Class Method

1
Expressions
Computing with Primitive Types
• For the primitive types int, double, and boolean,
Java supports a notation for expressions that
appeals to the one that we use in arithmetic and
algebra courses.
• For example, we can write
– 10 ∗ 12.50
– width + height
– Math.PI ∗ radius

2
Arthimetic and Relation Operators
Symbol Parameter types Result Example
+ numeric, numeric numeric x+2 addition
- numeric, numeric numeric x–2 subtraction
* numeric, numeric numeric x*2 multiplication
/ numeric, numeric numeric x/2 division
% integer, integer integer x%y modulo

> numeric, numeric boolean x>2 greater than

>= numeric, numeric boolean x >= 2 greater or equal
< numeric, numeric boolean x<2 less than
<= numeric, numeric boolean x<2 less or equal
== numeric, numeric boolean x == 2 equal
!= numeric, numeric boolean x != 2 not equal 3
Logic Operators
Symbol Parameter types Result Example
! boolean boolean !(x < 0) logical negation
&& boolean, boolean boolean a && b logical and
|| boolean, boolean boolean a || b logical or

• Example
(x != 0) && (x < 10) . . . determines whether a is not
equal to x (int or double) and x is less than 10

4
Expressions - Method Calls
• A method is roughly like a function. Like a function, a
method consumes data and produces data.
• However, a METHOD is associated with a class.
• Example:
– To compute the length of the string in Java,
we use the length method from the String class like this:
"hello world".length()
– To concatenate "world" to the end of the argument "hello"
String str = "hello";
str.concat("world")
– Math.sqrt(10) is square of 10

5
Method Calls
• When the method is called, it always receives at
least one argument: an instance of the class with
which the method is associated;
• Speaks of INVOKING a method on an instance or
object

• In general, a method call has this shape:

object.methodName(arg1, arg2, ...)

6
Design Class Method Steps
The design of methods follows the same design
recipes
1. Problem analysis and data definitions
– Specify pieces of information the method needs and
output infomation
2. Purpose and contract (method signature)
– The purpose statement is just a comment that
describes the method's task in general terms.
– The method signature is a specification of inputs
and outputs, or contract as we used to call it.

7
Design Class Method Steps
3. Examples
– the creation of examples that illustrate the purpose
statement in a concrete manner
4. Method template
– lists all parts of data available for the computation
inside of the body of the method
5. Method definition
– Implement method
6. Tests
– to turn the examples into executable tests

8
Coffee Seller Example
Take a look at this revised version of our first problem
. . . Design a method that computes the cost of selling
bulk coffee at a specialty coffee seller from a receipt
that includes the kind of coffee, the unit price, and the
total amount (weight) sold. . .
• Examples
1) 100 pounds of Hawaiian Kona at $15.95/pound
® $1,595.00
2) 1,000 pounds of Ethiopian coffee at $8.00/pound
® $8,000.00
3) 1,700 pounds of Colombian Supreme at $9.50/pound
® 16,150.00
9
 1. Problem analysis and data definitions
class Coffee { Coffee
String kind;
double price; - String kind
double weight; - double price
Coffee(String kind, double price,
- double weight
double weight) {
this.kind = kind;
this.price = price;
this.weight = weight;
}
} import junit.framework.*;
public class CoffeeTest extends TestCase {
public void testConstructor() {
new Coffee("Hawaiian Kona", 15.95, 100);
new Coffee("Ethiopian", 8.0, 1000);
new Coffee("Colombian Supreme ", 9.5, 1700);
}
} 10
1. Problem analysis and data definitions
• Methods are a part of a class. Coffee
- String kind
• Thus, if the Coffee class already - double price
had a cost method, we could write: - double weight
new Coffee("Kona", 15.95, 100).cost()
??? cost(???)
and expect this method call
to produce 1595.0.
• The only piece of information the method needs is
the instance of the class Coffee for which we are
computing the selling cost.
• It will produce a double value that represents the
selling cost.
11
2. Purpose and contract
• First we add a contract, a purpose statement,
and a header for cost to the Coffee class
// the bill for a Coffee sale
class Coffee {
String kind;
double price; // in dollars per pound
double weight; // in pounds
Coffee(String kind, double price, double weight) {
...
}

// to compute the total cost of this coffee purchase

// [in dollars]
double cost() { ... }
}
a purpose statement
Contract is a METHOD SIGNATURE
12
Primary argument: this
• cost method is always invoked on some specific
instance of Coffee.
– The instance is the primary argument to the
method, and it has a standard name, this
• We can thus use this to refer to the instance of
Coffee and access to three pieces of data:
the kind, the price, and the weight in method
body
– Access field with: object.field
– E.g: this.kind, this.price, this.weight

