A Laboratory Manual for

Analog Circuit Design

(3141002)

B.E. Semester IV
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)

Directorate of Technical Education,

Gandhinagar, Gujarat
 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
GANDHINAGAR
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ___________________________________,
Enrollment No. _______________ of B.E. Semester IV Electronics &
Communication Engineering of Government Engineering College,
Gandhinagar (GTU Code: 13 ) has satisfactorily completed the Practical work
for the subject Analog Circuit Design (3141002) for the academic year
2023-24.

Place: __________
Date: __________

Name and Sign of Faculty member

Name and Sign of Head of the Department

Analog Circuit Design (3141002)

Preface

Main motto of any laboratory/practical/field work is for enhancing required skills as well as
creating ability amongst students to solve real time problem by developing relevant
competencies in psychomotor domain. By keeping in view, GTU has designed competency
focused outcome-based curriculum for engineering degree programs where sufficient weightage
is given to practical work. It shows importance of enhancement of skills amongst the students
and it pays attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst students,
instructors and faculty members to achieve relevant outcomes by performing the experiments
rather than having merely study type experiments. It is must for effective implementation of
competency focused outcome-based curriculum that every practical is keenly designed to serve
as a tool to develop and enhance relevant competency required by the various industry among
every student. These psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop through traditional chalk
and board content delivery method in the classroom. Accordingly, this lab manual is designed
to focus on the industry defined relevant outcomes, rather than old practice of conducting
practical to prove concept and theory.

By using this lab manual students can go through the relevant theory and procedure in advance
before the actual performance which creates an interest and students can have basic idea prior to
performance. This in turn enhances pre-determined outcomes amongst students. Each
experiment in this manual begins with competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes as
well as practical outcomes (objectives). The students will also achieve safety and necessary
precautions to be taken while performing practical.

This manual also provides guidelines to faculty members to facilitate student centric lab
activities through each experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that
the students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve the
outcomes. It also gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing rubrics.

Engineering Thermodynamics is the fundamental course which deals with various forms of
energy and their conversion from one to the another. It provides a platform for students to
demonstrate first and second laws of thermodynamics, entropy principle and concept of exergy.
Students also learn various gas and vapor power cycles and refrigeration cycle. Fundamentals of
combustion are also learnt.

Utmost care has been taken while preparing this lab manual however always there is chances of
improvement. Therefore, we welcome constructive suggestions for improvement and removal
of errors if any.
Analog Circuit Design (3141002)

Rubrics
Rubrics Need
Criteria Marks Good(2) Satisfactory(1)
ID Improvement(0)

Moderate (50-
RB1 Regularity 05 High(>75%) Poor(<50%)
75%)
Apt & Full Limited
Problem Very Less
Identification Identification
Understanding Identification of
of the of the
& the Problem /
RB2 05 Problem Problem /
Implementation Very Less
& Complete Incomplete
of the Solution Solution for the
Solution for Solution for
in Simulator Problem
the Problem the Problem
Correct Partially Correct Incorrect
Testing of the
RB3 05 Solution as Solution for the solution for the
Solution
required Problem problem

RB4 Documentation 03 Excellent Above Average Below Average

Very few
All questions Delayed &
questions
RB5 Mock viva test 02 responded partially correct
answered
Correctly response
correctly
Analog Circuit Design (3141002)

Practical – Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

1. To analyse transistor circuits at high-frequency as well as various
application circuits such as Oscillator, Differential Amplifier, etc.
2. To analyse various feedback topologies.
3. To analyse and design various application circuits using op-amp and 555
timers including active filters.
4. To analyse various power amplifier circuits and power supply regulator.
5. To analyse operation of PLL and other specialized application circuits.
Sr. CO CO CO CO CO
Objective(s) of Experiment
No. 1 2 3 4 5
To Design and realize Inverting and Non Inverting
1. √ √ √
amplifier using IC741 Op-amp.
(A) To Design and verify the operations of op amp
2. adder (summing) and subtractor circuit using IC741 √ √ √
Op-amp.
To Design and verify the operation of a
3. differentiator and Integrator circuits using op amp √ √ √
IC741.
To design and verify the operation of RC phase shift
4. oscillator. √ √ √

To design and verify the operation of Colpitt

5. √ √ √
oscillator using simulator.
To design and verify the operation of Hartley
6. √ √ √
oscillator using simulator.
To design and verify the operation of a precision
7. √ √ √
Half wave rectifier using op amp IC741.
To design and verify the operation of a Schmitt
8. √ √ √
trigger circuit using op amp IC741
To design and verify the operation of monostable
9. √
multivibrator circuit using IC 555 (Timer IC).
To design and verify the operation of astable
10. √
multivibrator circuit using IC 555 (Timer IC).
To obtain the response of 1st order Butterworth
11. √
Low Pass Filter.
To obtain the response of 1st order Butterworth
12. √
High Pass Filter.
To design and implement a circuit for any real life
13. application/problem solution with Op Amp IC or √ √ √ √ √
IC 555 (Timer IC).
Analog Circuit Design (3141002)

Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant competencies are expected to be developed in the student by
undertaking the practical work of this laboratory.
1. Hardware design and implementation of analog circuits.
2. Simulation design and implementation of analog circuits.

