INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to the outstanding group of people who have helped us in
completing our project successfully. We would like to convey our sincere thanks to them for
their unabated support rendered to us at all times.
Firstly, we would also like to thank mainly school of ELECTRICAL and COMPUTER
ENGINEERING, INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, for providing us with such world class
infrastructures.
Then, we would like to thanks our advisor Mr Solomon W/Tsadik for his undue support and
guidance given to us through right path to the completion of our project.
Finally, we would like to again thank the outstanding group of people, the cabal of supremely
positive individuals who encouraged, pushed and supported us throughout the period of this
project.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

ABSTRACT
Temperature plays an important part in our environment. Changes in temperature can affect the
behavior of human beings, plants and even materials such as semiconductors. This project is to
control the temperature of a given environment such as baby incubator.
Incubators provide warmth and prevent heat loss to significantly improve survival rates. The use
of air-heated incubators has been the standard method of providing a stable, individualized
thermal environment.
A microcontroller is used to control the temperature in incubator where the temperature had to be
kept constant at 37 0C. The system will function as stated in the programming code of Aurduino
in order to keep the temperature stable. A simple temperature controller which has least complex
circuitry has to be designed so that it saves space and be more reliable for an incubator. Present
design which uses microprocessor as main controller in digital signal processing combined with
complex combinational logic circuit are redundant and needs to be improved in the sense of
functionality. Hence, replacement of microcontroller with an Aurduino microcontroller is
prudent action due to its efficiency and reliability especially in an incubator.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

Contents
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Infant Incubator ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Needs for Incubation ...................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Infant Thermoregulation ....................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Basic Instrumentation System ............................................................................................... 3
1.5 OBJECTIVE.......................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................... 5
1.5.2 Specific Objective........................................................................................................... 5
1.6 Importance of Temperature and Humidity Control in Infant Incubator................................ 6
1.7 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................... 6
1.8 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................... 7

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION ..................................... 7
Overview ....................................................................................................................7
2.1 Procedure Involved ...........................................................................................7
2.2 Design Requirements ........................................................................................7
2.3 Hardware Details of the System .......................................................................8
2.3.1 Sensor..........................................................................................................8
2.3.2 Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) .........................................................10
2.3.3 Display ......................................................................................................10
2.4 TEMPERATURE CONTROL .......................................................................10
2.4.1 Relay .........................................................................................................11
2.4.2 Power supply +12 Volts ...........................................................................11
2.4.3 Aurduino Uno kit ......................................................................................13

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................... 16

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND AURDINO PROGRAMING ......................................... 16
3.1 Schematic Diagram ............................................................................................................. 16
3.2 Programing for Aurduino and Flow Chart .......................................................................... 17
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................... 19
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION ................................................................. 19
4.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 19
4.2 RECOMENDATION .......................................................................................................... 20
REFERENCES......................................................................................................... 22
List Figure
Fig1.1: Block Diagram of Instrumentation System ........................................................................ 4
Fig 2.1: Block diagram of microcontroller based temperature and humidity controller ................ 8
Fig. 2.2. DHT11sensor…………………………………………………………………………….9

Fig. 2.3. Circuit for temperature sensing ........................................................................................ 9

Figure 2.4: Circuits for Temperature Control. .............................................................................. 11
Figure 2.5: DC power Supply +12 volts circuit ............................................................................ 11
Fig 2.6 Aurduino Uno ................................................................................................................... 13
Fig 3.1. Aurduino Uno Microcontroller circuit for temperature and humidity sensing ............... 16
Fig 3.2 Simulation Result ............................................................................................................. 17
Fig 3.3 Flow Chart Software
Development……………………………………………………………………………….……17

List of Table
Table 2.1: Design Reqirements of the System………………………………………………….7

Table 4.1:Cost analysis ................................................................................................................. 21

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................ 23
APPENDEX A: SOURCE CODE .............................................................................. 23
APPENDIX B: ABBRIVATION ............................................................................... 25

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INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

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INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

