21 Electrostatics

Q. Which of the following charge is possible:

Charge E.F. MF EM Wave 1C 1e
(a) (b)
Rest 100 50
–21
(c) 4.8 × 10 C (d) 1.56 × 10–18C
V = Constn
Ans. Use Q = ne (a) is possible

Accelerated 2> Charge dks Sharp Point ilan gS!

3> Charging of Body by conduction :-
1> Properties of Charge :- For conductor only
 Scalar, Conserved, Quantized Q α R.
Uska R
Q = ne, n = integer New Charge = [QTotal]
Total R
 Invariant does not depends upon speed R1
Q1' = [Q1 + Q2]
 Two type; Positive charge → deficiency of R1 + R2
electron, Negative charge → excessness 4> Charging of body by friction :-
of electron
For insulator only equal and opposite
 Charge can't exist without mass but charge on two rubbing object
mass can exist without charge. 5> Charging by induction :-

 Same charge → repel (may attract) For conductor and dielectric → equal or
lesser charge of positive nature induced.
Opposite charge → must attract
6> Charge density :-


 Sure check of charge body is repulsion

Linear object Areal object Volumetric
1 object
 SI unit 1 C = 3×109 esu. IC = emu. dq = λdl
10
dq = σdA dq = ρdV
 Smallest unit frankline = 1 esu dq
λ= c/m dq dq
 Largest unit faraday 1 faraday dl σ= c/m
2
ρ= c/m
3

= 96500 C dA dv

 One charge may attract other Neutral Linear charge Areal charge Charge
density density density
Quarks :- Does not exist in free state
7> Gold leaf experiment :-
up 2e
+ Device used to detect charge, not use to
3 
measure charge.
1
down + e  Method involves conduction or induction.
3
 Diverge angle α charge of leaf.
8> Coulomb's Law :- Like Charge Unlike Charge

Valid for point or spherical charge d d

x=

x=
symmetry n+1 n –1
 Conservative, long range, follow inverse Bada charge
n=
1 Chota charge
square law F α 2 , central, mediated
r
by photon. 10> If we Divide charge Equally, they repel
each other with Fmax.
Kq1q2 –12 C2
F = ε0 = 8.85 × 10 11> 
Find Position & Value of "q" so that
r2 Nm2
System will be in Equilibrium :-
1 Nm2 Mag:- Formula ls
K = =9×10 9 r
4πε0 C2
Dirn:- Buddhi ls.
* Another Medium between Charges :- Q q nQ
r
x=
εm ' F0 x n+1
K = εr = F = dec. by K.
ε0 K –nQ
q=
( n + 1)2
 Electrostatic force on q2 due to q1 does
not depends upon medium or presence 12> Pendulum Problem :-
of other charge →True.

 Net electrostatics force on q2 due to q1 β α

depends upon medium or presence of
other charge → True.
q2 , m
2 q1, m1
Q. Two identical charge ‘q’ repel each other
with a force of 100 N, one of the charge  Value of α and β depends on charges
is increased by 10% and decreased by and masses but ratio of α and β does
10% then new force of repulsion at the not depends on charges and depends
same distance? only on masses
tanα m2
Ans. q'1 = 110%q, q'2 = 90%q =
tan β m1
Kq1q2 Kq1' q2'
F = , F' = ⇒ F' = 99N
r2 r2  If m1 = m2 then α = β

9> Neutral Point :-  If m1 > m2 then α < β

Find position of 3rd charge where force Fe

tanθ =
on that charge will be zero mg
q θ θ l
q1=+Q q2=nQ T= Fe2 + (mg)2 θ T T
Q r nQ Fe
Fe
q q
x Fq=0 mg mg

147
Electrostatics
Q. If q1 > q2 but m1 = m2 then which of the (B) Ring :-
following is correct?
Q R2+X2
(a) α = β (b) α > β (c) α < β
Radius
R Emax =
α 2
β X P

KQx
q1, m1 q2, m2 EP =
(R +X2)3/2
2

Ans. (a)
13> Force on Rod Due to Point Charge :-  Graph B/w electric field and distance
dq, dx
q x
x
L
a E
Kq (λL) Emax
F =
a(a+L)
R x
x=
14>Coulomb's Law in Vector Form :- 2
Kq1q2 Kq1q2
F21 = 21 = r21 (C) Half ring :-
2 3
r21 r21
2Kλ
E=
15> Electric Field Intensity :- R
Electrostatic force per unit positive charge. E
2KQ
F E= 2
E = = N/C. Vector ! πR
q MR*
Q
on +=along E
+ve dur 2Kλ
E F E= sin (θ/2)
θ R
–ve Pass on –=opposite R
#Garda Visualisatn.
E
16> Electric Field Due to Line Charge :-
(A) Point charge :-
E
+ –
KQ
E = 2
r