Guidelines for Faculty members

1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students
with all features.
2. Teacher shall explain basic concepts/theory related to the experiment to the students
before starting of each practical
3. Involve all the students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the
students and ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in the
students after the completion of the experimentation.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on experience after the
demonstration.
6. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not
covered in the manual but are expected from the students by concerned industry.
7. Give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task
assigned to check whether it is as per the instructions or not.
8. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum of the course and follow the
guidelines for implementation.

Instructions for Students

1. Students are expected to carefully listen to all the theory classes delivered by the faculty
members and understand the COs, content of the course, teaching and examination
scheme, skill set to be developed etc.
2. Students shall organize the work in the group and make record of all observations.
3. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
4. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
5. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. apart from
those included in scope of manual.
6. Student shall refer technical magazines and data books.
7. Student should develop a habit of submitting the experimentation work as per the schedule
and s/he should be well prepared for the same.
8. Students must implement all the circuits in simulation like multisim along with the
hardware implementations.

Common Safety Instructions

1. Students are expected to use electrical equipments carefully.
 Analog Circuit Design (3141002)

Index
(Progressive Assessment Sheet)

Sr. Objective(s) of Experiment Page Date of Date of Assessme Sign. of Remar

No. No. perform submiss nt Teacher ks
ance ion Marks with date
1 To Design and realize Inverting and Non
Inverting amplifier using IC741 Op-amp.
2 To Design and verify the operations of op
amp adder (summing) and subtractor circuit
using IC741 Op-amp.
3 To Design and verify the operation of a
differentiator and Integrator circuits using
op amp IC741.
4 To design and verify the operation of RC
phase shift oscillator.

5 To design and verify the operation of Colpitt

oscillator using simulator.
6 To design and verify the operation of
Hartley oscillator using simulator.
7 To design and verify the operation of a
precision Half wave rectifier using op amp
IC741.
To design and verify the operation of a
8
Schmitt trigger circuit using op amp IC741
To design and verify the operation of
9 monostable multivibrator circuit using IC
555 (Timer IC).
To design and verify the operation of
10 astable multivibrator circuit using IC 555
(Timer IC).
To obtain the response of 1st order
11
Butterworth Low Pass Filter.
To obtain the response of 1st order
12
Butterworth High Pass Filter.
To design and implement a circuit for any
13 real life application/problem solution with
Op Amp IC or IC 555 (Timer IC).
Total
 Experiment No: 01
To Design and realize Inverting and Non Inverting amplifier using IC - 741
Op-amp.
Date:

Relevant CO: CO1, CO2, CO3

Objectives:
(a) To measure the gain of inverting and non-inverting op-amp amplifier.
(b) To find bandwidth of inverting and non- inverting op-amp amplifier.

Equipment/Instruments: Op-amp, Resistors, Variable Power supply, Function generator, CRO.

Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, connecting wires and probes.

Theory: Inverting Amplifier: An inverting amplifier using op-amp is a type of amplifier using
OPAMP where the output waveform will be phase opposite to the input waveform. The input
waveform will be amplifier by the factor Av (voltage gain of the amplifier) in magnitude and its
phase will be inverted. In the inverting amplifier circuit the signal to be amplified is applied to the
inverting input of the op-amp through the input resistance R1. Rf is the feedback resistor. Rf and
Rin together determine the gain of the amplifier. Inverting operational amplifier gain can be
expressed using the equation Av = – Rf/R1. Negative sign implies that the output signal is
negated. The circuit diagram of a basic inverting amplifier using op-amp is shown below.

The input and output waveforms of an inverting amplifier using OPAMP is shown below. The
graph is drawn assuming that the gain (Av) of the amplifier is 2 and the input signal is a sine
wave. It is clear from the graph that the output is twice in magnitude when compared to the input
(Vout = Av x Vin) and phase opposite to the input.

Practical inverting amplifier using IC741.

A simple practical inverting amplifier using IC741 IC is shown below. uAIC741 is a high
performance and of course the most popular operational amplifier. It can be used in a verity of
applications like integrator, differentiator, voltage follower; amplifier etc. uAIC741 has a wide
supply voltage range (+/-22V DC) and has a high open loop gain. The IC has an integrated
compensation network for improving stability and has short circuit protection.
Signal to be amplified is applied to the inverting pi (pin2) of the IC. Non inverting pin (pin3) is
connected to ground. R1 is the input resistor and Rf is the feedback resistor. Rf and R1 together
sets the gain of the amplifier. With the used values of R1 and Rf the gain will be 10
1
(Av = -Rf/R1 = 10K/1K = 10). RL is the load resistor and the amplified signal will be available
across it. POT R2 can be used for nullifying the output offset voltage. If you are planning to
assemble the circuit, the power supply must be well regulated and filtered. Noise from the power
supply can adversely affect the performance of the circuit. When assembling on PCB it is
recommended to mount the IC on the board using an IC base.