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INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

pg. vii
 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
The proposed temperature and humidity monitor is an integrated device that is intended to allow
users to input specific requirements for an infant in a hospital environment. The signals for these
hospital room settings will be detected and analyzed. This data will then be utilized to adjust the
current settings as required for each individual infant.
Many babies are died in the first month of day. Preterm birth is attributed, either directly or
indirectly, to at least 25 percent of neonatal deaths, and low birth weight (LBW) newborns are at
the greatest risk. The current recommended method of providing infant temperature regulation in
resource constrained settings is the practice of placing newborns directly onto the mother's chest.
As a consequence, at risk newborns in developing countries need a warm, clean environment in
which to grow stronger. Incubators can help provide millions of at risk infants with shorter
hospitals stays and can enable infants who might otherwise have faced a lifetime of severe
disability to experience active lives.

1.1 Methodology
Sensors that are used to detect temperature and humidity will be placed in close proximity to the
patient. A computer connected to the microcontroller will allow the user to input the required
temperature and humidity settings that are ideal for the patient’ s condition or even for comfort.
When the readings from the sensors deviate with respect to the input values from the controller,
the microprocessor sends out a signal to the effecters to adjust the settings back to the input
values.

1.2 Infant Incubator

An incubator is an infant-stimulating system used for intensive care of the new born,
premature or sick baby. It provides a safe and clean environment, which has fresh air, clean and
sterile ambient conditions for the babies. In addition to these, the incubator environment
provides a homogeneous and stable temperature, a relative humidity (RH) level and
oxygen gas concentration that are needed especially for intensive care of the premature baby.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

1.2.1 Needs for Incubation

Temperature regulation is one of the most important factors affecting survival in newborn
infants. Premature infants, as compared to term infants, are at an even greater disadvantage in
temperature maintenance, because of the larger skin surface area to body mass ratio, decreased
subcutaneous fat, and low supplies of brown fat. Furthermore, the normal surge in metabolic rate
that occurs after birth is reduced in preterm infants, resulting in limited heat production. Preterm
infant’s birth rates are especially high in developing countries. A combination of poor facilities,
poor after birth care and a lack of knowledge have propelled preterm birth to be one of the
leading causes of infant mortality in developing countries.
Incubators provide warmth and prevent heat loss to significantly improve survival rates. The use
of air-heated incubators has been the standard method of providing a stable, individualized
thermal environment for the newborn infant at risk
Principles of Operation Incubator
Most incubators have hand access ports with doors that permit the infant to be handled while
limiting the introduction of cool room air. The clinician can raise or remove the plastic hood or
open a panel to gain greater access to the infant. Some units feature an air curtain that causes
warm air to sweep past the opening. Most incubators warm the infant by a forced or natural
flow of heated air. At least one unit supplements air convection by actively warming the
incubator walls to reduce radiant heat loss. Another unit uses a mattress of warm water, rather
than a convective airflow, to warm the infant.
Heating and humidification systems are located beneath the infant compartment. A fan or natural
flow circulates air past the heater and the temperature measuring device, over a water
reservoir used to humidify the air (if desired), and up into the infant compartment. Most
incubators are equipped with proportional heating controls that provide electrical power to
the heating coil in response to the difference between the actual temperature and the desired
temperature.
Most units have two modes of operation:
a)Air-temperature control: With the air-temperature (manual) control, the operator sets the
temperature of the air in the incubator; changes in infant body temperature are usually measured
periodically with a thermometer, and adjustments in air temperature are made accordingly.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

b) Skin-temperature control: In the skin temperature control (automatic) mode, a sensor is

taped to the infant’s skin, and the heater responds to changes in the sensor to keep the skin
temperature at the present level. Increasing the relative humidity in an incubator can reduce
evaporative heat loss, many clinicians avoid supplemental humidification because of concern
that infectious organisms may proliferate in the water reservoir.