13
3. Examples
• new Coffee("Hawainian Kona", 15.95,
100).cost()
// should produce 1595.0
• new Coffee("Ethiopian", 8.0, 1000).cost()
// should produce 8000.0
• new Coffee("Colombian", 9.5, 1700).cost()
// should produce 16150.0

14
4. cost method template and result
// to compute the total cost of this coffee purchase
// [in cents]
double cost() {
...this.kind...
...this.price...
...this.weight...
}

The two relevant pieces are this.price and this.weight.

If we multiply them, we get the result that we want:
// to compute the total cost of this coffee purchase
// [in cents]
double cost() {
return this.price * this.weight;
}

15
5. Coffee class and method
class Coffee {
String kind;
double price;
double weight;

Coffee(String kind, double price, double weight) {

this.kind = kind;
this.price = price;
this.weight = weight;
}

// to compute the total cost of this coffee purchase

// [in dollars]
double cost() {
return this.price * this.weight;
}
}

16
6. Test cost method
import junit.framework.TestCase;
public class CoffeeTest extends TestCase {
public void testContructor() {
...
}

public void testCost() {

assertEquals(
new Coffee("Hawaiian Kona", 15.95, 100).cost(), 1595.0);
Coffee c2 = new Coffee("Ethiopian", 8.0, 1000);
assertEquals(c2.cost(), 8000.0);
Coffee c3 = new Coffee("Colombian Supreme ", 9.5, 1700);
assertEquals(c3.cost(), 16150.0);
}
}

17
Methods consume more data
Design method to such problems:
… The coffee shop owner may wish to find out
whether a coffee sale involved a price over a certain
amount …

Coffee
- String kind
- double price
- double weight

double cost()
??? priceOver(???)

18
Purpose statement and signature
• This method must consume two arguments:
– given instance of coffee: this
– a second argument, the number of dollars with
which it is to compare the price of the sale’s record.

inside of Coffee
// to determine whether this coffee’s price is more
// than amount
boolean priceOver(double amount) { ... }

19
Examples
• new Coffee("Hawaiian Kona", 15.95,
100).priceOver(12)
expected true

• new Coffee("Ethiopian", 8.00,

1000).priceOver(12)
expected false

• new Coffee("Colombian Supreme ", 9.50,

1700).priceOver(12)
expected false
20
priceOver method template and result
// to determine whether this coffee’s price is more than amount
boolean priceOver(double amount) {
... this.kind
... this.price
... this.weight
... amount
}

The only relevant pieces of data in the template are

amount and this.price:
// to determine whether this coffee’s price is more than amount
boolean priceOver(double amount) {
return this.price > amount;
}

21
Test priceOver method
import junit.framework.TestCase;
public class CoffeeTest extends TestCase {
...

public void testPriceOver() {

assertTrue(new Coffee("Hawaiian Kona", 15.95, 100)
.priceOver(12));
Coffee c2 = new Coffee("Ethiopian", 8.00, 1000);
Coffee c3 = new Coffee("Colombian Supreme ", 9.50, 1700);
assertFalse(c2.priceOver(12));
assertFalse(c3.priceOver(12));
}
}

22
Catesian Point example
• Suppose we wish to represent the pixels
(colored dots) on our computer monitors.
– A pixel is very much like a Cartesian point. It has an x
coordinate, which tells us where the pixel is in the
horizontal direction, and it has a y coordinate, which
tells us where the pixel is located in the downwards
vertical direction.
– Given the two numbers, we can locate a pixel on the
monitor
• Computes how far some pixel is from the origin
• Computes the distance between 2 pixels
23
Class diagram, Define Class and Test
class CartPt {
CartPt int x;
int x int y;
int y CartPt(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
}

import junit.framework.*;
public class CartPtTest extends TestCase {
public void testConstrutor() {
new CartPt(5, 12);
CartPt aCartPt1 = new CartPt(0, 3);
CartPt aCartPt2 = new CartPt(3, 4);
}
}
24
Computes
How far some pixel is from the origin

CartPt
int x
int y

??? distanceToO(???)
??? distanceTo(???)

