Index Topic Coverage for UNIT 1,2

Date:29th September 2023

IoT Tutorial

o IoT Tutorial
o Advantage & Disadvantage
o Embedded Devices and System
o IoT Ecosystem
o IoT Decision Framework

Architecture & Domains

o Solution Architecture Models

o IoT - Energy Domain
o IoT - Biometric Domain
o Security Camera and Door Unlock System
o Smart Home and City
o IoT - Smart Agriculture
o IoT - Healthcare
o IoT - Transportation
o Transforming Businesses

IoT Devices

o Smarts Objects
o IoT Devices
o Major IoT Boards in Market

IoT Platforms

o IoT Platform
o ThingWorx Platform

Communication Protocols

o Data Link
 o Network Layer
o Session Layer

What is an Internet of Things (IoT)

Let's us look closely at our mobile device which contains GPS Tracking, Mobile
Gyroscope, Adaptive brightness, Voice detection, Face detection etc. These
components have their own individual features, but what about if these all
communicate with each other to provide a better environment? For example, the
phone brightness is adjusted based on my GPS location or my direction.

Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics, software, and sensors to

internet enabling to collect and exchange data without human interaction called as
the Internet of Things (IoT).

The term "Things" in the Internet of Things refers to anything and everything in day
to day life which is accessed or connected through the internet.

IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with artificial
intelligence, sensor, networking, electronic, cloud messaging etc. to deliver complete
systems for the product or services. The system created by IoT has greater
transparency, control, and performance.

As we have a platform such as a cloud that contains all the data through which we
connect all the things around us. For example, a house, where we can connect our
home appliances such as air conditioner, light, etc. through each other and all these
things are managed at the same platform. Since we have a platform, we can connect
our car, track its fuel meter, speed level, and also track the location of the car.
If there is a common platform where all these things can connect to each other
would be great because based on my preference, I can set the room temperature.
For example, if I love the room temperature to to be set at 25 or 26-degree Celsius
when I reach back home from my office, then according to my car location, my AC
would start before 10 minutes I arrive at home. This can be done through the
Internet of Things (IoT).

How does Internet of Thing (IoT) Work?

The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system (architecture). However,
the key concept of there working are similar. The entire working process of IoT starts
with the device themselves, such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic
appliances, which securely communicate with the IoT platform. The platforms collect
and analyze the data from all multiple devices and platforms and transfer the most
valuable data with applications to devices.

Features of IOT
The most important features of IoT on which it works are connectivity, analyzing,
integrating, active engagement, and many more. Some of them are listed below:
Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the
things of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud. After connecting the IoT
devices, it needs a high speed messaging between the devices and cloud to enable
reliable, secure and bi-directional communication.

Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analyzing
the data collected and use them to build effective business intelligence. If we have a
good insight into data gathered from all these things, then we call our system has a
smart system.

Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as
well.

Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of
data. For example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have going to end, then
the coffee machine itself order the coffee beans of your choice from the retailer.

Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any
change in the environment and report on their status. IoT technology brings passive
networks to active networks. Without sensors, there could not hold an effective or
true IoT environment.

Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology, product, or services to

active engagement between each other.

Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint management of all the

IoT system otherwise, it makes the complete failure of the system. For example, if a
coffee machine itself order the coffee beans when it goes to end but what happens
when it orders the beans from a retailer and we are not present at home for a few
days, it leads to the failure of the IoT system. So, there must be a need for endpoint
management.

Advantages and Disadvantages of (IoT)

Any technology available today has not reached to its 100 % capability. It always has
a gap to go. So, we can say that Internet of Things has a significant technology in a
world that can help other technologies to reach its accurate and complete 100 %
capability as well.

Let's take a look over the major, advantages, and disadvantages of the Internet of
Things.