In the inverting amplifier only one input is applied and that is to the inverting input (V2) terminal.
The Non inverting input terminal (V1) is grounded.
Since V1= 0 & V2=Vin
Vo= -A Vin
The negative sign indicates the output voltage is 1800out of phase with respect to the input and
amplified by gain A.

Practical Non-inverting amplifier using IC741:

The input is applied to the non- inverting input terminal and the Inverting terminal is connected to
the ground.
V1= Vin & V2 = 0 Volts
V0= A Vin
The output voltage is larger than the input voltage by gain A &is in phase with the input signal.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit for inverting, non inverting amplifier on a breadboard.
2. Connect the input terminal of the op-amp to function generator and output terminal to
CRO.
3. Feed input from function generator and observe the output on CRO.

2
 4. Measure the reading as given below
5. Then draw the graph of frequency Vs gain

Observations:
Task (a) Measurement of gain with help of input and output waveforms.
For Inverting Amplifier

For Non Inverting Amplifier

3
Task (b) frequency response Characteristics:
Vin = _________________________
For Rf =_____ For Rf =_____
Gain= ______ Gain= ______
Sr. Frequency Output Av = Frequency Output Avf =
No. (Hz) Voltage, 20log(Vo/Vi) (Hz) Voltage, 20log(Vo/Vi)
Vo (V) (dB) Vo (V) (dB)

4
Calculation:

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. Prepare a table to compare Ideal and Practical values of IC 741 parameters like Gain,
Bandwidth, Input Resistance, Output Resistance, CMRR, PSRR, Offset errors.
2. Design Unity Gain Amplifier Circuit using Opamp.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

5
 Experiment No: 02
To Design and verify the operations of op amp adder (summing) and
subtractor circuit using IC741 Op-amp.
Date:

Relevant CO: CO1, CO2, CO3

Objectives:
(a) To design an adder and subtractor circuit using Op-Amp. and to observe waveforms
Equipment/Instruments: Op-amp, Resistors, Variable Power supply, Function generator, CRO.
Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, connecting wires and probes.

Theory:
Adder (Summing Amplifier):
Op-amp may be used to perform summing operation of several input signals in inverting in
inverting and non- inverting mode. The input signals to be summed up are given to inverting
terminal or non-inverting terminal through the input resistance to perform inverting and non-
inverting summing operations respectively.
If the input to the inverting amplifier is increased, the resulting circuit is known as adder. Output
is a linear summation of number of input signals. Each input signal produces a component of the
output signal that is completely independent of the other input signal. When there are two input
side.

V0= - (Va+Vb)
This is the inverted algebraic sum of all the inputs. If we connect the inputs to non inverting
terminal then the adder is non inverting adder

Subtractor
The basic difference amplifier can be used as a subtractor. The signals to be subtracted are
connected to opposite polarity inputs i.e. in inverting or non- inverting terminals of the op-amp.
A circuit that finds the difference between two signals is called a subtractor. The two inputs are
applied at the inverting & non inverting terminal of op-amp. If all external resistance areequal
invalue, so the gain of the amplifier is equal to 1. The output voltages ofthe differential amplifier
with a gain of unity is,
V0= - (R/R) (Va-Vb)

6
Procedure:
1. Apply two different sine waves signal to the input of the adder and subtractor.
2. Give the input amplitude of 5v peak to peak and frequency of 1 kHz.
3. Verify the output on CRO

Observation:
Summing Amplifier

Input Va Input Vb Vout(th)= Va + Vb Vout(pr) = Va + Vb Error = Vout(th)- Vout(pr)

Subtractor

Input Va Input Vb Vout(th)= Va - Vb Vout(pr) = Va - Vb Error = Vout(th)- Vout(pr)

Calculation:

7
Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. Design and draw the circuit of Summing amplifier to get Vo = - (V1 + 3V2 + 2V3).

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

8
 Experiment No: 03
To Design and verify the operation of a differentiator and Integrator circuits
using op amp IC741.
Date:

Relevant CO: CO1, CO2, CO3

Objectives:
(a) To design and measure the input and output waveforms for Integrator and Differentiator circuit
using Op-Amp.

Equipment/Instruments: Op-amp, Resistors, Capacitors, Variable Power supply, Function

generator, CRO, Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, connecting wires and probes.

