief and the head of
the province in which the Council met

six official Additional Members and ten non-official

members of the Legislative Councils of Bengal,
Bombay, Madras and the North Western province

composition of provincial Legislative Councils also

changed

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

INDIAN COUNCILS ACT OF 1892
Increased the number of additional (non-official) members in
the Central and Provincial legislative councils

Increased the functions of legislative councils

Power of discussing the budget and addressing questions to

the executive

Nomination of some non-official members

1.Central Legislative Council →the Viceroy

On the recommendation of the provincial legislative councils
and the Bengal chamber of commerce

2.Provincial legislative councils →the Governors

on the recommendation of the district boards, municipalities,
universities, trade associations, zamindars and chambers

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

THANK YOU

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

Presented by Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Indian Response→ Modern
Indian National Movement (1885-
1947)

1.Indian National Congress Humko thode rights de Hum keh ke lenge

do mai baap

1.1.Pre Gandhian Phase

1.1.1Moderates

1.1.2Extremists

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Azadi....Hum keh
ke lenge

RISE OF
EXTREMISM

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Background
Emergence of new & younger group

Critical of Ideology & old leadership

Angry young man→ adopted Swaraj as congress goal

Dissatisfied with the congress working

Moderates→ Place
hunting politicians

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Rise of Extremism

- Why? Reasons

Recognition of the true Educated Indians Cultural revivalism & Impact International Events Failure of Moderates
Nature of British Rule - Poverty Of westernisation - Boer war - Councils Act
- Unemployment - Role of Dayanand Saraswati - Russo-japan - Deportation
- Famine & Vivekananda - Ethopaia vs. Italy - Press Act
- Sedition
- Official Secrets Act

- Final blow Reactionary Policies of Differin & Curzon

- Universities Act (1904)
- Official Secrets Act (1904)
- Delhi Durbar (1904)
- Partition of Bengal

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Causes behind the rise of Extremism

1. Recognition of the True Nature of British Rule

economic miseries
famines killed 90 lakh persons between 1896 and 1900
plague riots
Leaders imprisoned on charges of sedition
1904 Official Secrets Act curbed freedom of press
Indian Universities Act ensured greater government control over
universities

2. Growth of Confidence and Self-Respect

feeling started that only the masses were capable of making the
immense sacrifices needed to win freedom

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Causes behind the rise of Extremism
3. Growth of Education
rise in unemployment and underemployment
attention to poverty

4. Reaction to Increasing Westernisation

excessive westernisation and sensed
colonial designs to submerge the Indian
culture

5. Dissatisfaction with Achievements of Moderates

strongly critical of the methods of peaceful and constitutional
agitation

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Causes behind the rise of Extremism
6. Reactionary Policies of Curzon
Curzon's seven-year rule
spoke derogatorily
the Official Secrets Act, the Indian Universities Act etc.
Partition of Bengal

7.International Influences
defeat of the Italian army by Ethiopians (1896)
the Boer wars (1899-1902) where the British faced reverses
Japan's victory over Russia (1905)
demolished myths of European invincibility
nationalist movements worldwide—in Ireland, Russia, Egypt,
Turkey, Persia and China

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Causes behind the rise of Extremism

8.Existence of a Militant School of Thought

Militant approach to political work
Ashwini Kumar Datta, Aurobindo Ghosh;
Vishnu Shastri,Chiplunkar and Tilak
Swaraj to be the goal of national movement
For this Direct political action required
Personal sacrifices required and a true nationalist to be always
ready
for it

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Extremists Extremist
Leaders
Lala Lajpat Rai Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Lal, Bal,Pal & Ghose

Aurobindo Ghose Bipin Chandra Pal

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Rise of Extremism

- Over a period of time

- Rise of extremist ideology
- Extremist Leaders

Lala Lajpat Rai Bipin Chandra Pal Bal Gangadhar Tilak Aurobindo Ghose

- All wanted swaraj for India

- Ideology guided from Vivekanand, Dayanand Saraswati, Bankim Chandra
- Self reliance, Ready for sacrifice
- India's glorious past
- Emotionally charged nationalism

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Rise of Extremism

- From 1885 till 1905 Moderates had control over congress

- But by 1905, Extremists became popular How?
- Role of Tilak – Age of Consent bill
- Ganpati Festivals, Shivaji Festival, wrote in Maratha & Kesari

Asked people not to pay land revenue

- Deported to Rangoon
- Aurobindo New camps for old
- Bipin Chandra Pal Moderates Begging Institutions.