Advantages of IoT
Internet of things facilitates the several advantages in day-to-day life in the business
sector. Some of its benefits are given below:

o Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way that
how each device work we definitely increase the efficient resource utilization
as well as monitor natural resources.
o Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and communicate with
each other and do lot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort.
o Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time.
Time is the primary factor which can save through IoT platform.
o Enhance Data Collection:
o Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are
interconnected then we can make the system more secure and efficient.

Disadvantages of IoT
As the Internet of things facilitates a set of benefits, it also creates a significant set of
challenges. Some of the IoT challenges are given below:

o Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and communicate over

networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures, and it
can be lead the various kinds of network attacks.
o Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the IoT system
provides substantial personal data in maximum detail.
o Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the
large technology to IoT system is quite complicated.

Embedded Devices (System) in (IoT)

It is essential to know about the embedded devices while learning the IoT or building
the projects on IoT. The embedded devices are the objects that build the unique
computing system. These systems may or may not connect to the Internet.

An embedded device system generally runs as a single application. However, these

devices can connect through the internet connection, and able communicate
through other network devices.
Embedded System Hardware
The embedded system can be of type microcontroller or type microprocessor. Both
of these types contain an integrated circuit (IC).

The essential component of the embedded system is a RISC family microcontroller

like Motorola 68HC11, PIC 16F84, Atmel 8051 and many more. The most important
factor that differentiates these microcontrollers with the microprocessor like 8085 is
their internal read and writable memory. The essential embedded device
components and system architecture are specified below.
Fig: Basic Embedded System

Embedded System Software

The embedded system that uses the devices for the operating system is based on the
language platform, mainly where the real-time operation would be performed.
Manufacturers build embedded software in electronics, e.g., cars, telephones,
modems, appliances, etc. The embedded system software can be as simple as
lighting controls running using an 8-bit microcontroller. It can also be complicated
software for missiles, process control systems, airplanes etc.

IoT Ecosystem
The IoT ecosystem is not easy to define. It is also difficult to capture its proper image
due to the vastness and emerging possibility and the rapidity with which it is
expanding in the entire sector. However, the IoT ecosystem is a connection of various
kind of devices that sense and analyze the data and communicates with each other
over the networks.

In the IoT ecosystem, the user uses smart devices such as smartphones, tablet,
sensors, etc. to send the command or request to devices for information over the
networks. The device response and performs the command to send information back
to the user through networks after analyzed.
The typical IoT ecosystem is shown in below image, where the smarter devices send
and receive data from the devices themselves in the environment that are integrate
over network and Cloud Computing.

The IoT is itself an ecosystem of network devices that transfer the data. It is also well
interconnected with Big Data and Cloud Computing.

o Sensing, Embedded processing, Connectivity: The IoT ecosystem senses its

surrounding like temperature, gyroscope, pressure, etc. and make the
embedded processing using devices. These devices are connected through
any type of devices such as GPS, WiFi, RFID, etc. over the networks.
o Smart devices and environment, Cloud Computing, Big Data: The data
transfer or receive through smart devices and environments are
communicated through Cloud Computing or others Servers and stored as Big
Data.
o Technology, Software, Application: The IoT ecosystem uses any of different
technologies, software and application to communicate and connect with
smart devices and environment.
o Users or groups of community: The product or services generated by the IoT
ecosystem are consumed by the users or the group of communities to serve
the smart life.
IoT Decision Framework
The IoT decision framework provides a structured approach to create a powerful IoT
product strategy. The IoT decision framework is all about the strategic decision
making. The IoT Decision Framework helps us to understand the areas where we
need to make decisions and ensures consistency across all of our strategic business
decision, technical and more.

The IoT decision framework is much more important as the product or services
communicates over networks goes through five different layers of complexity of
technology.