Theory:
Differentiator: Differentiator circuits as its name implies, performs the mathematical operation
of differentiator, that is, the output waveform is the derivative of the input. The differentiator may
be constructed from a basic inverting amplifier when an input resistor R1 is replaced by a
capacitor C,
V0 = -Rf C (dVin /dt)
Thus, the output Vo is equal to the Rf C times the negative instantaneous rate of change of the
input voltage Vin with time. The right- hand side of the capacitor is held to a voltage of 0 volts,
due to the "virtual ground" effect. Therefore, current "through" the capacitor is solely due to
change in the input voltage. A steady input voltage won't cause a current through C, but a
changing input voltage will Capacitor current moves through the feedback resistor, producing a
drop across it, which is the same as the output voltage. A linear, positive rate of input voltage
change will result in a steady negative voltage at the output of the op-amp. Conversely, a linear,
negative rate of input voltage change will result in a steady positive voltage at the output of the
op-amp. This polarity inversion from input to output is due to the fact that the input signal is being
sent (essentially) to the inverting input of the op-amp, so it acts like the inverting amplifier
mentioned previously. The faster the rate of voltage change at the input (either positive or
negative), the greater the voltage at the output.

Ideal differentiator

Practical differentiator
9
Integrator : A circuit in which the output waveform is the integral of the input wave is the
integrator. Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic inverting amplifier configuration. If the
feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a capacitor C. The output voltage can be obtained by,
Vo= -[1/(R Cf )]∫ Vin dt+C
Where C is the integration constant and proportional to the value of the output voltage Vo at time
t=0 sec. Thus, the output voltage is directly proportional to the negative integral of the input
voltage and inversely proportional to the time constant R Cf The convenient way to introduce the
AC integration circuit is through frequency response and impedance consideration.

Circuit Diagram:

Ideal Integrator

Practical integrator
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit according to the circuit diagram.
2. Apply square wave to the input terminal of integrator circuit.
3. Set the input voltage 1V peak to peak and frequency at1KHz.
4. Note down the input and output waveform.
5. Draw the waveform on graph paper.

10
Observations:

11
Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. Draw the frequency response of the differentiator circuit.

2. What are problems associated with integrator circuit? Suggest possible solutions.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

12
 Experiment No: 04
To design and verify the operation of RC phase shift oscillator.
Date:

Relevant CO: CO1, CO2, CO3

Objectives:
(a) To design RC Phase shift oscillator and to observe its output waveforms
Equipment/Instruments: Op-amp, Resistors, Capacitors, Variable Power supply, CRO.
Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, connecting wires and probes.

Theory: Any circuit that generates an alternating voltage is called an oscillator. To generate ac
voltage, the circuit is supplied energy from a dc source. The oscillators have variety of
applications in radio and television broadcasting, receivers, signal generators, etc.

There are mainly two types of oscillators i.e. sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal. A sinusoidal
oscillator produces sine waves, whereas a non-sinusoidal oscillator can generate square waves,
triangular waves, pulses and saw tooth waves. The circuit which produces square wave or pulse is
also referred to as multivibrator.

Depending upon how oscillations are produced, sinusoidal oscillators are of following type:
• RC oscillator
• Tuned circuit or LC oscillator
• Crystal oscillator
Oscillators can be designed using transistor with positive feedback. It generates ac signal without
any input ac signal. Following requirements must be satisfy in the circuit to sustain the oscillation.
There must be positive feedback i.e. the phase difference between input and feedback signal must
be 00.
Initially, the value of the loop gain A must be greater than unity where A is the gain of a
transistor amplifier and is feedback factor. After the desired level is reached, it must be decrease
to unity.
This condition is called Barkhausen criterion of oscillation.

RC Phase Shift Oscillator.

The phase shifting network consists of three identical RC section each provides a phase shift of
60. Hence, total 180 phase shift is provided by RC network. If the Barkhausen condition is
satisfied, oscillations will be maintained. The frequency of such oscillator is given by

The overall attenuation for three RC network is 1/29 of input signal. Hence to make A = 29, gain
of the amplifier must exceed 29 to produce distortion free sine wave. RC oscillators are useful for
generating low (audio) frequencies.

13
Circuit Diagram:

R= 3.3KΩ
C= 0.1μF
R1= 33KΩ
R2= 957 KΩ (=1 MΩ)

Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the potentiometer Rf such that an output wave for m is obtained.
3. Calculate the output waveform frequency and peak to peak voltage.
4. Compare the theoretical and practical values of the output waveform frequency.
Observations:
The frequency of oscillation =

Calculations:
i. The frequency of oscillation fo is given by =

ii. The gain Av at the above frequency must be atleast 29.i.e

iii. If fo=200Hz, Let C=0.1μF Then choose R= 3.3kΩ)

Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. Write Barkhausen Criteria for oscillation.

