INSTITUTE NAME : UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB

DEPARTMENT NAME : BS COMPUTER SCIENCE

SECTION NAME : BS-CS-A

TITLE : THE PENAL SHARI’AH

PRESENTED TO : PROF. MARYAM GHAZI
PRESENTED BY : MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM (080)
SHEHREYAR MAJEED (164)
ABDULLAH KHALID (165)

PREFACE:
Religion and politics have a deep-rooted and complex relationship in many societies around the
world. It is indeed a fascinating topic of study, as the interplay between these two domains
significantly shapes the dynamics of a nation-state.
This project presentation report delves into the multifaceted nature of how religion and politics
blend within the state. By examining historical events, constitutional frameworks, political
ideologies, and societal dynamics, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
intricate connections between religion and politics within a state.
This project presentation will also Pakistan’s politics and religion, Pakistan has often been
described as an Islamic Republic, where religion plays a central role in shaping its political
landscape. We recognize that the intertwining of religion and politics in Pakistan is a complex
phenomenon, influenced by a range of factors such as historical context, societal dynamics, and
regional dynamics.
Throughout this report, we will explore various aspects, including the historical background of
the relationship between religion and politics in Pakistan, the impact of Islamization policies on
governance and legislation, the role of religious parties in the political process, and the
challenges and prospects surrounding the separation of religion and state..
While conducting this research, we have tried to maintain an objective and balanced approach,
acknowledging the diverse perspectives and interpretations that exist within Pakistani society. It
is important to note that our aim is not to pass judgments or advocate for any particular stance
but to present a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, supported by empirical
evidence and scholarly insights.
We sincerely hope that this project presentation report serves as a valuable resource and
stimulates meaningful conversations on how religion and politics blend within the state of
Pakistan.

ACKNOELEDGEMENT:
Many people assisted us in successfully finishing this project. We would like to express our
gratitude to all the individuals who have contributed to this project, including (Ma’am Shazia)
and administration of (University of Central Punjab) who provided us the platform and our
professor and mentor (Prof. Maryam Ghazi) who’s invaluable insights and support have greatly
enriched the quality and scope of this report.

DEDICATION:
We would like to dedicate our project to our most respectable and responsible Prof.Maryam
Ghazi.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:

 MUHARABAH AND SPREADING ANARCHY

 MURDER INJURY

 THEFT

 FORNICATION

 QADHF
 Introduction :
Religion and politics are two powerful forces that have always played integral roles in the
shaping of societies throughout history. Both influence the beliefs, values, and behaviors
of individuals and communities. The intricate relationship between religion and politics
has spawned profound philosophical debates, social tensions, and significant changes in
political systems. This note aims to explore the complex interplay between religion and
politics, highlighting their impact on one another and society at large.

Religion, broadly defined, encompasses a system of beliefs, rituals, and practices

that often involve the worship of a higher power or Supreme Being. It provides
individuals with a moral framework, guiding principles, and a sense of purpose.
Religion plays a crucial role in shaping personal identity, ethical values, and
worldview. It can influence how individuals perceive social issues, interact with
others, and participate in political activities.

On the other hand, politics refers to the distribution, exercise, and organization of
power within a society. It involves the decision-making processes, laws, institutions,
and systems that govern the actions of individuals and groups. Politics influences
how resources are allocated, how conflicts are managed, and how public policies are
made. It serves as a mechanism for organizing societies and shaping their direction.

Religion and politics often intersect as religious beliefs and values can greatly impact
political ideologies, policies, and governance. Religion has historically been used to
legitimize political authority and justify power structures. Many ancient civilizations
believed in the divine right of kings, where rulers claimed their authority from a higher
power. These religious justifications have influenced the development of monarchies,
theocracies, and other forms of government.

Throughout history, religious institutions have played significant roles in political affairs.
Clerics, religious leaders, or religiously-affiliated organizations often exercise
considerable influence over governance and policy decisions. They can mobilize their
followers, advocate for specific causes, and shape public opinion. Religious figures have
been influential in promoting social justice, human rights, and peace, as well as in
inciting conflict and promoting discrimination.