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Rise of Extremism

- During Swadeshi Movement they became popular

- Boycott & Swadeshi - National Education - Passive Resistance - Co-operative Movement for self Reliance

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

THANK YOU

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

• Compiled by-Pratik Nayak

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

•Movement→Q?

•When it happened? •Non CooperationMovement→ Starting Date

•Where it happened? •Eg. Bengal or All India aspect

•Who were the leaders & level of

•Eg. Name, Social base
participation?

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
•Movement→

•What was the reason for the •Local grievances, Economic, Other etc.
movement to be initiated?

•Forms of Protest→ Strike, non co opearation, Any other forms

•How the programme was
conceived?

•Reasons for failure→ due to leadership, British suppression,

•Why the movement failed? any other

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 PARTITION OF BENGAL-
SWADESHI MOVEMENT(1905-1908)

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Background
Government's decision to partition Bengal had been made public in
December 1903

Partition of Bengal Announced → 20 July 1905

As a result→ anti-partition movement started Lord Curzon name hain mera....I

was the one who partitioned
Bengal...yaad rakhna

Hargiz nahin...Bengal nahin tootne

denge...Andolan....!!!

Leaders ,people started to

oppose the British
decision to partition
Bengal

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Background
Q. official reason given by the government?

population of 78 million
Yaar bahot bada state
Small States...kya usse vikas hain...if we’ll divide it, then
too big to be administered hoga....lol...!! we’ll give GOOD
GOVERNANCE...LOL

Real reason????

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Background
Real Reason Gotta do something about
this Bengali nationalists...!!
Weaken Bengal
nerve centre of Indian nationalism
Dividing the Bengalis But How???

1.on the basis of

language
How→ By Joining Hindi
reducing the Bengali speaking areas into bengal
speakers to a minority in
Bengal

Bengali→ 17 million

Hindi+Odiya→ 37 million

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Background
Real Reason
Weaken Bengal Gotta do something about
this Bengali nationalists...!!
nerve centre of Indian nationalism
Hindu-Muslim
Dividing the Bengalis But How???

2.on the basis of religion

western half was to be a Hindu

majority area

eastern half was to be a Muslim

majority area

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Starting of Anti-Partition Campaign
By Moderates
Surendranath Banerjee, K.K. Mitra and Prithwishchandra
Ray
methods adopted Hum protest karengey

petitions
public meetings
memoranda, and propaganda
through pamphlets and newspapers
such as Hitabadi(Dwijendranath Tagore),
Sanjibani(KK Mitra) and Bengalee (SN
Banerjee)
Government announced partition of Bengal in July 1905

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Anti-Partition Campaign
7 August 1905

passage of Boycott Resolution

massive meeting held in the

Calcutta Town hall Boycott....

formal proclamation of Swadeshi

Movement

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Anti-Partition Campaign
October 16, 1905- Day of How it all started?
Partition
observed as a day of
mourning through out Bengal
people fasted, bathed in the
Ganga
walked barefoot in
processions singing Bande
Mataram
People tied rakhis on each other's
hands as a symbol of unity
Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose addressed huge
gatherings

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
Q. Did the movement spread to other parts of the country??
Ans. Partially Yes, but where and are any leaders associated with
it.
Poona and Bombay under Tilak

Punjab under Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh

Delhi under Syed Haider Raza

Madras under Chidambaram Pillai

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
Q. Did the movement spread to other parts of the country

Q. What did the congress do?→ Steps taken.

meeting in 1905
Condemn the partition of Bengal and the reactionary policies of
Curzon
Support the anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement of Bengal

After 1905, the Extremists acquired a dominant influence over the

Swadeshi Movement in Bengal
Lal, Bal,Pal &
Ghose

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Extremists Extremist Leaders
Lala Lajpat Bal Gangadhar
Rai Tilak

Lal, Bal,Pal & Ghose

Aurobindo Ghose Bipin Chandra

Pal

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Swadeshi Movement
What forms of boycott?

boycott foreign goods

call for passive resistance
boycott of government schools and colleges Azadi...Hum keh k
lenge

government service, courts, legislative councils, municipalities,

government titles
Extremists tried →transform movement into a mass struggle and
gave the slogan of India's independence from foreign rule

What was the technique adopted by new leaders(extremists) &

the outcome?
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Swadeshi Movement
What was the technique adopted by new leaders(extremists) &
the outcome?
fresh ideas at the theoretical, propaganda and programme levels

1.Boycott of foreign goods Be Swadeshi... Buy

Swadeshi
What goods were included in
this boycott?

foreign cloth

boycott of foreign made salt

or sugar

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
What was the technique adopted by new leaders(extremists) &
the outcome?