14
 2. Design an RC Phase shift oscillator to generate 2KHz frequency.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

15
 Experiment No: 05
To design and verify the operation of Colpitt’s oscillator using simulator.
Date:

Relevant CO: CO1, CO2, CO3

Objectives:
(a) To design Colpitt’s oscillator and to observe its output waveforms
Equipment/Instruments: Simulator (Multisim or Similar)

Theory: The Hartley oscillator is designed for generation of sinusoidal oscillations in the R.F
range (20 KHz - 30 MHz). It is very popular and used in radio receivers as a local oscillator. The
circuit diagram of Hartley oscillator (parallel or shunt-fed) using BJT is shown in circuit. It
consists of an R-C coupled amplifier using an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration. RB1 and RB2
are two resistors which form a voltage divider bias to the transistor. A resistor RE is connected in
the circuit which stabilizes the circuit against temperature variations. A capacitor Ce is connected
in parallel with RE, acts as a bypass capacitor and provides a low reactive path to the amplified ac
signal. The coupling capacitor Cc blocks dc and provides an ac path from the collector to the tank
circuit. The L-C feedback network (tank circuit) consists of two inductors L1, and L2 (in series)
which are placed across a common capacitor C and the centre of the two inductors is tapped. The
feedback network (L1, L2 and C) determines the frequency of oscillation of the oscillator.
When the collector supply voltage Vcc is switched on, collector current starts rising and charges
the capacitor C. When this capacitor is fully charged, it discharges through coils L1 and L2,
setting up damped harmonic oscillations in the tank circuit. The oscillatory current in the tank
circuit produces an a.c. voltage across L1 which is applied to the base emitter junction of the
transistor and appears in the amplified form in the collector circuit. Feedback of energy from
output (collector emitter circuit) to input (base-emitter circuit is) accomplished through auto
transformer action. The output of the amplifier is applied across the inductor L1, and the voltage
across L2 forms the feedback voltage. The coil L1, is inductively coupled to coil L2, and the
combination acts as an auto-transformer. This energy supplied to the tank circuit overcomes the
losses occurring in it. Consequently the oscillations are sustained in the circuit. The energy
supplied to the tank circuit is in phase with the generated oscillations. The phase difference
between the voltages across L1 and that across L2 is always 180° because the centre of the two is
grounded. A further phase of 180° is introduced between the input and output voltages by the
transistor itself. Thus the total phase shift becomes 360 (or zero), thereby making the feedback
positive or regenerative which is essential for oscillations, So continuous undamped oscillations
are obtained.

The frequency of oscillation of the oscillator

Where L = L1+L2 = Resultant inductance of series combination

C = Capacitance of condenser.

16
Circuit Diagram:
VCC XSC1
12V
Ext T rig
Cc2 _
+

RC A B

2.2kΩ 22uF
+ _ + _

RB1 C2
47kΩ 10uF
L1
Q1 10mH
Cc1 C1
10uF
22uF BC547A
RB2
RE Ce
10kΩ
680Ω 22uF

Procedure:
1. Connect circuit diagram as shown in figure
2. Set the component value such that loop gain of this circuit is greater than 1.
3. Calculate theoretical frequency which is generated by this circuit.
4. Show the output waveform on oscilloscope.
5. Compare theoretical frequency with practical frequency.
6. The experiment is repeated by changing L or C1 or C2 or all. The readings are noted in the
table given.
Observations:

Sr. No. Design Parameter Theoretical Practical

Frequency Frequency
C1 C2 L
1
2
3

Conclusion:

17
Quiz:
1. Compare RC Oscillators and LC Oscillators

2. Design a Colpitt’s oscillator using opamp to generate 200KHz frequency.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

18
 Experiment No: 06
To design and verify the operation of Hartley oscillator using simulator.
Date:

Relevant CO: CO1, CO2, CO3

Objectives:
(a) To design Hartley oscillator and to observe its output waveforms
Equipment/Instruments: Simulator (Multisim or Similar)

Theory: The Hartley oscillator is designed for generation of sinusoidal oscillations in the R.F
range (20 KHz - 30 MHz). It is very popular and used in radio receivers as a local oscillator. The
circuit diagram of Hartley oscillator (parallel or shunt-fed) using BJT is shown in circuit. It
consists of an R-C coupled amplifier using an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration. RB1 and RB2
are two resistors which form a voltage divider bias to the transistor. A resistor RE is connected in
the circuit which stabilizes the circuit against temperature variations. A capacitor Ce is connected
in parallel with RE, acts as a bypass capacitor and provides a low reactive path to the amplified ac
signal. The coupling capacitor Cc blocks dc and provides an ac path from the collector to the tank
circuit. The L-C feedback network (tank circuit) consists of two inductors L1, and L2 (in series)
which are placed across a common capacitor C and the centre of the two inductors is tapped. The
feedback network (L1, L2 and C) determines the frequency of oscillation of the oscillator.
When the collector supply voltage Vcc is switched on, collector current starts rising and charges
the capacitor C. When this capacitor is fully charged, it discharges through coils L1 and L2,
setting up damped harmonic oscillations in the tank circuit. The oscillatory current in the tank
circuit produces an a.c. voltage across L1 which is applied to the base emitter junction of the
transistor and appears in the amplified form in the collector circuit. Feedback of energy from
output (collector emitter circuit) to input (base-emitter circuit is) accomplished through auto
transformer action. The output of the amplifier is applied across the inductor L1, and the voltage
across L2 forms the feedback voltage. The coil L1, is inductively coupled to coil L2, and the
combination acts as an auto-transformer. This energy supplied to the tank circuit overcomes the
losses occurring in it. Consequently the oscillations are sustained in the circuit. The energy
supplied to the tank circuit is in phase with the generated oscillations. The phase difference
between the voltages across L1 and that across L2 is always 180° because the centre of the two is
grounded. A further phase of 180° is introduced between the input and output voltages by the
transistor itself. Thus the total phase shift becomes 360 (or zero), thereby making the feedback
positive or regenerative which is essential for oscillations, So continuous undamped oscillations
are obtained.