1. Device Hardware
2. Device Software
3. Communications
4. Cloud Platform
5. Cloud Application

Decision Area
The IoT decision framework pays attention to six key decision areas in any IoT
product. These decision areas are:

1. User Experience (UX)

2. Data
3. Business
4. Technology
5. Security
6. Standards & Regulations

Each of these decision areas is evaluated at each of the IoT Technology Stack. The
User Experience will be evaluated at Device Hardware, Device Software and so to
provide the better user experience. Then at the next step Data Decision Area, we
have to explore data considerations for all the stages of IoT Technology Stack.
Decision Area of the IoT Decision Framework

Let's see each of the Decision Area of IoT Decision Framework in detail:

1. User Experience Decision Area: This is the area where we concentrate about
who are the users, what are their requirements and how to provide a great
experience at each step of IoT stack without worrying about the technical
details.
2. Data Decision Area: In this area, we make the overall data strategy such as
the data flow over the entire IoT stack to fulfill the user's requirements.
3. Business Decision Area: Based on the previous decisions area, we make the
decision how product or services will became financial potential. At each of
the IoT Stack level are monetized about the costs of providing services.
4. Technology Decision Area: In this area, we work with the technology for
each layer to facilitate the final solution.
5. Security Decision Area: After going through the implementation of
technology it is important to decide and provide the security at each stage of
the IoT Stack.
6. Standards & Regulations Decision Area: At the last stage of IoT Decision
Area, we identify the standards and regulations of product or services that will
affect your product at each layer of the IoT Stack.

IoT Architecture
There is not such a unique or standard consensus on the Internet of Things (IoT)
architecture which is universally defined. The IoT architecture differs from their
functional area and their solutions. However, the IoT architecture technology mainly
consists of four major components:

Components of IoT Architecture

o Sensors/Devices
o Gateways and Networks
o Cloud/Management Service Layer
o Application Layer
Stages of IoT Solutions Architecture
There are several layers of IoT built upon the capability and performance of IoT
elements that provides the optimal solution to the business enterprises and end-
users. The IoT architecture is a fundamental way to design the various elements of
IoT, so that it can deliver services over the networks and serve the needs for the
future.

Following are the primary stages (layers) of IoT that provides the solution for IoT
architecture.

1. Sensors/Actuators: Sensors or Actuators are the devices that are able to emit,
accept and process data over the network. These sensors or actuators may be
connected either through wired or wireless. This contains GPS,
Electrochemical, Gyroscope, RFID, etc. Most of the sensors need connectivity
through sensors gateways. The connection of sensors or actuators can be
through a Local Area Network (LAN) or Personal Area Network.
2. Gateways and Data Acquisition: As the large numbers of data are produced
by this sensors and actuators need the high-speed Gateways and Networks to
transfer the data. This network can be of type Local Area Network (LAN such
as WiFi, Ethernet, etc.), Wide Area Network (WAN such as GSM, 5G, etc.).
3. Edge IT: Edge in the IoT Architecture is the hardware and software gateways
that analyze and pre-process the data before transferring it to the cloud. If the
data read from the sensors and gateways are not changed from its previous
reading value then it does not transfer over the cloud, this saves the data
used.
 4. Data center/ Cloud: The Data Center or Cloud comes under the Management
Services which process the information through analytics, management of
device and security controls. Beside this security controls and device
management the cloud transfer the data to the end users application such as
Retail, Healthcare, Emergency, Environment, and Energy, etc.

What are Smarts Objects in IoT

The concept of smart in IoT is used for physical objects that are active, digital,
networked, can operate to some extent autonomously, reconfigurable and has local
control of the resources. The smart objects need energy, data storage, etc.

A smart object is an object that enhances the interaction with other smart objects as
well as with people also. The world of IoT is the network of interconnected
heterogeneous objects (such as smart devices, smart objects, sensors, actuators,
RFID, embedded computers, etc.) uniquely addressable and based on standard
communication protocols.

In a day to day life, people have a lot of object with internet or wireless or wired
connection. Such as:

o Smartphone
o Tablets
o TV computer
These objects can be interconnected among them and facilitate our daily life (smart
home, smart cities) no matter the situation, localization, accessibility to a sensor, size,
scenario or the risk of danger.