25
distanceToO method signature
inside of CartPt
// Computes how far this pixel is from the origin
double distanceToO() { ... }

• Examples
– new CartPt(5, 12).distanceToO() should be
13.0
– new CartPt(0, 3).distanceToO() should be 3.0
– new CartPt(4, 7).distanceToO() should be
8.062

26
distanceToO method template
class CartPt {
int x;
int y;

CartPt(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}

// Computes how far this pixel is from the origin

double distanceToO() {
...this.x...
...this.y... Add a contract, a purpose statement
} METHOD SIGNATURE
}

27
distanceToO method implementation
class CartPt {
int x;
int y;

CartPt(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}

// Computes how far this pixel is from the origin

double distanceToO() {
return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y);
}
}

28
Test distanceToO method
import junit.framework.*;
public class CartPtTest extends TestCase {
...

public void testDistanceToO() {

assertEquals(new CartPt(5, 12).distanceToO(), 13.0,
0.001);
CartPt aCartPt1 = new CartPt(0, 3);
assertEquals(aCartPt1.distanceToO(), 3.0, 0.001);
CartPt aCartPt2 = new CartPt(4, 7);
assertEquals(aCartPt2.distanceToO(), 8.062, 0.001);
}
}

29
Computes the distance
between 2 pixels
CartPt
int x
int y

double distanceToO()
??? distanceTo(???)

30
distanceTo Method Signature
inside of CartPt
// Computes distance from this CartPt to another
CartPt
double distanceTo(CartPt that) { ... }
• Examples
– new CartPt(6, 8).distanceTo(new CartPt(3,
4))
should be 5.0
– new CartPt(0, 3).distanceToO(new CartPt(4,
0)) should be 5.0
– new CartPt(1, 2).distanceToO(new CartPt(5,
3))
should be 4.123 31
distanceTo method template
class CartPt {
int x;
int y;
...
// Computes how far this pixel is from the origin
double distanceToO() {
return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y);
}

// Computes distance from this CartPt to another CartPt

double distanceTo(CartPt that) {
Add a contract, a purpose statement
...this.x...this.y... METHOD SIGNATURE
...that.x...that.y...
...this.distantoO()...that.distanceToO()...
}
}

32
distanceTo method implement
class CartPt {
int x;
int y;
...
// Computes how far this pixel is from the origin
double distanceToO() {
return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y);
}

// Computes distance from this CartPt to another CartPt

double distanceTo(CartPt that) {
return Math.sqrt((that.x - this.x)*(that.x - this.x)
+ (that.y - this.y)*(that.y - this.y));
}
}

33
Test distanceTo method
import junit.framework.*;
public class CartPtTest extends TestCase {
...

public void testDistanceTo() {

assertEquals(new CartPt(6, 8).distanceTo(
new CartPt(3, 4)), 5.0, 0.001);

assertEquals(new CartPt(0, 3).distanceTo(

new CartPt(4, 0)), 5.0, 0.001);

CartPt aCartPt1 = new CartPt(1, 2);

CartPt aCartPt2 = new CartPt(5, 3);
assertEquals(aCartPt1.distanceTo(aCartPt2), 4.123, 0.001);

}
}
34
Class diagram - Final

CartPt
int x
int y

double distanceToO()
double distanceTo(CartPt that)

35
Object Compare

36
Star example
• Suppose we wish to represent a star information
which has first name, last name, instrument he uses
and his sales.
• Design methods:
– Check whether one star's sales is greater than
another star's sales.
– Check whether one star is same another star.

37
Class Diagram
Class

Star
String firstName
String lastName
Property or field
Data type String instrument
int sales
Method

38
Define Class and Constructor
class Star {
String firstName;
String lastName;
String instrument;
int sales;

// contructor
Star(String firstName, String lastName,
String instrument, int sales) {
this.firstName = firstName;
this.lastName = lastName;
this.instrument = instrument;
this.sales = sales;
}
}

39
Test Star Constructor
import junit.framework.*;

class TestStar extends TestCase {

void testConstructor() {
new Star("Abba", "John", "vocals", 12200);
Star aStar1 = new Star("Elton", "John", "guitar", 20000);
Star aStar2 = new Star("Debie", "Gission", "organ", 15000);
}
}

40
Check whether one star's sales is
greater than another star's sales.
Star
String firstName
String lastName
String instrument
int sales
??? biggerSales(???)

• Examples
new Star("Elton", "John", "guitar", 20000)
.biggerSales(new Star("Abba", "John", "vocals", 12200))
expected true
41
biggerSales method template
class Star {
String firstName;
String lastName;
String instrument;
int sales;
...