148
Physics
 2Kλ P+ = e,m. Deuteron = e, 2m.
(a) ∞ – line :- E =
r
∝-particle = 2e, 4m.
Kλ
(b) Semi- ∞ line :- E = i– j
r 2> Charge is projected with “U0” in dir
n

Kλ
(c) Finite line :- E = [(sin α + sin β) i of E.F. :-
r
+(Cos α + Cos β) j ] qE n qE
a= = Const V = U0 + t
m m
(d) Finite line at 'r' when (α=β) :-
ΔP = qEt
2Kλ
E = sinαi
r
1 qE t2 qEt
Charge (-q, m) moving around S = U0t + Pt = m U0 +
IMP 2 m m
e infinite line charge with speed V.
Cas
V 3> Charge is projected ┴er to E.F. :-
2Kλ mv2
r q=
r r
–q, m Uy V qEd
tan δ = 2
qE mU0
V r0 δ
Ux

q
Q. Find electric field at centre ? U0 qE
Sy = d2
a 2
2mU0
+Q +Q

+Q +Q
Q. Proton, Deutron and α-particle

+Q projected in electric field perpendicular

to it, then find ratio of deviation if:

KQ
Ans. E =
a2 (i) They projected with same speed
MR* Put +Q and –Q charge on the corner,
where no charge is present. δP : δD : δα = 2 : 1 : 1 δ ∝ q/m

17> 
Motion of Charged Particle in Uniform
(ii) They are projected with same K.E.
E.F. :-
1> Charge is drop/released :- δP : δD : δα = 1 : 1 : 2 δ ∝q
qE qEt
a = V= P = qEt
m m (iii) Projected with same momentum
2 2 2 2
1 qE t 1 q E t
S = KE =
2 m 2 m δP : δD : δα = 1 : 2 : 8 δ ∝ qm

149
Electrostatics
18> Graph of EF with R due to Combination (b) Axial line :-
of Point Charge :-
2 KPx 2KP
E= E=+ 3
2 2 2
(a – x ) x

(x–a)

NP A 0 B E2 P
–q +q E1
2a
P
E
X

–4q +q Axial E.F. Same

NP line mein hogi aur
Eequi E.F. equitorial line pr
1 er
= ┴ hogi aur dipole
Eaxial 2 Ke opposite hogi.
19> Electric Dipole :-
Two equal and opposite charge placed at
small distance.
(c) θ from ideal dipole
Unit = C.m, Net charge = 0, Ideal dipole =
small dipole
E
Mag. of Distn between
P = × KPsinθ 2KPcosθ
Q. two charge
3
x
3 x
Direction of dipole moment -ve
to +ve charge.
(a) Equitorial line :- Pcosθ KP
x E= 3 cos2θ + 1
3
– KP – KP x
E = E = 3
2 2 3/2
(a + x ) x θ
P

E
E sinθ P
Psinθ
2E cosθ θ E
A
θ Angle between E & P = θ + ∝

E KP sinθ/x­3 tanθ
E sinθ a +x2 2 tan ∝ = 3
=
2KPcosθ/x 2

The Angle from

θ = tan–1 2
dipole at which
θ θ
a a
–q +q E┴ P

150
Physics
 1> Force b/w two dipole 1/r4
θ = 0­0 θ = 90° θ = 180°
2> Force b/w point charge &
E
dipole 1/r3 el
P || E P ┴ E P anti ||el E
3> Force b/w two Charge
1/r2 F=0 F=0 F=0
3 τ=0 τ = PE XX τ=0
2
Umin = – PE U=O Umax = PE
1
x € Work Done to Rotate dipole W=ΔU=
*Jiska Power ↑ woh sabse niche?
Uf-Ui
20> Electric oscillate in electric field :-
€ Work done by E.F. to rotate dipole=w=- ΔU
τ = P × E = PE sinθ Vector !
*Special Case :-
θ = Angle between E & P.
Torque hamesha dipole dks E.F. dh dir
n € Work Done to Rotate from Stable to

esa Align djuk pk,xk! Unstable :- U = 2PE.