Smart objects are utilized widely to transform the physical environment around us to
a digital world using the Internet of things (IoT) technologies.

A smart object carries blocks of application logic that make sense for their local
situation and interact with human users. A smart object sense, log, and interpret the
occurrence within themselves and the environment, and intercommunicate with each
other and exchange information with people.

The work of smart object has focused on technical aspects (such as software
infrastructure, hardware platforms, etc.) and application scenarios. Application areas
range from supply-chain management and enterprise applications (home and
hospital) to healthcare and industrial workplace support. As for human interface
aspects of smart-object technologies are just beginning to receive attention from the
environment.

IoT Devices
Internet of Things Devices is non-standard devices that connect wirelessly to a
network with each other and able to transfer the data. IoT devices are enlarging the
internet connectivity beyond standard devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets,
and desktops. Embedding these devices with technology enable us to communicate
and interact over the networks and they can be remotely monitored and controlled.
There are large varieties of IoT devices available based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
These devices range from wireless motes, attachable sensor-boards to interface-
board which are useful for researchers and developers.

IoT devices include computer devices, software, wireless sensors, and actuators.
These IoT devices are connected over the internet and enabling the data transfer
among objects or people automatically without human intervention.

Some of the common and popular IoT devices are given below:
Arduino Device:
Arduino devices are the microcontrollers and microcontroller kit for building digital
devices that can be sense and control objects in the physical and digital world.
Arduino boards are furnished with a set of digital and analog input/output pins that
may be interfaced to various other circuits. Some Arduino boards include USB
(Universal Serial Bus) used for loading programs from the personal computer.
Intel Galileo:
The Intel Galileo Gen 2 Board includes the parts such as Intel Quark SoC processor,
256MB RAM, multiple ports and supports for Arduino device.

Samsung Gear Fit:

A Samsung Gear Fir device is a dustproof, water-resistant with fitness tracker
features, a curved display, and long-lasting battery. This device receives alerts about
emails and text messages, and it integrates with Samsung's S Health app.
Sensor:
A sensor is a device that reads the surrounding temperature, humidity, light, air
quality control etc. There are different types of sensors available that reads different
types of data. The sensors transmit these data over the networks or through which it
is connected.

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Intelligent Beacon:

A Bluetooth low energy beacon device is used to track the object located at a real
time. Many companies use it to track the location of employees, assets, patients, and
more in real time. This service primarily focuses on manufacturing, retail, and
healthcare services.
Properties of IoT Devices
Some of the essential properties of IoT devices are mention below:

o Sense: The devices that sense its surrounding environment in the form of
temperature, movement, and appearance of things, etc.
o Send and receive data: IoT devices are able to send and receive the data over
the network connection.
o Analyze: The devices can able to analyze the data that received from the
other device over the internet networks.
o Controlled: IoT devices may control from some endpoint also. Otherwise, the
IoT devices are themselves communicate with each other endlessly leads to
the system failure.
Major IoT Boards in Market
There are several IoT boards available in the market to build the project. Some of the
major IoT Boards are described below:

Raspberry Pi:
Raspberry Pi is a much popular device used in building IoT project. The recently
launched Raspberry Pi 3 includes built-in WiFi and Bluetooth making the most
compact and standalone computer. It provides a powerful environment to install a
variety of programming packages such as Python, Node.js, LAMP stack, Java and
much more. Using 40 GPIO pins, and four USB ports you can connect many
peripherals and accessories to the Pi.