Religious beliefs and values can inspire political movements and ideologies. In different
corners of the world, religiously-motivated political movements have shaped national and
international discourse. For example, the role of religion has been crucial in anti-
apartheid movements in South Africa, the civil rights movement in the United States, and
the struggle for independence in India. Religious values can inform political debates on
issues such as abortion, euthanasia, same-sex marriage, and access to healthcare.

However, the relationship between religion and politics is not always harmonious. It can
lead to conflicts and tensions, particularly when different religious groups or sects have
differing political goals or divergent interpretations of religious doctrines. The
intersection of religious identities with political power can result in discrimination,
persecution, and violence.

Moreover, secularism has emerged in many societies as an alternative approach,

advocating for the separation of religion and politics. Secularism seeks to create a space
where diverse religious beliefs can coexist peacefully, protecting the individual's right to
freedom of religion while maintaining the neutrality of the state. This approach aims to
minimize the influence of religion on political decision-making, ensuring equal rights and
opportunities for all citizens, irrespective of their religious beliefs or practices.

Religion and politics are deeply interconnected, influencing and shaping one another in
complex ways. Religion provides the moral and ethical foundations that guide political
ideologies and policies. At the same time, politics influences religious institutions,
practices, and freedoms. The nature of this relationship differs across cultures, time
periods, and political systems. Understanding the dynamics between religion and politics
is crucial for comprehending the complexities of societies and ensuring a fair and
inclusive public sphere

Historical Perspective:
The blending of religion and politics within a state is a complex and fascinating
phenomenon that has occurred throughout history. While it may take more than 1000
words to fully explore this intricate relationship, we can provide a general understanding
of its historical perspective.
Religion and politics have often been intertwined due to their shared influence over
society. The justification for this blending has varied across different eras, cultures, and
religions. In some cases, rulers have used religion to legitimize their authority and
enhance social cohesion. In others, religious leaders have played an active role in shaping
political structures and decision-making processes. Let's explore some examples from
various historical periods.

Ancient Mesopotamia, often referred to as the cradle of civilization, provides an early

example of the close interaction between religion and politics. Cities such as Babylon and
Assyria had theocratic systems where rulers were often regarded as divine representatives
and their power derived from gods. These rulers used religion as a means to maintain
social order and justify their rule, further solidifying the connection between religion and
politics.

Moving forward, ancient Egypt had a similar arrangement with the pharaohs, who were
considered divine figures and religious leaders. They ruled not only as political leaders
but also as high priests and custodians of religious rituals and temples. The close
relationship between religion and politics in Egypt was a vital aspect of maintaining
social stability and the belief in cosmic harmony.

During the middle Ages in Europe, Christianity played a central role in shaping political
systems. The Holy Roman Empire, for example, fused religious and political authority
under the rule of the emperor. The Church, represented by the Pope, was considered the
ultimate spiritual authority and had significant influence over political affairs. This
symbiotic relationship between the Church and the State gave rise to conflicts and power
struggles, such as the Investiture Controversy in the 11th and 12th centuries.

The Islamic civilization provides another notable example of the blending of religion and
politics. Right from its inception, Islam established a political system with the Prophet
Muhammad as both a religious and political leader. The caliphs that succeeded him
inherited this dual role, leading to the establishment of religiously based political
institutions such as the caliphate. Islamic law, also known as Sharia, has historically
guided both religious and political life in Muslim-ruled regions, blurring the lines
between religion and politics.

In more recent times, the Protestant Reformation in Europe brought about significant
changes in the blend of religion and politics. With the emergence of Protestant
denominations, religious leaders gained greater autonomy from centralized religious
authority. This, in turn, led to the rise of more secular forms of governance, as seen in the
development of nation-states where political power was less closely associated with a
specific religious affiliation.
Even today, the interplay of religion and politics continues to shape many countries.
Nations like Iran, with its system of governance based on the concept of Velayat-e Faqih
(Guardianship of the Jurist), illustrate the intricate relationship between religion and
politics. In this system, religious leadership holds significant influence and authority over
political decision-making.