1.3 Infant Thermoregulation

Thermoregulation is a critical physiological function that is closely associated with the neonate’s
survival. Extremely low birth weight infants have inefficient thermoregulation due to immaturity
and care giver procedures. As a result, infants may exhibit cold body temperatures after birth and
during their first 12 hours of life. Thermoregulation plays a unique and crucial role in the
nurturing and development of neonates. It helps neonatal care practitioners to provide a balanced
environment through the management of temperature.
Heat loss can occur in infants with extremely low birth weight in following ways:
 Conduction: The transfer of energy from the molecules of a body to the molecules of a solid
object in contact with the body, resulting in heat loss.
 Convection: The similar loss of thermal energy to an adjacent gas.
 Evaporation: Evaporative heat loss is the total heat transfer by energy carrying water
molecules from the skin and respiratory tract to the drier environment.
 Radiation: Radiant loss is the net rate of heat loss from the body to environmental surfaces not
in contact with the body.
Temperature control is paramount to survival and is typically achieved with use of radiant
warmers or double walled incubators. Hypothermia (< 35°C) has been associated with poor
outcome, including chronic oxygen dependency. Immediately after birth, the infant should be
dried and placed on a radiant warmer.

1.4 Basic Instrumentation System

The primary purpose of medical instrumentation system is to measure or determine the
presence of some physical quantity that may some way assist the medical personnel to
make better diagnosis and treatment. The basic block diagram is shown in figure below:

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

Fig1.1: Block Diagram of Instrumentation System

Any instrument would comprise of the following:
1. Measurand: The physical quantity or condition that the instrumentation system measure is
called measurand. The source for the measurand is the human body, which generates a variety of
signals.
2. Transducer/Sensor: A transducer convert’s one form of energy to another. The priority
function of the transducer is to provide a usable output in response to the measurand, which
specific physical quantity, property or condition. Basically, a sensor converts a physical
measurand to an electrical signal. Depending on the transducer, the output produced is in the
form of voltage, current, resistance, or capacitance.
3. Signal Conditioner: It converts the output of the transducer into an electrical quantity
suitable for operation of the display or recording system or control purposes. Signal conditioning
usually includes functions such as amplification, conversion analog to digital or signal
transmission circuitry.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

Buffer amplifier helps in increasing the sensitivity of instruments by amplification of the original
signal or its transuded form. The A/D converter carries out the process of the analog to digital
conversion. The higher the number of bits, the higher the precision of conversion. Since
software costs generally far exceed the hardware costs, the analog or digital interface.
4. Alarm system: With upper and lower adjustable thresholds to indicate when the measurand
goes beyond present limits.
5. Display System: Provides a visible representation of the quantity. It may be on the chart
recorder, or on the screen of a cathode tube or in numeric form or LCD display.
6. Data transmission: Standard interface connections can be used so that the
information obtained may be carried to other parts of an integrated system or to transmit
from one location to another.
7. Data Storage: To maintain the data for future reference. It may be a hard copy on a paper or
on magnetic or semiconductor memories.

8. Control System: It controls all the operations of the instrument. It consists of a

microprocessor or a micro-controller and software stored inside it to provide the necessary
controls. The control logic provides the necessary interface between the microcontroller system
and the elements of the acquisition unit in providing the necessary timing control. It has to
ensure that the correct analog signal is selected, samples data at correct time, initiate the A/D
conversion process and signals to the microcontroller or microprocessors on completion of
conversion.

1.5 OBJECTIVE

1.5.1 General Objective

 Monitoring infant with temperature and humidity control using Aurduino Microcontroller

1.5.2 Specific Objective.

 Monitoring the incubator temperature.
 Monitoring the incubator humidity.
 Control light intensity of incubator.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

1.6 Importance of Temperature and Humidity Control in Infant Incubator

Thermal stress in neonates has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity.
The preterm baby is particularly vulnerable because of increased heat loss and immature or
absent thermoregulatory mechanisms. The body attempts to maintain a constant central
temperature within narrow limits. To do this there must be a balance between heat production
and heat exchange with the environment. This exchange with the surroundings occurs by
conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. The effect of these four modes will
depend on gestation, postnatal age, the characteristics of the environment such as
temperature and humidity. High humidity used to prevent evaporative heat losses and
maintaining the required body temperature of infant’s body.