Arduino:
Arduino boards are the microcontrollers and microcontroller kit for building digital
devices that can be sense and control objects in the physical and digital world.
Arduino boards are furnished with a set of digital and analog input/output pins that
may be the interfaced to various other circuits. Some Arduino boards include USB
(Universal Serial Bus) to load programs from the personal computer.
ESP8266:
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with 32-bit microcontroller capability,
standard digital peripheral interfaces. There are different types of ESP8266 boards
are available for different needs. The primary goal of this board is to deal with the
built-in Wifi through AT commands if used as device module, but you can 'program'
using Arduino board however it also read and controls input/output, digital and
analog.
Sense HAT 8x8 RGB LED matrix:
Raspberry Pi Sense HAT is an integrated sensor that can measure humidity,
temperature, acceleration, and pressure. The 8x8 LED matrix display data read from
Raspberry Pi Sense HAT sensors. The Sense HAT has an 8×8 RGB LED matrix includes
the following sensors:

1. Gyroscope
2. Accelerometer
3. Magnetometer
4. Temperature
5. Barometric pressure
6. Humidity

Bluetooth Module HC-05:

Bluetooth Module HC-05 device is a 6 pins Bluetooth device that is used for wireless
communication. Usually, this device connects small devices like mobile phones, PDAs
and TVs using a short-range wireless connection to exchange data. It communicates
with the microcontroller using the serial port (USART).

Pin Description

o EN: It is the enable pin, when it is connected to 3.3V then model is enabled.
 o +5V: This is the supply pin for connecting +5V.
o GND: It is the ground pin.
o TX: It is the transmitter pin of the UART communication.
o RX: It is the receiver pin of UART communication.
o STATE: It indicates whether the module is connected or not. It acts as a status
indicator.

IoT - Platform
As in IoT, all the IoT devices are connected to other IoT devices and application to
transmit and receive information using protocols. There is a gap between the IoT
device and IoT application. An IoT Platform fills the gap between the devices
(sensors) and application (network). Thus we can say that an IoT platform is an
integrated service that fulfills the gap between the IoT device and application
and offers you to bring physical object online.
There are several IoT Platforms available that provides facility to deploy IoT
application actively. Some of them are listed below:

Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT platform: Amazon Web Service IoT platform
offers a set of services that connect to several devices and maintain the security as
well. This platform collects data from connected devices and performs real-time
actions.

Microsoft Azure IoT platform: Microsoft Azure IoT platform offers strong security
mechanism, scalability and easy integration with systems. It uses standard protocols
that support bi-directional communication between connected devices and platform.
Azure IoT platform has an Azure Stream Analytics that processes a large amount of
information in real-time generated by sensors. Some common features provided by
this platform are:

o Information monitoring
o A rules engine
o Device shadowing
o Identity registry

Google Cloud Platform IoT: Google Cloud Platform is a global cloud platform that
provides a solution for IoT devices and applications. It handles a large amount of
data using Cloud IoT Core by connecting various devices. It allows to apply BigQuery
analysis or to apply Machine learning on this data. Some of the features provided by
Google Cloud IoT Platform are:

o Cloud IoT Core

o Speed up IoT devices
o Cloud publisher-subscriber
o Cloud Machine Learning Engine

IBM Watson IoT platform: The IBM Watson IoT platform enables the developer to
deploy the application and building IoT solutions quickly. This platform provides the
following services:

o Real-time data exchange

o Device management
o Secure Communication
o Data sensor and weather data services

Artik Cloud IoT platform: Arthik cloud IoT platform is developed by Samsung to
enable devices to connect to cloud services. It has a set of services that continuously
connect devices to the cloud and start gathering data. It stores the incoming data
from connected devices and combines this information. This platform contains a set
of connectors that connect to third-party services.

Bosch IoT Suite:

Bosch cloud IoT Suit is based on Germany. It offers safe and reliable storing of data
on its server in Germany. This platform supports full app development from
prototype to application development.

How IoT platform help:

o IoT Platform connects sensors and devices.
o IoT platform handles different software communication protocol and
hardware.
o IoT platform provides security and authentication for sensors and users.
o It collects, visualizes, and analyzes the data gathered by the sensor and device.
ThingWorx in Internet of Things
The ThingWorx platform is a complete end-to-end technology platform that is
designed for industrial IoT. It facilitates the tools and services that are required to
develop and set-up connectivity, analysis, production of other aspects of IoT
development.