The blending of religion and politics within a state has been a recurring theme throughout
history. From ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt to the Islamic caliphates
and European monarchies, religion has often been utilized to legitimize political power
and maintain social order. The extent of this blending has varied, influenced by factors
such as cultural traditions, religious doctrines, and the emergence of alternative political
ideologies. Understanding the historical perspective on religion and politics allows us to

better appreciate the complexities of governance and its ties to societal belief system.

Theoretical Framework:
Religion and politics are two prominent and interconnected aspects of society.
Throughout history, states have grappled with the complex relationship between these
two forces. The blend of religion and politics within a state framework refers to the
interaction and integration of religious beliefs, institutions, and practices with political
structures and governance. This blend can take various forms depending on the historical,
cultural, and social context of a particular state.
When discussing the blend of religion and politics within a state, it is essential to
recognize that different states adopt different approaches. Some states adopt a secular
framework, where religion is kept separate from political affairs. On the other hand, other
states may establish a religious state, where religion plays a central role in governance
and decision
making processes. Furthermore, there are states that strike a balance between these two
approaches, allowing for religious beliefs to coexist alongside political institutions.

Historically, many ancient civilizations integrated religious concepts and practices into
their political structures. In ancient Egypt, for example, the pharaoh was seen as a divine
ruler, connecting the spiritual realm with earthly governance. Similarly, in ancient India,
the concept of "dharma" emphasized the harmony between religious duties and
governance, as rulers were expected to uphold moral and ethical principles.

In the medieval era, the relationship between religion and politics took on new
dimensions with the emergence of powerful religious institutions like the Catholic
Church in Europe. The papacy exerted significant influence over political matters, with
religious leaders often dictating the actions of monarchs. This intertwining of religious
authority and political power led to conflicts, such as the Investiture Controversy, where
secular and religious leaders clashed over the appointment of bishops.

Moving into the modern era, the Enlightenment and the subsequent rise of liberal
ideologies introduced new notions of individual rights, freedom of conscience, and the
separation of church and state. These ideas laid the foundation for the secular framework
found in many democratic societies today. In secular states, religion is not given
preferential treatment, and the government maintains a neutral stance towards religious
beliefs. This framework aims to ensure freedom of religion and protect the rights of
individuals, regardless of their faith or lack thereof.

However, it is important to note that even in secular states, religion continues to play a
significant role in the lives of individuals and communities. People's religious beliefs
often influence their values, morals, and political opinions. As citizens, they have the
right to engage in political discourse and advocate for policies aligned with their religious
convictions. Therefore, although the state itself may be secular, the religious views of its
citizens can still impact the political landscape.

In contrast, there are states that adopt a religious state framework, where religion is
closely intertwined with governance and law. These states often derive their legal
systems from religious texts or establish religious leaders as authorities in matters of law
and morality. Examples of religious states include Saudi Arabia, where Islamic law, or
Sharia, influences the legal system, and Iran, which is based on the principles of Shia
Islam.
In these religious states, religious institutions and clergy exercise significant influence
over politics. The blending of religion and politics can manifest in various ways, such as
the codification of religious laws, the establishment of religious institutions to provide
social services, or the inclusion of religious principles in the country's constitution.

While a religious state can provide a sense of identity and cohesion for its citizens, it can
also present challenges. The imposition of religious beliefs and practices on non-
adherents can infringe upon individual freedoms and create divisions within society.
Therefore, it is crucial to strike a balance between religious values and the rights of
individuals to ensure inclusivity and protect the diversity of beliefs within a state.

The blend of religion and politics within a state framework is a complex and multifaceted
phenomenon. Different states adopt different approaches, ranging from secularism, where
religion is separate from politics, to religious states, where religion plays a prominent role
in governance. The historical and cultural context of each state shapes the extent to which
religion influences the political landscape. Balancing the religious beliefs of the citizens
with individual rights and freedoms is an ongoing challenge that states must grapple with
in order to maintain stability, inclusivity, and respect for diverse beliefs.

Things for General Case study for the perspective of blending

of religion and politics:
Religion and politics have been intertwined throughout human history, often shaping the
course of nations and influencing societal norms. This case study explores how religion
and politics blended within a state, examining the ways in which religious beliefs and
political structures coalesce to impact governance and individual freedoms. Focusing on a
specific state, this study aims to illustrate the complexities and consequences of this
interconnection.