I  Rotate
T = 2π
PE W.D. = O!

I = Moment of Inertia 22> Electric Flux :-

T = Time period of oscillation
φ = flux = E . A = EA cosθ
P = Electric dipole moment
E = Electric field. θ = Angle between E & A
€ Electric field on the axis of electric Æ Gives the idea of electrostatic energy
dipole is always parallel to electric dipole
passing through given area.
moment → False
€ Electric field on the equitorial line of Æ Counting of field lines passing through
dipole is anti-parallel to dipole → True given crosss-section area

21> 
Electrostatic P.E. Stored in Dipole in Æ Scalar
Uniform E.F. :-
Scalar. Æ Unit (Volt - meter) & (Nm+2 C-1)
Uθ = – P . E = – PE cosθ.
P2 P1 Æ dφ = E . dA variable electric field.
P3
Flux :- Aaisi line joh area Ko aarpar ched
banakr jarahi hai !
E
3-D body :- φin = –ve φout = +ve φTotal = φin
U4
+ φout
U4 > U3 > U2 > U1
Uniform E.F.:- φTotal close surface = 0.

151
Electrostatics
Q. A charge Q placed on the cornor of 3> Relation between plane angle & solid
square plate of side ‘L’ then find flux angle :-
throug that square plate → zero.
23. Gauss Law :- dS
θ
qenclosed q dΩ = 2π(1–cosθ)
φ = E . dA =
ε0
Ω
φ = inside charge
q
φ= (1-cosθ)
E = inside outside 2ε0
Æ Flux from close surface does not depends
shape, size of surface and location of Application of gauss law :-
charge inside surface and charge outside
1> E.F. Due to point charge :-
the surface.

Æ Always valid E
KQ
Æ Only applicable to calculate electric field E= 2
for symmetric charge distribution r

€ Special Case :- r

1> Flux through faces not touching the 2> Infinite line charge :-
corner charges :-
E
Q
2kλ
E=
1 Q r
φ =
3 8ε0
r

3> Infinite hollow/solid conducting or hollow

2> non-conducting cylinder :-

radius
3  lλ 2Kλ σR
φmax = E= = outside
ε0 x ε0 r
point
λl
φcube = E
ε0

Aaise Question mein pahile length nikalo,

charge distribution dekho
λl
φ = lagado ! r =R
ε0 r

152
Physics
4> Solid non-conducting cylinder :- 7> Spherical Shell

ρR (like Hollow Sphere).

ρR2
Eout = Ein =
2ε0r 2ε0 KQ KQ
r =R Eout = 2 Esur = 2 Ein = 0
r R
E
8> Conducting Shell :-
E.F. inside isolated Conductor is zero.
9> E.F. Inside cavity of non-conducting solid
sphere :-
distn b/w centre of sphere
to centre of cavity
r
*
MR
2 ρr
qin = λl = σ[2πR]l = ρ[πR ]l EP = (uniform) r = r0 – r1
3ε0
2Kλ
E = from from
r
Sphere Cavity
5> E.F. Due to hollow conducting/N.C. Solid
10> E.F. Due to infinite large conducting
conducting sphere :-
plate/sheet :-
Ein = 0 E

KQ
Eout = 2
r σ Q
E= =
KQ 2ε0 2Aε0
Esur = 2
R r
Kuch na bola jaye toh by default
6> E.F due to solid non-conducting sphere :- Non-conducting consider Karo!

KQr KQ 11> E.F. Due to conducting plate :-

Ein = 3 Eout = 2
R r
Q
ρ =
4 πR3
3 σ Q
E= =
KQ ρr ε0 2Aε0
Esur = 2 Ein =
R 3ε0
Charge Ke Terms
E sheet Ka Formula same

12> Electric field due to charge disc

R σ x
x E= 1–
2ε0 R2+x2
r

153
Electrostatics
24. Charge Distribution :-  Charge distribution on concentric
Total sphere :-
Charge
Charges on outer surface of plate = final charge on outer
2 q = q1+ q2
2Q 3Q surface of outer sphere

 Charge on inner surface of outer sphere

= q2 - q

5Q –Q q2
+Q 5Q
2 2 q1
2 2

5Q Q
– = 2Q
2 2
5Q Q
+ = 3Q
2 2

MR*
eqf'dy ugha gS dqN nqfu;k esa]
rw tjk fgEer rks djA
[okc cnysaxs gdhdr esa]
rw tjk dksf'k'k rks djAA

154
Physics