The frequency of oscillation of the oscillator

Where L = L1+L2 = Resultant inductance of series combination

C = Capacitance of condenser.

19
Circuit Diagram:
VCC XSC1
12V
Ext T rig
Cc2 _
+

RC A B

2.2kΩ 22uF
+ _ + _

RB1 L1
47kΩ 10mH
C
Q1 10uF
Cc1 L2
10mH
22uF BC547A
RB2
RE Ce
10kΩ
680Ω 22uF

Procedure:
1. Connect circuit diagram as shown in figure
2. Set the component value such that loop gain of this circuit is greater than 1.
3. Calculate theoretical frequency which is generated by this circuit.
4. Show the output waveform on oscilloscope.
5. Compare theoretical frequency with practical frequency.
6. Change component value follow above procedure.

Observations:

Sr. No. Design Parameter Theoretical Practical

Frequency Frequency
L1 L2 C

Conclusion:

20
Quiz:
1. Compare Colpitt’s Oscillator and Hartley Oscillator

3. Design a Hartley oscillator using opamp to generate 200KHz frequency.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

21
 Experiment No: 07
To design and verify the operation of a precision Half wave rectifier using op
amp IC741.
Date:

Relevant CO: CO1, CO2, CO3

Objectives:
(a) To understand the working of “Precision / Small Signal ” half wave rectifier.
Equipment/Instruments: Op-amp, Resistors, Diode, Variable Power supply, Function generator,
CRO., Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, connecting wires and probes.

Theory: The purpose of the rectifier section is to convert the incoming ac from a transformer or
other ac power source to some form of pulsating dc. That is, it takes current that flows alternately
in both directions as shown in the first figure to the right, and modifies it so that the output current
flows only in one direction, as shown in the fig.

An easy way to convert ac to pulsating dc is to simply allow half of the ac cycle to pass, while
blocking current to prevent it from flowing during the other half cycle. The figure to the right
shows the resulting output. Such circuits are known as half-wave rectifiers because they only
work on half of the incoming ac wave.

A half wave rectifier using OP amp is also known as a Precision rectifier or super diode, is a
configuration obtained with an operational amplifier in order to have a circuit behaving like an
ideal diode and rectifier.
Figure shows the circuit of a Precision rectifier .On positive voltage swings the diode conducts
and a voltage is developed across the resistor. On negative swings, the diode turns off and the
output voltage is zero (no current through the resistor).
The basic idea behind the superdiode is to use the high-gain of an op-amp to mask the finite turn-
on voltage (and other nonlinearities) of the diode. This is done by placing it in the negative
feedback path as shown in fig. Any positive voltage at the op-amp is now sufficient to turn on the
diode, and the negative feedback regulates the current through the load resistor to maintain an
output voltage equal to the input voltage for these positive input voltages. For positive signals the
circuit is a unity-gain buffer
For negative signals, the output goes negative, and the diode turns off .Because of the high open-
loop gain of the op-amp, the circuit operates as a perfect switch for even very small voltages;
hence it is called superdiode.

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When Diode is conducting: The feedback loop is closed, and the circuit looks like the buffer with
small drop across diode. And Vo = Vin.

When Diode is not conducting: : i.e. Vi<0 And Vo = 0V.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit of precision half wave rectifier.
2. Provide input of 2Vpp sine wave of 1KHz and verify its operation.
3. Provide input of 0.5Vpp (less than 0.7V) sine wave of 1KHz and verify its operation.

Observation:

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Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. Explain why precision rectifiers are required?

2. Draw the circuit of precision full wave rectifier.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

24
 Experiment No: 08
To design and verify the operation of a Schmitt trigger circuit using op amp
IC741.
Date:

Relevant CO: CO1, CO2, CO3

Objectives:
(a) To understand the working of Schmitt trigger circuit.
Equipment/Instruments: Op-amp, Resistors, Diode, Variable Power supply, Function generator,
CRO., Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, connecting wires and probes.

Theory: The class of comparators which uses the positive feedback is known as Regenerative
comparators. The inverting Schmitt trigger circuit is shown in the figure. The resistance formed
by R1 and R2 connected between output and non inverting terminal of op-amp +ve feedback. The
external input voltage has been applied to the inverting input. Initializing the op-amp output is
assumed equal to +Vsat.

