Name : Galang Isna Nugroho

NIM : 2101050017

Materials Compilation
A. Linguistics
 Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It is called a scientific study because it
entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of
language, particularly, its nature and structure. Linguist apply the scientific method
to conduct formal studies of speech sounds and grammatical structures.
 Scope of linguistic
There are five which includes various aspects of a language such as phonetics,
semantics, syntax, morphology, and stylistics.
 Phonetics, is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the production and
classification of the world’s speech sounds.
 Semantics, is the study of the meaning of words and sentences. It uses the
relations of linguistic forms to non-linguistic concepts and mental representations
to explain how sentences are understood by native speakers.
 Syntax, is the part of linguistics that studies the structure and formation of
sentences. it explains how words and phrases are arranged to form correct
sentences.
 Morphology, the study of how words are put together.
 Stylistic, is a branch of applied linguistics concerned with the study of style in
texts, especially, but not exclusively, in literary works.
B. Language
 Definition of language
Language is a system of communication consisting sounds, words, and grammar.
Many definitions of language have been proposed. Henry Sweet, an English
phonetician and language scholar, said “Language is the expression of ideas by
means of speech-sounds combined into words. Words are combined into sentence,
this combination answering to that of ideas into thoughts.”
 Functions of language
There are six functions according to a Russian linguist Roman Jakobson which are:
referential function, emotive function, poetic function, conative function, phatic
function, and also metalingual function.
 Referential function means provide or convey information.
 Emotive also called expressive, this function helps us to interpret emotions,
feelings, desires, and moods of the subject.
 Poetic Function is also known as the aesthetic function of language. This
function focuses on the message as well as the way the message is
communicated.
  Conative function is allocated to the addressee. It refers to those aspects of
language which aim to create a certain response in the addressee.
 Phatic function is used to establish a social connection without really
communicating any meaningful information. Usually is used to start or stop a
conversation.
 Meta is basically defined as self-awareness. So metalingual refers to talking
about the language itself such as its features, word definitions, clarifying
ambiguity, and describing deliberate word play.
 Properties of language
There are basically six properties of language that makes the human language
different from the animal’s language.
 Displacement
This property allows us to communicate about those events that are currently
absent from the environment.
 Productivity
It resembles the infinity of unique words/sentences and the combination of
word.
 Arbitrariness
It basically presents that no naturela connection berween a linguistic form and
its meaning is existed.
 Discreteness
This property ensures that the sounds used in languages are meaningfully
distinct and those sounds are considered our own with our distinct meaning.
 Duality
At one stage of language, we find two kinds of simultaneity of language, one
is discrete sounds are considered our own with our distinct meaning.
 Cultural Transmission
Language is learnt through culture with other speakers and not parental genes.
C. Prescriptive & Descriptive Grammar
a. Prescriptive
It is the traditional approach of grammar that tells people how to use the English
language, what forms they should utilize, and what functions they should serve. In
a prescriptive grammar there is right and wrong language. For example, a
grammarian might have explained that you should 'never end a sentence with a
preposition' or that starting a sentence with a conjunction like 'And' or 'But' is a
big no-no. This type of reference, which tells you how to speak so-called 'correct'
English, can be referred to as a prescriptive grammar.
b. Descriptive
A descriptive grammar is a set of rules about language based on how it is actually
used. In a descriptive grammar there is no right and wrong language. Some
examples are the use of word “ain’t” for “I’m not,” saying “we’re good” instead
of “we are doing well”.
D. Differences between Synchronic & Diachronic
 Synchronic is the study of a language at a point of time. In contrast, diachronic
studies the development, history or evolution of language. For instance,
synchronic linguistics is descriptive study of how parts of a language (morphs or
morphemes) combine to form words and phrases and how proper syntax gives a
sentence meaning. In diachronic, studying the usage patterns of double negatives
in English in the 18th century and comparing it to the patterns in the 19 th, 20th, and
early 21st.
E. Differences between human language & animal language
 Human language is extendable and modifiable. The symbol or linguistics sign used
in a language many years ago may be extended, changed or even may not be used
anymore. In contrast, animal communication stays the same as it first used by an
animal for example, bees and monkeys use even now-a-days the same
communication as they used long time ago.
 Animals’ communication has limited symbol, and number of messages they can
send or receive. While human communication using a set number of sounds and
characters.
F. School of Linguistic
1. Functionalism
This first school of thought focuses on how language is actually used in everyday
life. Those who abide by functionalism look at language as just another tool for
humans to use, and thus tend to focus on the function language and its different
parts have in our lives. The theories of functionalism focus on phonological,
semantic, syntactic, as well as the pragmatic functions of language. Functionalism
emphasizes the importance of social context, usage, and the communicative
function of the grammar, phonology, orthography, and more, of a language.
2. Structuralism
Based on the work of Ferdinand de Saussure of Switzerland, structuralism is an
approach to linguistics that focuses on the idea that languages are fixed systems
made up of many different units that connect with each other. This school of
thought marked a shift from historical linguistic analysis to non-historical
analysis. Later on, other linguists would come to see structuralism as rather out-
of-date. It worked for phonology and morphology, but the theories it proposes
don’t make as much sense as the ones proposed by new schools of thought.
Saussure was aware of the fact that, in his time, he would not be able to get a
good understanding of the human brain, and so left that to future linguists.
3. Generativism
The work of Noam Chomsky became the basis for the generativism approach to
linguistics. It was originally a way to explain how humans acquire language in the
first place, but soon it came to be used to explain the different phenomena that
occur in all natural languages. The generative theory of language suggests that, in
its most basic form, language is made up of certain rules that apply to all humans
 and all languages. This led to the theory of “universal grammar”, that all humans
are capable of learning grammar. All of this was developed in the second half of
the 20th century, with Noam Chomsky taking into account the work of Zellig
Harris as well.
4. Cognitivism
The last linguistic school of thought on our list emerged in the 1950s as a reaction
to generativism. In basic terms, cognitivism says that language emerges from
human cognitive processes. It challenges “universal grammar” by suggesting that
grammar is not something that all humans can inherently understand, but rather it
is learned by using language. In this sense, it is a bit similar to functionalism.
However, the main focus of cognitivism is how language is based on meaning that
the mind creates.

References
https://www.britannica.com/topic/language
https://malinotes.blogspot.com/2012/07/difference-between-human-language-and.html
https://www.thoughtco.com/synchronic-linguistics-1692015
https://osuwritingcenter.okstate.edu/blog/2020/10/30/prescriptive-and-descriptive-
grammar#:~:text=Prescriptive%20Grammar%3A,what%20functions%20they%20should
%20serve.
https://collins.co.uk/blogs/collins-elt/prescriptive-vs-descriptive-approaches-to-grammar