Jeans nahin
dhoyenge...sirf Dhoti ko
1.Boycott of foreign goods wash karenge....

refusal by priests to ritualise

marriages involving exchange of
foreign goods

refusal by washer men to wash

foreign clothes

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
What was the technique adopted by new leaders & the outcome?

Swadesh
2.Public meetings and processions Bandhab Samiti

3. Corps of volunteers or 'samitis

Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta
Magic lantern lectures
Swadeshi songs
Physical and moral training to their members
social work during famines and Ashwini Kumar Dutta

epidemics
training in swadeshi crafts and
arbitration courts
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Swadeshi Movement
What was the technique adopted by new leaders & the outcome?
fresh ideas at the theoretical, propaganda and programme levels Ganpati
Bappa.... Jai
4. Imaginative use of traditional popular festivals and, melas Shivaji....

Tilak's Ganapati and Shivaji festivals

theatre forms used for
this

5.Emphasis given to self-reliance or 'atma shakti Atma-

Shakti
Reassertion of national dignity, honour and
confidence and social and
economic regeneration of the villages

social reform

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
What was the technique adopted by new leaders & the outcome?
6. Programme of swadeshi or national education

Bengal National College→ Aurbindo Ghose I established a

college

Bengal Institute of Technology

the National Council of Education was set up

to organize a system of education—literary,
scientific and technical—on national lines
and under national control

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
What was the technique adopted by new leaders & the outcome?

7. Swadeshi or Indigenous enterprises

Establishment of

Swadeshi textile mills

Soap and match factories→ bengal

chemicals
Banks, insurance companies
Tanneries,, shops etc

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
What was the technique adopted by new leaders & the outcome?
8. Impact in the cultural sphere
inspiration from songs written by Rabindranath Tagore,
Rajnikanta Sen, Dwijendralal etc.
Amar Sonar
Bangla.....
Rabindra Sangeet→ Nationalist
feelings

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
What was the technique adopted by new leaders & the outcome?
8. Impact in the cultural sphere Bharat Mata ki
Jai

Painting,

Abanindranath Tagore

Nandlal Bose
broke the domination of Victorian
naturalism over Indian art

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
What was the technique adopted by new leaders & the outcome?
8. Impact in the cultural sphere
Science, Indian Chemist
Indian Science
Congress
JagdishChandra Bose
Indian Science Congress

Prafullachandra Ray
Bengal Chemicals

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
What was the technique adopted by new leaders & the outcome?
9. Mass participation
Students

Women

Muslims

Expansion of social base→ sections of the zamindars, lower

middle classes

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Swadeshi Movement
Q. All India aspect?
in support of Bengal's unity agitation were organized in many
parts of the country
But, not much impact
Rather it created conflict between the Ideologies of the extremists
& the moderates

Till 1908 the movement continued but was over by its end.

In between due to ideological & methodical conflict between the

moderates & the extremists some events took place
Resulted into spilt of congress @ Surat in 1907

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Inbetween→ Background
December ,1905 at the Benares session
Moderate-Extremist differences

Two Issues were there→

Method of protest
Presidential Post

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Inbetween December ,1905 at the
Nahin...pehle
Benares session focus on Bengal
All India spread
karo Swadeshi
andolan ko...

wanted to extend the Boycott and

Swadeshi Movement not in favour of extending the
to regions outside Bengal movement beyond Bengal
include all forms of associations totally opposed to boycott
(such as government service, law of councils and similar
courts, legislative councils, etc.) associations

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Inbetween December ,1905 at the Benares
nd
session
2 Issue was of Presidential
Kya baat...Kya
Post baat...

Humare mein se
koi President
banega

Compromise??

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Inbetween December ,1905 at the Benares
session
Moderate-Extremist differences
Compromise???

relatively mild resolution condemning the partition of Bengal

supporting the swadeshi and boycott programme in Bengal was passed
President→ Whom to make?? I presided...the 1905
Benares Congress

Dekh lenge agle

saal.....!!!
Wait... Ye lo
Ekka...!