VUT=V1= (R2/(R1+R2))*Vsat

Therefore the reference voltage charges to a new value.

VLT=V1= (R2/(R1+R2))*(-Vsat)

As long as Vin >VLT , the output remains –Vsat. But Vin reduce balance VLT changes to +Vsat
and again the above steps are repeated. Thus we get a Square wave output.
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Put the chip on a circuit board. Insert the chip so that it "straddles" the groove down
the middle between two sets of pin connector holes.
2. Connect resistor as a positive feedback between pin 3 to pin 6. And connect function
generator through resistor R to pin 2 for Schmitt trigger circuit as shown in the fig.
3. Give 2Vpp with 1 KHz frequency input signal through function generator and observe
the output on oscilloscope.
4. Observe the output and find out VUT&VLT.

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Observation:
VUT VLT

Theoretical

Practical

Calculation :

Conclusion:

26
Quiz:
1. Explain hoe Schmitt trigger circuit is better than normal comparator circuit.

2. Draw and explain hysteresis diagram of Schmitt Trigger Circuit.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

27
 Experiment No: 09
To design and verify the operation of monostable multivibrator circuit using
IC 555 (Timer IC).

Relevant CO: CO3

Objectives:
(a) To understand the working of monostable multivibrator circuit and to design it with IC 555.
Equipment/Instruments: IC 555, Resistors, Capacitors, Variable Power supply, CRO.,
Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, connecting wires and probes.

Theory: A Monostable Multivibrator, often called a one-shot Multivibrator, is a pulse-generating circuit

in which the duration of the pulse is determined by the RC network connected externally to the 555 timer.
In a stable or stand by mode the output of the circuit is approximately Zero or at logic-low level. When an
external trigger pulse is obtained, the output is forced to go high (  VCC). The time for which the output
remains high is determined by the external RC network connected to the timer. At the end of the timing
interval, the output automatically reverts back to its logic-low stable state. The output stays low until the
trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle repeats. The Monostable circuit has only one stable state
(output low), hence the name monostable. Normally the output of the Monostable Multivibrator is low.

Circuit Diagram:

Design Example:
Consider VCC = 5V, for given tp Output pulse width tp = 1.1 RA C Assume C in the order of
microfarads & Find RA
Typical values:
If C=0.1 µF , RA = 10k then tp = 1.1 mSeC Trigger Voltage =4 V

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Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply Negative triggering pulses at pin 2 of frequency 1 KHz.
3. Observe the output waveform and measure the pulse duration.
4. Theoretically calculate the pulse duration as Thigh=1.1. RAC
5. Compare it with experimental values.

Calculation and Observation:

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Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. List the applications of Monostable Multivibrator.

2. Explain any one application of Monostable multivibrator.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

30
 Experiment No: 10
To design and verify the operation of Astable multivibrator circuit using IC
555 (Timer IC).

Relevant CO: CO3

Objectives:
(a) To understand the working of astable multivibrator circuit and to design it with IC 555.
Equipment/Instruments: IC 555, Resistors, Capacitors, diode, Variable Power supply, function
generator, CRO., Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, connecting wires and probes.

Theory: When the power supply VCC is connected, the external timing capacitor ‘C” charges
towards VCC with a time constant (RA+RB) C. During this time, pin 3 is high (≈VCC) as Reset
R=0, Set S=1 and this combination makes Q =0 which has unclamped the timing capacitor ‘C’.
When the capacitor voltage equals 2/3 VCC, the upper comparator triggers the control flip
flop on that Q =1. It makes Q1 ON and capacitor ‘C’ starts discharging towards ground through
RB and transistor Q1 with a time constant RBC. Current also flows into Q1 through RA.
Resistors RA and RB must be large enough to limit this current and prevent damage to the
discharge transistor Q1. The minimum value of RA is approximately equal to VCC/0.2 where
0.2A is the maximum current through the ON transistor Q1.
During the discharge of the timing capacitor C, as it reaches VCC/3, the lower comparator
is triggered and at this stage S=1, R=0 which turns Q =0. Now Q =0 unclamps the external
timing capacitor C. The capacitor C is thus periodically charged and discharged between 2/3
VCC and 1/3 VCC respectively. The length of time that the output remains HIGH is the time for
the capacitor to charge from 1/3 VCC to 2/3 VCC.
The capacitor voltage for a low pass RC circuit subjected to a step input of VCC volts is
given by VC = VCC [1- exp (-t/RC)]
Total time period T = 0.69 (RA + 2 RB) C
f= 1/T = 1.44/ (RA + 2RB) C

Circuit Diagram:

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Design Example:
Formulae: f= 1/T = 1.44/ (RA+2RB) C
Duty cycle (D) = tc/T = RA + RB/(RA+2RB)
Given f=1 KHz. Assuming c=0.1μF and D=0.25
1 KHz = 1.44/ (RA+2RB) x 0.1x10-6 and 0.25 =( RA+RB)/ (RA+2RB)
Solving both the above equations, we obtain RA & RB as
RA = 7.2K Ω
RB = 3.6K Ω

Procedure:
Unsymmetrical Square wave
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown without connecting the diode.
2. Observe and note down the waveform at pin 6 and across timing capacitor.
3. Measure the frequency of oscillations and duty cycle and then compare with the given
values.
4. Sketch both the waveforms to the same time scale.
Symmetrical square waveform generator:
1. Connect the diode as shown in Figure to get D=0.5 or 50%.
2. Choose Ra=Rb = 10KΩ and C=0.1Μf
3. Observe the output waveform, measure frequency of oscillations and the duty cycle and
then sketch the o/p waveform.

Calculation and Observation:

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Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. List the applications of Astable Multivibrator.

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 3. Explain any one application of Astable Multivibrator.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

34
 Experiment No: 11
To obtain the response of 1st order Butterworth Low Pass Filter.

Relevant CO: CO3

Objectives:
(a) To understand the working of 1st order butterworth low pass filter and to design it with IC 741.
Equipment/Instruments: IC 741, Resistors, Capacitors, Variable Power supply, function
generator, CRO., Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, connecting wires and probes.

Theory: A filter is a frequency selective circuit that allows only a certain band of frequency
components of an input signal to pass through and blocks other frequency components. An active
filter network is obtained by interconnecting passive elements and active element. Op-ampused in
active filter also provides amplification. A low-pass filter allows only low frequency signals and
suppresses high frequency signals. The range of frequency varies from dc to cut-off frequency fL.
The frequency range below cut-off frequency is called pass band and frequency range beyond fL is
called stop band.

• The gain of the filter

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit as shown above in figure
2. Set the Function Generator in sine wave mode and adjust the amplitude to 1 Vpp.
3. Observe the waveform using oscilloscope.
4. Keeping the input voltage constant at 1V peak-peak, simulate the circuit for frequencies
between 10 Hz to 100 kHz.
5. Record the amplitude of output voltage for different input frequencies as per table.
6. Compute the gain for different frequencies.

Calculation and Observation:

Input voltage, Vin (PP) = 1 V

Input frequency Output voltage, Vo

Sr No Gain =Vo/Vin Gain in dB = 20 log10 Vo/Vin
(Hz) (volts)

1 10
2 20
3 50
4 100
5 200
6 500
7 1K
8 2K
9 5k
10 10k

11 100k

Conclusion:

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Quiz:
1. Based on your understanding draw the circuit of 2nd order low pass filter circuit using
opamp.

2. Compare active and passive filter circuits.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

37
 Experiment No: 12
To obtain the response of 1st order Butterworth High Pass Filter.

Relevant CO: CO3

Objectives:
(a) To understand the working of 1st order butterworth high pass filter and to design it with IC
741.
Equipment/Instruments: IC 741, Resistors, Capacitors, Variable Power supply, function
generator, CRO., Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, connecting wires and probes.

Theory: A filter is a frequency selective circuit that allows only a certain band of frequency
components of an input signal to pass through and blocks other frequency components. An active
filter network is obtained by interconnecting passive elements and active element. A high-pass
filter allows only high frequency signals and suppresses low frequency signals. The range of
frequency beyond cut-off frequency, fH is called passband and range frequency from dc to fH is
called stop band

• The gain of the filter

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit as shown above in figure
2. Set the Function Generator in sine wave mode and adjust the amplitude to 1 Vpp.
3. Observe the waveform using oscilloscope.
4. Keeping the input voltage constant at 1V peak-peak, simulate the circuit for frequencies
between 10 Hz to 100 kHz.
5. Record the amplitude of output voltage for different input frequencies as per table.
6. Compute the gain for different frequencies.

Calculation and Observation:

Input voltage, Vin (PP) = 1 V

Input frequency Output voltage, Vo

Sr No Gain =Vo/Vin Gain in dB = 20 log10 Vo/Vin
(Hz) (volts)

1 10
2 20
3 50
4 100
5 200
6 500
7 1K
8 2K
9 5k
10 10k

11 100k

Conclusion:

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Quiz:
1. Based on your understanding draw the circuit of 2nd order high pass filter circuit using
opamp.

2. Draw the circuit of 1st order bandpass filter using opamp.

Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

40
 Experiment No: 13
To design and implement a circuit for any real life application/problem
solution with IC 741 (Op Amp IC) or IC 555 (Timer IC).

Relevant CO: CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5

Objectives:
(a) To learn the process of analog circuit design and to implement an analog circuit to solve a
real life problem or for real life application.
Equipment/Instruments:

Theory:

Circuit Diagram:

41
Design Calculations:

Working of the Circuit :

Application/s of the circuit:

Cost Calculation of the circuit:

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Suggested Reference:

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Marks

43