The ThingWorx IoT platform is a collection of modules that deliver the flexibility,
capability, and agility establishment required to implement IoT applications.
ThingWorx empowers businesses to develop and deploy powerful applications
rapidly and augmented reality (AR) experiences.

ThingWorx is the first platform that connects the people, systems, things, connection
operations, connected products, connected applications, etc. ThingWorx reduces the
time, cost, and risk which are required to build the IoT applications. It deploys the
application 10-time faster with model-based development.

ThingWorx allows you to deploy how you like by providing the complete application
design, runtime, and intelligent environment. The ThingWorx IoT platform also has
flexibility and scalability to adapt that application in future.
Services of the ThingWorx platform in IoT
Following are the services and benefits provided by ThingWorx in IoT:

Reason Constructed Platform

This platform specially designed to provide the functionality for the protection as
well as the scalability to develop as the commercial enterprise expands.

Development, Rapid Improvement, and Extensibility

It includes a platform module that comes together with the ThingModel. The
ThinkModel is a truthful digital illustration of items that enables experience, studies,
and quick apps delivery without any difficulty.

Flexibility

The ThingWorx platform has the flexibility to be deployed on-premises, inside the
cloud or a hybrid or both of these platforms.

Component of ThingWorx
ThingWorx offers several key components for application building. This component
includes Composer, Mashup builder, storage, search engine, collaboration, and
connectivity. The Composer provides a modeling environment for designing , and
testing. The Mashup builder is used for dashboard building through common
components such as buttons, lists, wikis, gauges, etc. ThingWorx uses a search
engine known as SQUEAL, for search, query, and analysis.
IoT Data Link Communication Protocol
The IoT Data Link communication protocol provides service to the Network Layer.
There are various protocols and standard technologies specified by the different
organization for data link protocols.

Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication network over a radio frequency.
Bluetooth is mostly integrated into smartphones and mobile devices. The Bluetooth
communication network works within 2.4 ISM band frequencies with data rate up to
3Mbps.

There are three categories of Bluetooth technology:

1. Bluetooth Classic
2. Bluetooth Low Energy
3. Bluetooth SmartReady

The features of Bluetooth 5.0 version is introduced as Bluetooth 5 which have been
developed entirely for the Internet of Things.

Properties of Bluetooth network

o Standard: Bluetooth 4.2
o Frequency: 2.4GHz
o Range: 50-150m
o Data transfer rates: 3Mbps

Advantages of Bluetooth network

o It is wireless.
o It is cheap.
o It is easy to install.
o It is free to use if the device is installed with it.

Disadvantages of Bluetooth network

o It is a short-range communication network.
 o It connects only two devices at a time.

Bluetooth Low Energy

Bluetooth low energy (BLE) is a short-range communication network protocol with
PHY (physical layer) and MAC (Medium Access Control) layer. It is designed for low-
power devices which uses less data. BLE always remain in sleep mode except when
the connection between devices is initiated and data transmission occurs, due to this
it conserves power of the device. Bluetooth low energy follows the master/slave
architecture and offers two types of frames that are adverting and data frames. Slave
node sent the advertising frame to discover one or more dedicated advertisement
channels. Master nodes sense this advertisement channels to find slaves and connect
them.