1.7 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Premature or tiny babies are unable to keep themselves sufficiently warm and cool. They are also
very weak and prone to infections. An incubator is a special type of a coat which provides an
ideal environment for the baby. It tries to stimulate the conditions as inside the mother’s womb.

1.8 Scope
The temperature, lighting and humidity monitoring system are to be a cost efficient system and
targeted towards patients in the hospital environment. One of the main focuses would be for
infants, including infants that are placed in incubators, and for the treatment of babies.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

CHAPTER TWO

SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

Overview
This project is to design a temperature and humidity controller to be used to control the
temperature of a small environment such as a baby incubator. A baby incubator is an infant
stimulating system used for intensive care of the newborn, premature or sick baby. It provides a
safe and clean environment, which has fresh air, clean and sterile ambient conditions for the
babies. Usually the controller used in the baby incubator is a Microprocessor.

2.1 Procedure Involved

Search for information related to required environment
 Search for the material and equipment required for this project.
 Design the temperature and humidity control circuit using Aurduino software.
 Design the Aurduino Microcontroller programming code according to the specification of
temperature and humidity control in C language.

2.2 Design Requirements

Temperature and humidity are two very important parameters that needed to be monitored
continuously in the infant incubator chamber so that similar environment can be replicated for
the pre-term infant or new born baby. Temperature can be displayed in terms of degree Celsius
(0C) and humidity in terms of relative humidity which is expressed as % Relative Humidity
(%RH). Table 2.1: Design Requirements of the System:
Mode of System Operation Automatic Control
Temperature Range 280c-380c or User requirements
Relative Humidity >70% R.H or User requirements
Mode of input of parameters User Friendly
Temperature of water reservoir 42 0c-450 c
Mode of Temperature Control Skin-Temperature Control
Display LCD

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

2.3 Hardware Details of the System

The block diagram of microcontroller based temperature and humidity controller in the infant
incubator is shown in figure below.

LCD

TEMP.SENSOR
FOR INFANT’S
HEATER
BODY (T1) MICRO- FOR WATER
CONTROLLER
HUMIDITY ADC
SENSOR (H)
HEATER
DRIVER
TEMP.SENSOR
FOR WATER
RESERVOIR (T2)
KEYPAD

HEATER FOR
POWER SUPPLY
BABY
CHAMBER

Fig 2.1: Block diagram of microcontroller based temperature and humidity controller
The details of the various components are given below:

2.3.1 Sensor
Sensor is the front end device which comes directly in contact with the quantity being
measured. In microcontroller based infant incubator, the choice of transducer or sensor to
measure the temperature of baby, temperature of water reservoir and humidity of baby
chamber is very critical .So we require two types of sensors:
1. Temperature Sensor
2. Relative Humidity Sensor

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

 TEMPERATURE SENSING.
The temperature in the neonatal chamber needs to be sensed and read before controlling it. A
sensor is placed in the compartment where the baby is kept and the sensed temperature is given
to the Arduino Uno Microcontroller. Output devices for keeping temperature within the desired
range are connected to the digital output pins of the microcontroller. The temperature is sensed
using a DHT11 sensor.

Fig . 2. 2. DHT11 sensor

This is a multifunctional sensor that gives temperature and relative humidity information at the
same time. It can meet measurement needs of general purposes. It provides reliable readings
when environment humidity condition is in between 20% RH and 90% RH, and temperature
condition is in between 0°C and 50°C, covering needs in most home and daily applications that
don't contain extreme conditions.

Fig. 2.3. Circuit for temperature sensing

The requirements of the temperature measurement are given below:
• Temperature Sensor (T1): for measurement of body temperature of an infant in the range of
280C-380C.
• Temperature Sensor (T2) for measurement of temperature of water reservoir should measure
temperature within range of 42 -450C.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

 Humidity Sensor (H)

Humidity sensor should provide humidity level in the incubator in terms of relative
humidity (%RH) in the range of 0-100%RH. The humidity sensor must have the following
properties:
i) Accuracy
ii) Temperature Range
iii) Repeatability
iv) Long term stability
v) High Input Impedance
VI) Linearity
vii) Humidity Range

2.3.2 Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)

As it is clear from the block diagram (Figure 2.1) that there are three inputs given to ADC. The
three inputs are:
i) Temperature of the chamber
ii) Temperature of water reservoir
iii) Humidity of the chamber

2.3.3 Display
The system has been designed to monitor the temperature of infant’s body and humidity of the
chamber so that the new born baby can get similar environment as it get when it’s in mother’s
womb. To display the parameters LMB162A is used. The LCD Controller has two 8-bit
registers, the Instruction register (IR) and the data register (DR).