State Background:
For the purposes of this case study, we will examine the historical context of the fictional
state of, which existed during the 17th century., a country with a diverse religious
landscape, was situated in a politically fragmented region. Multiple religious sects held
significant influence within the state, with each seeking to promote their respective
beliefs and exercise authority over governance.

Religious Influence on Political Structures:

In, religious institutions played an integral role in shaping political structures. The state
adopted a theocratic form of governance, where religious leaders held substantial power
and influence. The clergy not only provided spiritual guidance but also served as advisors
to the ruling monarch. They played a crucial role in shaping policy decisions, which were
often made in line with religious doctrine. Consequently, religious authorities played a
significant role in the appointment of government officials, ensuring that those who
shared their beliefs were in positions of power.

Impact on Governance:
The meshing of religion and politics in had a profound effect on governance. Policies and
laws were often heavily influenced by religious doctrines and moral codes, resulting in a
state with tight regulations on social behavior and personal liberties. For instance, laws
were enacted to control matters such as marriage, education, and public morality, all of
which were strictly governed by religious principles.

Religious Freedom and Tolerance:

However, the dominance of one religious group led to challenges in ensuring religious
freedom and tolerance for minority sects. While political system aimed to promote the
dominant faith, this often resulted in the marginalization and persecution of religious
minorities. Freedom of worship and expression were limited, and individuals found it
challenging to practice their beliefs openly without fear of retribution or discrimination.
This lack of tolerance contributed to social unrest and occasional violent conflicts within
the state.

Political Conflicts:
The convergence of religion and politics in state did not eliminate political conflicts;
rather, it amplified them along religious lines. Different religious factions vied for power
and influence, leading to power struggles, conspiracies, and even armed conflicts. The
competition for control over political institutions resulted in a fragmented political
landscape, impeding efficient governance and hindering societal progress.

Economic Implications:
The blending of religion and politics also had significant economic implications within
state. Religious institutions owned substantial land and wealth, relying on contributions
from their followers. Consequently, the state heavily depended on religious institutions
for economic support, leading to a close symbiotic relationship between the two entities.
However, this also meant that economic decisions were often influenced by religious
doctrines rather than practical considerations.

The case study illustrates the complexities and consequences of the blend between
religion and politics within a state. The intermingling of religious beliefs and political
structures influenced governance, individual freedoms, social dynamics, and economic
decisions. While it provided a sense of moral guidance for the state, it also restricted
personal liberties and led to conflicts along religious lines. This case study serves as a
reminder that finding a balance between religious principles and political governance is
essential for a state's stability, progress, and the well-being of its citizens.
Blending of Religion and Politics in Pakistan
The blending of religion and politics has played a significant role in
shaping the socio-political landscape of Pakistan since its inception in
1947. Pakistan, as an Islamic republic, was founded with the objective
of providing a separate homeland for Muslims of the Indian
subcontinent based on religious identity. As a result, religion,
particularly Islam, has remained a key factor in the politics of the
country. This essay aims to provide a detailed examination of the blending of religion and
politics in Pakistan, exploring its historical roots, key manifestations, consequences, and
contemporary challenges.

Historical Roots:
The historical roots of the blending of religion and politics in Pakistan can be traced back
to the vision of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, who sought to establish
an Islamic state that ensures equal rights for all religious communities. However,
conflicting interpretations of Islam and the diverse religious composition of the country
soon gave rise to challenges, leading to the proliferation of religious political parties.

Manifestations of Blending Religion and Politics:

1. Islamic Ideology:
The blending of religion and politics is manifested through the Islamic ideology
enshrined in Pakistan's Constitution. The Objectives Resolution of 1949 established
Islam as the state religion, making religion an integral part of the country's political
structure.

2. Religious Political Parties:

Throughout Pakistan's history, religious political parties have played a significant
role in the political landscape. Parties such as the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI),
Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), and Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP) actively participate in
elections and advocate for the implementation of Islamic laws.