// check whhether this star' sales is greater than

// another star' sales
boolean biggerSales(Star other) {
...this.firstName...this.lastName...
...this.instrument...this.sales...
...other.firstName...other.lastName...
...other.instrument...other.sales...
}
}

42
biggerSales method implement
class Star {
String firstName;
String lastName;
String instrument;
int sales;
...

// check whether this star is same another star

boolean biggerSales(Star other) {
return (this.sales > other.sales);
}

43
biggerSales method test
import junit.framework.TestCase;

public class StarTest extends TestCase {

...
public void testBiggerSales () {
Star aStar1 = new Star("Abba", "John", "vocals", 12200);
assertTrue(new Star("Elton", "John", "guitar", 20000)
.biggerSales(aStar1));
assertFalse(aStar1.biggerSales(
new Star("Debie", "Gission", "organ", 15000)));
}
}

44
Compare equals of 2 objects
• Check whether one star is same another star.

Star
String firstName
String lastName
String instrument
int sales
boolean biggerSales(Star other)
??? same(???)

45
same() method template
class Star {
String firstName;
String lastName;
String instrument;
int sales;
...

// check whhether this star is same another star

boolean same(Star other) {
...this.firstName...this.lastName...
...this.instrument...this.sales...
...this.isBigSales(...)
...other.firstName...other.lastName...
...other.instrument...other.sales...
...other.isBigSales(...)
}
}
46
same method implement
class Star {
String firstName;
String lastName;
String instrument;
int sales;
...

// check whether this star is same another star

boolean same(Star other) {
return (this.firstName.equals(other.firstName)
&& this.lastName.equals(other.lastName)
&& this.instrument.equals(other.instrument)
&& this.sales == other.sales);
}
}

47
same method test
import junit.framework.TestCase;
public class StarTest extends TestCase {
...
public void testSame() {
assertTrue(new Star("Abba", "John", "vocals", 12200)
.same(new Star("Abba", "John", "vocals", 12200)));

Star aStar1 = new Star("Elton", "John", "guitar", 20000);

assertTrue(aStar1.same(
new Star("Elton", "John", "guitar", 20000)));

Star aStar2 = new Star("Debie", "Gission", "organ", 15000);

Star aStar3 = new Star("Debie", "Gission", "organ", 15000);
assertFalse(aStar1.same(aStar2));
assertTrue(aStar2.same(aStar3));
}
}
48
Other solution: equals method
• A: Why we do not use JUnit built-in assertEquals method?
• Q: Can override build-in equals method
class Star {
String firstName;
String lastName;
String instrument;
int sales;
...
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (null == obj || !(obj instanceof Star))
return false;
else { Star that = (Star) obj;
return this.firstName.equals(that.firstName)
&& this.lastName.equals(that.lastName)
&& this.instrument.equals(that.instrument)
&& this.sales == that.sales;
}
}
} 49
equals method test
import junit.framework.TestCase;
public class StarTest extends TestCase {
...
public void testEquals() {
assertEquals(new Star("Abba", "John", "vocals", 12200),
new Star("Abba", "John", "vocals", 12200));

Star aStar1 = new Star("Elton", "John", "guitar", 20000);

assertEquals(aStar1,
new Star("Elton", "John", "guitar", 20000)));

Star aStar2 = new Star("Debie", "Gission", "organ", 15000);

Star aStar3 = new Star("Debie", "Gission", "organ", 15000);
assertEquals(aStar2, aStar3);
}
}

50
Conditional Computations

51
Conditional Computations
• . . . Develop a method that computes the yearly
interest for certificates of deposit (CD) for banks.
The interest rate for a CD depends on the amount of
deposited money. Currently, the bank pays 2% for
amounts up to $5,000, 2.25% for amounts between
$5,000 and $10,000, and 2.5% for everything
beyond that. . . .