2.4 TEMPERATURE CONTROL

Aurduino Uno is the controller used here. The program is written to control the bulb. When the
temperature in the chamber falls down below 370 C the bulb glows and whenever the
temperature in the chamber goes beyond 37 0C the bulb automatically switch off. The
Relay here acts as a switch and 12 V DC supply is given to the Relay. The Step down
transformer here transforms the 230 V power supply to 120 V.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

Figure 2.4: Circuits for Temperature Control.

2.4.1 Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch and used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
low power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits),
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits
from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by
digital instruments still called "protective relays".

2.4.2 Power supply +12 Volts

230 AC REGULATOR IC
7810

TR1 1 3
VI VO
D4 D1
GND

DIODE DIODE

C1
2

C2
C3
D2
D3 DIODE
DIODE

TRAN-2P2S

Figure 2.5: DC power Supply +12 volts circuit

For the operation of relays 12V DC supply is required to excite them. So there is a need of 12V
DC power supply. This can get from the circuit shown in Fig 2.3. The main components of this
circuit are, a 230 to (18-0-18) step down transformer, bridge rectifier, capacitors and
voltage regulator (LM7812 ). DC power Supply +12 volts circuit.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

 Center tapped transformer

Center tap is a contact made to a point halfway along a winding of a transformer ,
inductor or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer. Taps are sometimes used on
inductors for the coupling of signals, and may not necessarily be at the half way point, but rather,
closer to one end. Inductors with taps also permit the transformation of the amplitude of
alternating current (AC) voltages for the purpose of power conversion, in which case, they
are referred to as autotransformers, since there is only one winding. Potentiometer tapping
provides one or more connections along the device's element, along with the usual connections at
each of the two ends of the element, and the slider connection. Potentiometer taps allow for
circuit functions that would otherwise not be available with the usual construction of just the two
end connections and one slider connection. In a rectifier, a center tapped transformer and
two diodes can form a full-wave rectifier that allows both half cycles of the AC
waveform to contribute to the direct current, making it smoother than a half wave rectifier.
This form of circuit saves on rectifier diodes compared to a diode bridge, but has poorer
utilization of the transformer windings.
 Volts center tapped
Volts center tapped (VCT) describes the voltage output of a center tapped transformer. For
example, A 24 VCT transformer will measure 24 VAC across the outer two taps (winding as a
whole), and 12 VAC from each outer tap to the center-tap (half winding). These two 12 VAC
supplies are 180 degrees out of phase with each other, thus making it easy to derive positive and
negative 12 volt DC power supplies from them.
 Linear regulator
linear regulator is a system used to maintain a steady voltage. The resistance of the
regulator varies in accordance with the load resulting in a constant output voltage. The
regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor, continuously adjusting a voltage
divider network to maintain a constant output voltage, and continually dissipating the
difference between the input and regulated voltages as waste heat. Because the regulated
voltage of a linear regulator must always be lower than input voltage, efficiency is limited
and the input voltage must be high enough to always allow the active device to drop some
voltage.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

 Step down transformer

Step down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage. It is
designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding. As a step
down unit, the transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into low voltage, high-
current power. The larger-gauge wire used in the secondary winding is necessary due to the
increase in current. The primary winding, which does not have to conduct as much current, may
be made of smaller gauge wire.

2.4.3 Arduino Uno kit

Aurduino is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy to use
hardware and software. Aurduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety
of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The
microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Aurduino programming language (based
on Wiring) and the Aurduino development environment (based on Processing). Aurduino
projects can be stand alone or they can communicate with software running on a computer. The
Aurduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the AT mega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC to DC adapter or battery to get started.