G.K. Gokhale

Now,December, 1906 Calcutta Session

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
Inbetween December ,1906 at the Calcutta
session

Ab president I’m the grand old

hamara hoga man of India
Haaha...Abhi
time hain
president k liye...

wanted either Tilak

or Lajpat Rai as the
proposed the name
president
Solution→Dadabhai Naoroji
of Dadabhai Naoroji
presides over the meet
PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY
 Inbetween December ,1906 at the Calcutta
session
Q.Resolution@Calcutta Session?

1.The goal of the Indian National Congress was defined as Swarajya or self-government
like the United Kingdom or the colonies

Resolution hamara
2.Swadeshi, Boycott and National education pass karna padega

Victory for Extremist way of action

Gave a call for wide passive resistance and boycott

Thought that the people had been aroused and the battle for freedom had begun

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Inbetween Where should next session take
Extremists wanted the 1907place?
session to be held in Nagpur
Tilak or Lajpat Rai as the president

Moderates wanted the session at Surat in

Nagpur mein session
order to exclude Tilak from the presidency karo...aur president bhi
hamara
Haaha...Good
Joke...lekin nahi ho
Both sides adopted rigid positions, sakta

leaving no room for compromise

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Inbetween Under this
situation
26 December 1907, Surat Sesssion

Yayay...Our
I am the
president...
President...
Ab nahi chalega aisa....

Extermists decided to object duly elected president ‘Ras Behari

Ghose’

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

Inbetween 26 December 1907, Surat
Sesssion
Shoe was thrown on stage, passing by Ras behari ghose & SN
Banerjee
Session was marred with violence, with abuses thrown on each
other
Congress was broken up into two pieces
Surat
Split
What
next?
Extremists were thrown out of the
party
Government launched a massive attack on the
Extremists
Moderates were left with no popular base or
support

PRATIK NAYAK FOR UNACADEMY

 Swadeshi Movement
Q. Reasons for the failure of the movement?
1.severe government repression
2.movement failed to create an effective organisation or a party structure.

rendered leaderless with most of the leaders either arrested or deported by 1908

3.Internal squabbles among leaders, magnified by the Surat split

Leadership Crisis→

By 1908 Tilak in Jail due to sedition charges

Aurobindo retiring from active politics→ towards spiritualism

Lala Lajpatrai→ Going to UK, USA for further study

Bipan Chandra Pal→ I also quit...VRS

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Swadeshi Movement
Q. Reasons for the failure of the movement?
Other reasons
4.did not know how to tap the newly released energy or how to
find new forms to give expression to popular resentment

5.largely remained confined to the upper and middle classes

6.difficult to sustain a mass-based movement at a high pitch for

too long

7. Non-cooperation and passive resistance remained mere ideas

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Swadeshi Movement
Q. Assessment? Positives
1.Turning point in modern Indian history
"leap forward"
students, women, some sections of urban and rural population—participated
All forms & ideologies
2. not confined to the political action only
It encompassed art, literature, science and industry

3.Undermined the hegemony of colonial ideas and institutions

4. Partition→ Annuled in 1911
Negatives

1.Most of the upper and middle class Muslims stayed away

Nawab Salimullah of Dacca→ Muslim League
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 Point Moderates Extremists
Rural & lower class
Social base Zamindars & Urban

Western thought liberty

Ideology Indian history, Culture

British are here for Rejected british thought of

Believed India’s good goodness
stayed loyal towards British Crown was unworthy of
the British claiming Indian loyalty

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 Reforms Swaraj....

Point Moderates Extremists

Constitutional Swaraj
Demande
d reforms

3P Extra constitutional
Methods
Prayers, Petition, Boycott, passive
Passing resolution resistance

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Extremists
Q. Assessment

Negatives:

1. Ideology and its functioning →lacked consistency

2. different perceptions of their goal→ Swaraj

Tilak→ Swaraj meant some sort of self-government
Aurobindo→Swaraj meant complete independence from foreign rule

3.revivalist and obscurantist undertones attached to their thoughts

Tilak's opposition to the Age of Consent Bill

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Extremists
Q. Assessment

4.Organising of Ganapati and Shivaji festivals as national

festivals→ Muslims stayed away.

Swaraj....
Positives:
raised patriotism from a level of 'academic
pastime' to one of 'service and sacrifice for the
country'

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Thank You.

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