Z-Wave
Z-Wave is a wireless communication protocol with the frequency of 900MHz. The
ranges of Z-Wave lies between 30 meters to 100 meters with the data transfer rate of
100kbps so that it is suitable for small messages in IoT applications for home
automation. This communication protocol operates on mesh network architecture
with one and several secondary controllers.
Properties of Z-Wave protocol
o Standard: Z-Wave Alliance ZAD12837 / ITU-T G.9959
o Frequency: 908.42GHz
o Range: 30-100m
o Data transfer rate: 100kbps

Advantages of Z-Wave protocol

o Low power consumption
o Remote or local control
o Simple installation
o Interoperability

Application of Z-Wave protocol

o Smart product and IoT based application
o Energy saving
o Home security

ZigBee Smart Energy

ZigBee is a low power, low data rate wireless personal area network communication
protocol. It is mostly used in home automation and industrial settings. Since ZigBee
is a low power communication protocol, the IoT power devices used with ZigBee
technology. The ZigBee communication protocol is based on the IEEE 802.15.4
standard operating at the 2.4GHz frequency. The ZigBee protocol supports star,
cluster or wireless mesh technology topology.

ZigBee uses the following devices in its network:

o Zigbee Coordinator
o Zigbee End Device
o Zigbee Router

Properties of ZigBee protocol

o Standard: ZigBee 3.0 based on IEEE802.15.4
o Frequency: 2.4GHz
o Range: 10-100m
o Data transfer rate: 250kbps

Advantages of ZigBee protocol

o Wireless
o Mesh networking
o Direct communication
o Low power consumption

Disadvantages of ZigBee protocol

 o Costly
o Works with low speed within a small distance

Application of ZigBee protocol

o Commercial and residential control
o Personal and healthcare
o Home networking
o Industrial control and management
o Consumer electronics

LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN refers to Long Rage Wide Area Network which is a wide area network
protocol. It is an optimized low-power consumption protocol design to support
large-scale public networks with millions of low-power devices. A single operator
operates the LoRaWAN. The LoRaWAN network is a bi-directional communication for
IoT application with low cost, mobility, and security.

Properties of LoRaWAN protocol

o Standard: LoRaWAN
o Frequency: Various
o Range: 2-5km (urban environment), 15km (suburban environment)
o Data Rates: 0.3-50 kbps.

IoT Network Layer Protocols

The network layer is divided into two sublayers: routing layer which handles the
transfer of packets from source to destination, and an encapsulation layer that forms
the packets.

RPL Protocol
RPL stands for Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Network. It is a distance-
vector protocol that supports a varity of Data Link Protocols. RPL builds
a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) which has only one route
from each leaf node to the root. All the traffic in this DODAG is routed through the
root. Initially, each node sends a DODAG Information Object (DIO) announcing them
self as a root. This information travels in the network, and complete DODAG is
gradually built. When a new node wants to join the network, it sends a DODAG
Information Solicitation (DIS) request and root responds back with a DAO
Acknowledgment (DAO-ACK) confirming the join.

CORPL Protocol
CORPL protocol is the extension of the RPL protocol, which is termed as cognitive
RPL. This network protocol is designed for cognitive networks and uses DODAG
topology. CORPL protocol makes two new modifications in the RPL protocol. It uses
opportunistic forwarding to forward a packet between the nodes. Each node of
CORPL protocol keeps the information of forwarding set rather than parents only
maintaining it. Each node updates its changes to its neighbor using DIO messages.
On the basis of this updated message, each node frequently updates its neighbor for
constant forwarder set.

CARP Protocol
CARP (Channel-Aware Routing Protocol) is a distributed routing protocol. It is
designed for underwater communication. It has lightweight packets so that it can be
used for Internet of Things (IoT). It performs two different functionalities: network
initialization and data forwarding. CARP protocol does not support previously
collected data. Hence, it is not beneficial for those IoT or other application where
data is changed frequently. The upgradation of CARP is done in E-CARP which
overcomes the limitation of CARP. The E-CARP allows the sink node to save
previously received sensory data.

6LoWPAN
The 6LoWPAN protocol refers to IPv6 Low Power Personal Area Network which
uses a lightweight IP-based communication to travel over low data rate networks. It
has limited processing ability to transfer information wirelessly using an internet
protocol. So, it is mainly used for home and building automation. The 6LoWPAN
protocol operates only within the 2.4 GHz frequency range with 250 kbps transfer
rate. It has a maximum length of 128-bit header packets.