Fig 2.6 Arduino Uno

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V,however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable.
If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

pg. 14
INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

pg. 15
 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

CHAPTER THREE

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM AND AURDINO PROGRAMING

3.1 Schematic Diagram

The temperature in the chamber need to sensed and read before controlling it. A sensor is placed
in the compartment where the baby is kept and the sensed temperature is given to the Aurduin
Uno Microcontroller.

LCD1
LM016L

RV1
BAT1
BAT2 1.5V
1.5V

VDD
VSS

VEE

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
1k
ARD1

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
AREF
13
PB5/SCK
12
U1 PB4/MISO
1 RESET 11
~PB3/MOSI/OC2A
10
~ PB2/SS/OC1B
9
~ PB1/OC1A
8
27.0 PB0/ICP1/CLKO
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121

DIGITAL (~PWM)

BAT3 7
ANALOG IN

PD7/AIN1
5v 2 6
VOUT A0 ~ PD6/AIN0
PC0/ADC0 5
A1 ~ PD5/T1
A2
PC1/ADC1
PD4/T0/XCK
4 RL1
A3
PC2/ADC2
~ PD3/INT1
3 Q1 12V
3 LM35 PC3/ADC3 2 2N2222
A4 PD2/INT0
PC4/ADC4/SDA 1
A5 TX PD1/TXD
PC5/ADC5/SCL 0
RX PD0/RXD

U2
ARDUINO UNO R3 BAT4
12v
7
120.0 VOUT
BAT5
12v
TSL251RD
L1
12V

BAT6
12v

Fig 3.1. Arduino Uno Microcontroller circuit for temperature and humidity sensing
Principle operation of circuit diagram
Heating unit and cooling unit are the two controlling unit of temperature. The heating unit
consists of a 12 V dc fan and a 220V bulb. These are connected through relays with the digital
output pin of Arduino board. The program is written to control the bulb and fans. The cooling
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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

unit consists of an Aluminum vessel containing ice and a 12V dc fan. This fan is connected with
the digital output pin of the Arduino board through the relay. Whenever the temperature in the
chamber greater than 37oC and humidity is less than 70% the bulb luminance is decrease and the
fan in the cooling unit turns ON. And it gives signal to the output when temperature is less than
35oC and humidity is greater than 70% due to this the fan is decelerates and the bulb is glow. In
this prescribed temperature the program switch ON the heating device and when it gets high the
program start the cooling unit of the neonatal incubator. Lastly, it gives signal to the output when
the temperature between 350c and 370c and the humidity is 70% the system is stable.

Simulation Result

LCD1
LM016L

RV1
BAT1
BAT2 1.5V
1.5V

VDD
VSS

VEE

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
1k
ARD1

1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
AREF
13
PB5/SCK
12
U1 PB4/MISO
1 RESET 11
~PB3/MOSI/OC2A
10
~ PB2/SS/OC1B
9
~ PB1/OC1A
8
27.0 PB0/ICP1/CLKO
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121

DIGITAL (~PWM)

BAT3 7
ANALOG IN

PD7/AIN1
5v 2 6
VOUT A0 ~ PD6/AIN0
PC0/ADC0 5
A1 ~ PD5/T1
A2
PC1/ADC1
PD4/T0/XCK
4 RL1
A3
PC2/ADC2
~ PD3/INT1
3 Q1 12V
3 LM35 PC3/ADC3 2 2N2222
A4 PD2/INT0
PC4/ADC4/SDA 1
A5 TX PD1/TXD
PC5/ADC5/SCL 0
RX PD0/RXD