52
Define Class
class CD {
String owner;
int amount; // cents

CD(String owner, int amount) {

this.owner = owner;
this.amount = amount;
}
}

53
Example
• Translating the intervals from the problem analysis
into tests yields three “interior” examples:
– new CD("Kathy", 250000).interest() expect
5000.0
– new CD("Matthew", 510000).interest() expect
11475.0
– new CD("Shriram", 1100000).interest() expect
27500.0

54
Conditional computation
• To express this kind of conditional computation,
Java provides the so-called IF-STATEMENT, which
can distinguish two possibilities:

if (condition) { if (condition) {
statement1 statement1
} }
else {
statement2
}

55
interest method template
// compute the interest rate for this account
double interest() {
if (0 <= this.amount && this.amount < 500000) {
...this.owner...this.amount...
}
else {
if (500000 <= this.amount && this.amount < 1000000) {
...this.owner...this.amount...
}
else {
...this.owner...this.amount...
}
}
}

56
interest() method implement
// compute the interest rate for this account
double interest() {
if (0 <= this.amount && this.amount < 500000) {
return 0.02 ∗ this.amount;
}
else {
if (500000 <= this.amount && this.amount < 1000000) {
return 0.0225 ∗ this.amount;
}
else {
return 0.025 ∗ this.amount;
}
}
}

57
interest() full implement
// compute the interest rate for this account
double interest() {
if (this.amount < 0) {
return 0;
}
else {
if (this.amount < 500000) {
return 0.02 ∗ this.amount;
}
else {
if (this.amount < 1000000) {
return 0.0225 ∗ this.amount;
}
else {
return 0.025 ∗ this.amount;
}
}
}
} 58
interest() different implement
// compute the interest rate for this account
double interest() {
if (this.amount < 0) {
return 0;
}
if (this.amount < 500000) {
return 0.02 ∗ this.amount;
}
if (this.amount < 1000000) {
return 0.0225 ∗ this.amount;
}
return 0.025 ∗ this.amount;
}

59
Mutable and Inmutable methods

60
Star example
• Suppose we wish to represent a star information
which has first name, last name, instrument he uses
and his sales.
• Design methods:
– Adds 20.000 to the star's sales.

61
Adds 20.000 to the star's sales.
Star
String firstName
String lastName
String instrument
int sales
??? biggerSales(???)
??? same(???)
??? incrementSales(???)

• 2 implements of incrementSales method

– Immutable
– Mutable
62
incrementSales
method template
class Star {
String firstName;
String lastName;
String instrument;
int sales;
...

// Adds 20.000 to the star's sales

??? incrementSales() {
...this.firstName...
...this.lastName...
...this.instrument...
...this.sales...
...this.same(...)...
...this.biggerSales(...)...
}
}
63
Don't change object state
• incrementSales immutable: creates a new star
with a different sales.
class Star {
String firstName;
String lastName;
String instrument;
int sales;
...

boolean same(Star other) { ... } Immutable

boolean biggerSales(Star other) { ... }
// Create another star with 20.000 add to this star's sales
Star incrementSales() {
return new Star(this.firstName, this.lasttName,
this.instrument, this.sales + 20000);
}
} 64
Test incrementSales immutable method
import junit.framework.*;
public class StarTest extends TestCase {
...
public void testIncrementSales() {
Star aStar1 = new Star("Abba", "John", "vocals", 12200);
Star aStar2 = aStart1.incrementSales();
assertTrue(aStart2.same(
new Star("Abba", "John", "vocals", 32200)));

aStar1 = new Star("Elton", "John", "guitar", 20000);

assertTrue(aStar1.incrementSales()
.same(new Star("Elton", "John", "guitar", 40000)));

assertTrue(new Star("Debie", "Gission", "organ", 15000)

.incrementSales()
.same(new Star("Debie", "Gission", "organ", 35000)));
}
}
65
Change object state
• mutableIncrementSales method: Change sales of
this object
class Star {
String firstName;
String lastName;
String instrument;
int sales;
...
boolean same(Star other) { ... }
boolean biggerSales(Star other) { ... }

// Adds 20.000 to the star's sales

void mutableIncrementSales() { Mutable
this.sales = this.sales + 20000
}

66
Test mutableIncrementSales
import junit.framework.*;

public class TestStar extends TestCase {

...

public void testMutableIncrementSales (){

Star aStar1 = new Star("Elton", "John", "guitar", 20000);
Star aStar2 = new Star("Debie", "Gission", "organ", 15000);

aStar1.mutableIncrementSales();
assertEquals(40000, aStar1.getSales());

aStar2.mutableIncrementSales();
assertEquals(35000, aStar2.getSales());
}
}

67
Discuss more: getSales method
• Q: Do we use “selector” this.sales outside Star class
• A: No
• Solution: getSales method
class Star {
String firstName;
String lastName;
String instrument;
int sales;
...

int getSales() {
return this.sales;
}
}

68
Class diagram
Star
String firstName
String lastName
String instrument
int sales

Star incrementSales()
void muatbleIncrementSales()
boolean same(Star other)
boolean biggerSales(Star orther)
int getSales()

69