6LowPAN Security Measure

Security is a major issue for 6LowPAN communication Protocol. There are several
attacks issues at the security level of 6LoWPAN which aim is to direct destruction of
the network. Since it is the combination of two systems, so, there is a possibility of
attack from two sides that targets all the layer of the 6LoWPAN stack (Physical layer,
Data link layer, Adaptation layer, Network layer, Transport layer, Application layer).

Properties of 6LowPAN protocol

o Standard: RFC6282
o Frequency: Used over a variety of other networking media including
Bluetooth Smart (2.4GHz) or ZigBee or low-power RF (sub-1GHz)
o Range: NA
o Data Rates: NA

IoT Session Layer Protocols

The session layer protocols review standards and protocols for message passing.
Different standardization organizations introduce the IoT session layer protocols.
There are different types of session layer protocol available with different
functionality and range. MQTT and CoAP provide these needs through small
message sizes, message management, and lightweight message overhead.

MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)

MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is a messaging protocol which was
introduced by IBM in 1999. It was initially built for monitoring sensor node and
faraway tracking in IoT. Its suits are small, cheap, low-memory and low-power
devices. MQTT provides embedded connectivity between applications and
middleware in one side and another side it connects networks and communicators.

MQTT protocol is based on publish/subscribe architecture. The publish/subscribe

architecture consists of three major components: publishers, subscribers, and a
broker. According to IoT point of view, publishers are lightweight sensor devices that
send their data to connected broker and goes back to sleep whenever possible.
Subscribers are applications, which are interested in a certain topic or sensory data,
so they are connected to brokers to be informed whenever new data are received.
The broker receives the sensory data and filters them in different topics and sends
them to subscribers according to interest in the topics.
SMQTT (Secure Message Queue Telemetry
Transport)
SMQTT (Secure Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is an extension of MQTT
protocol which uses encryption based on lightweight attribute encryption. The main
advantage of this encryption is that it has a broadcast encryption feature. In this
features, one message is encrypted and delivered to multiple other nodes. The
process of message transfer and receiving consists of four major stages:

1. Setup: In this phase, the publishers and subscribers register themselves to the
broker and get a secret master key.
2. Encryption: When the data is published to broker, it is encrypted by broker.
3. Publish: The broker publishes the encrypted message to the subscribers.
4. Decryption: Finally the received message is decrypted by subscribers with the
same master key.

SMQTT is proposed only to enhance MQTT security feature.

CoAP
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is a session layer protocol that provides
the RESTful (HTTP) interface between HTTP client and server. It is designed by IETF
Constrained RESTful Environment (CoRE) working group. It is designed to use devices
on the same constrained network between devices and general nodes on the
Internet. CoAP enables low-power sensors to use RESTful services while meeting their
low power constraints. This protocol is specially built for IoT systems primarily based
on HTTP protocols.

This network is used within the limited network or in a constrained environment. The
whole architecture of CoAP consists of CoAP client, CoAP server, REST CoAP proxy,
and REST internet.

The data is sent from CoAP clients (such as smartphones, RFID sensors, etc.) to the
CoAP server and the same message is routed to REST CoAP proxy. The REST CoAP
proxy interacts outside the CoAP environment and uploads the data over REST
internet.

DDS
DDS (Data Distribution Service) is a middleware (sometimes called machine-to-
machine (M2M)) communication protocol. It is implemented by the Object
Management Group (OMG) standard for the real-time system with high speed and
high-performance, scalable, dependable, and interoperable data exchange. This
communication protocol is based on a publish-subscribe pattern for sending and
receiving data, events, and commands among the nodes.

The DDS protocol has two main layers:

o Data-Centric Publish-Subscribe (DCPS): This layer delivers the information

to subscribers.
o Data-Local Reconstruction Layer (DLRL): This layer provides an interface to
DCPS functionalities, permitting the sharing of distributed data amongst IoT
enabled objects.