U2
ARDUINO UNO R3 BAT4
12v
7
120.0 VOUT
BAT5
12v
TSL251RD
L1
12V

BAT6
12v

Fig 3.2 Simulation Result

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

3.2 Programing for Aurduino and Flow Chart

The Aurduino Uno is a cross platform application written in Java, and is derived from the Uno
for the Processing programming language and the Wiring project. comes with a C/C++ library
called "Wiring" (from the project of the same name), which makes many common input/output
operations much easier. Aurduino programs are written in C/C++, although users only need
define two functions to make a run able program:
 setup( ) _ a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings
 loop( ) _ a function called repeatedly until the board powers off
3.2.1 FLOW CHART

Fig 3.3 Flow Chart Software Development

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

4.1 Conclusion
The goal of this thesis was to design and develop arduino uno microcontroller based humidity
and temperature controller for infant incubator. To achieve this hardware was developed with
compatible software so that the above mentioned parameters can be monitored for the normal
growth of the infant.
This system can provide optimum automatic control of temperature of the infant using controller
technique which has been implemented in the software; moreover it controls the heater of water
reservoir according to relative humidity in the infant chamber.
The control of relative humidity in chamber is required for making the thermal loss from the
infant’s body. The hardware with compatible software is of simple design, cost effective and
accurate.

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4.2 RECOMENDATION
Any work, whatsoever precise it has always some scope of improvement. Some of the future
aspects of the work in terms of its improvements are discussed below:
1. Presently only skin temperature control mode which measures temperature from infant’s body
has been used. We can enhance the accuracy of system by introducing air temperature control
mode in which temperature of the chamber environment can be measured.
2. Parameters such as pulse measurement can also be introduced for close monitoring.
3. Wireless transfer of data regarding parameters from infant’s unit to the nurse monitoring
station can be very beneficial for the doctors and nurses in critical monitoring of each infant in
the nursery.
4. Introduction of motor for controlled humidity regulation using a flap can achieve better results
for relative humidity in the chamber and can further lessen thermal loss.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

4.3 COST ANALYSIS

The value of component materials needed for the designed purpose is given below by Ethiopia
currency standards (Ethiopian birr).

Table 4.1: Cost analysis

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

REFERENCES
[1] http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardUno
[2] http://www.control.aau.dk/~jdn/edu/doc/arduino/litt/ArduinoTutorials.pdf
[3] http://www.datasAetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/7/8/1/2/7812.shtml Costa, E. J.,
[4]http://www.ia.omron.com/products/category/relays/general-purpose relays/index.html
[5] http://www.me.umn.edu/courses/me2011/arduino/arduinoGuide.pdf
[6] http://www.nunoalves.com/classes/spring_2012_cpe355/cpe355-02-a.pdf
[7] Freire, R. C., Silva, J. B., Cursino, C. M., Oliveira, C. R., Pereira, B. A., et al.(2009).
Humidity Control System in Newborn Incubator.

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

APPENDIX

APPENDEX A: SOURCE CODE

The program for the Temperature and humidity control using Aurduino is given as
follows:
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13,12,11,10,9,8);
int m=6;
int b=5;
float c;
float p;
int i;
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(m,OUTPUT);
pinMode(b,OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16,2);
}

void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
c=map(analogRead(A0),0,1023,0,500);
p=map(analogRead(A1),0,619,0,200);
lcd.print("c:");
lcd.setCursor(3,0);
lcd.print(c);

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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print("p:");
lcd.setCursor(3,1);
lcd.print(p);
if(c>37 && p<70)
{
for(i=127;i<=255;i++)
{
analogWrite(m,i);
digitalWrite(b,HIGH);
//delay(100);
}
}
else if(c<35 && p>80)
{
for(i=255;i>=127;i--)
{
analogWrite(m,i);
digitalWrite(b,LOW);
}
}
else
{
digitalWrite(m,HIGH);
digitalWrite(b,HIGH);
}
}
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 INFANT MONITORING SYSTEM /2015

APPENDIX B: ABBRIVATION
LBW: Low Birth Weight
RH: Relative Humidity
ADC: Analog to Digital Converter
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display
DHT11: Temperature and Humidity Sensor
IR: Instruction Register
DR: Data Register
LMB162A: Display unit
DC: Direct current
AC: Alternative Current
TSL251RD: Light Sensor
PWM: Pulse Width Modulation

pg. 25