3. Islamization Policies:
Various governments in Pakistan have implemented Islamization policies, aiming to
Islamize the legal system and social practices. The Zia-ul-Haq regime (1977-1988)
intensified this process through the promulgation of Islamic laws, such as the Hudood
Ordinance and the blasphemy law.

Consequences of Blending Religion and Politics

1. Polarization:
The blending of religion and politics in Pakistan has led to societal polarization along
religious lines. The emphasis on Islamic identity has resulted in a perception of
religious superiority among some groups, leading to marginalization and
discrimination against religious minorities.

2. Legislation and Governance:

The influence of religious actors has significantly impacted legislation and
governance. Religious political parties often push for the implementation of strict
Islamic laws, affecting personal freedom, women's rights, and minority rights.

3. Sectarian Conflict:
The intertwining of politics with religious identity has exacerbated sectarian tensions
within the country. Pakistan has witnessed numerous instances of violence and
conflicts between different sects, particularly Sunni-Shia conflicts.
:
4. International Perception:
The blending of religion and politics also affects Pakistan's international reputation.
The use of religion for political purposes has led to concerns about the country's
commitment to human rights, religious freedom, and its impact on regional stability.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the relationship between religion and politics remains a complex and
evolving topic, both globally and within the specific context of Pakistan. Throughout
history, religion has played a significant role in shaping political dynamics, with states
adopting different approaches to accommodate religious beliefs and practices. In
Pakistan, a country founded on the ideology of Islam, the blending of religion and politics
is particularly evident.

On a global scale, the interaction between religion and politics is diverse. Some countries
adopt a secular approach, while others have a close intertwining of religion and
governance. In any case, religion continues to influence political decision-making,
shaping policies and societal dynamics. The motives for blending religion and politics
vary, ranging from the desire to establish a moral framework to fostering national unity
and identity. However, the entanglement of religion and politics can also lead to
challenges, such as the potential infringement of human rights or the exclusion of
minority groups.

Within the specific context of Pakistan, religion has played a foundational role since the
country's inception. The concept of a separate Muslim state emerged from the demand for
a political entity that could safeguard the rights and interests of Muslims in the Indian
subcontinent. Islam was thus envisaged as a unifying force, providing the basis for a
shared identity. Over the years, this has resulted in the blending of religion and politics,
with the state adopting policies rooted in Islamic principles.

The Constitution of Pakistan, for instance, declares Islam as the state religion and seeks
to establish a society based on Islamic principles. The political sphere is deeply
influenced by religious considerations, with religious parties participating in the electoral
process and advocating for the implementation of Islamic laws. This religious
involvement in politics has often resulted in tensions and debates over the interpretation
and implementation of Sharia.

The intertwining of religion and politics in Pakistan has both positive and negative
implications. On the positive side, religion can provide a sense of identity, unity, and
moral guidance to the nation. It can serve as a source of inspiration for positive social
change and contribute to the well-being of society. Moreover, religious leaders often play
a pivotal role in promoting social welfare initiatives and charitable activities.

However, the blending of religion and politics also presents challenges. It can lead to the
exclusion of minority communities, limiting their political representation and rights. The
imposition of particular religious interpretations can stifle diversity and restrict personal
freedoms. Balancing the rights and freedoms of individuals with religious considerations
is an ongoing challenge in the Pakistani context, and finding a middle ground remains
crucial for a harmonious society.

Moving forward, it is important for Pakistani society to engage in respectful dialogue and
critical thinking on the relationship between religion and politics. This entails creating
space for diverse perspectives and actively involving all segments of society, including
minority groups, in decision-making processes. Striking a balance between religious
values, democratic principles, and human rights is essential for the progress and well-
being of the country.

While the blending of religion and politics holds a specific significance in Pakistan, it
remains a topic of global relevance. Understanding the complexities and nuances of this
relationship can offer insights into the challenges and opportunities that arise when
religion and politics intersect. By fostering open and inclusive discussions, societies can
navigate this intricate terrain, forging a path that respects religious beliefs while
upholding democratic values and human rights. Ultimately, the aim should be to create a
society that embraces diversity, promotes peace, and ensures the welfare of all its
citizens.

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