Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Prof. Nirjhar Dhang

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Lecture – 29
Design of RC Slender Columns

Well, so we have learnt how to design that short columns. Now, today we shall learn
how to design slender columns or we call it long columns. And this is how the lecture
number 29 design of RC reinforced concrete slender columns. But, before I start this
lecture I shall give one correction last class what we have done.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:31)

We have done the design of that say due to torsion by mistake we have omitted that 0.87
in both cases here also it should be 0.87. Please take here this 0.87 and here also there
should be 1 multiplication 0.87 that we have forgotten to take it. But, we have when we
have given the sketch that design procedure there we have 0.87 0.87 but, well calculation
of the problem there we have omitted this value 0.87. So, we are not doing calculation
but, any way you check it your calculation with this 0.87. That means, here would shear
stress sorry area of steel it will be more.

Here, that so you will get that more reinforcement so accordingly you change your
calculation the rest of calculation of that problem what we have done in the last class.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:50)

Now, come to the say design of RC slender columns. Before that, we should know why
we really need it that means we have to know the effective length or effective height
whatever you call it. Effective length of column that is dependent we have if we take a
plan of cross section this is the plan X and Y.

So, we have the 2 effective length Lex and also Ley because depending on the it is
dependent on that L. And the condition of the boundary and the boundary condition at
the top and boundary condition at the bottom. So, you will get 2 effective length and not
the 1 effective length for the one column. Say like beam you will have only one effective
length or effective span but, here you may get 2 different along X and along Y.

For a you have done so far that buckling columns that buckling or stability buckling of
columns that you have done. Anything based on the same principle that means here what
is happening. In this case, there is certain say deflection let us say e and this is your
deflected shape. We are not talking in eccentricity at the top we are talking as if the from
the centre line of the column that your loads are acting. Even then, there could be say
some kind of deflection that buckling of the column.

But, whereas, in the short column that whatever we have designed so far. We are
assuming that there is no deflection due to the load that means there is no buckling of
columns. So, whatever moments or whatever axial forces developed on that column that
is due to applied load only but, here in addition to that load that …
In addition to that, we have to take care certain load or certain moment due to this
deflected shape. And so, we know that according to IS 456 that effective length of the
columns divided by the lateral dimension. That means, L by d or L by b then if it is
greater than 2 L if it is greater than 2 L then, we shall call it as a long column or slender
column. So, this is our long column and this is our short column.

Now, what we have to find out we have already done that from the IS 456 that they will
where it is given. But, different boundary condition that depends say fixed and there is
no displacement there is no rotation and that is fixed or that is restraint say from against
rotation against displacement. Like that there are so many conditions we have found in
the table. And then, we can get that effective length factor that means the unsupported
length multiplied by that factor will get that effective length.

(Refer Slide Time: 07:31)

There is one more case and that I think we should know that is for the framed structure.
Let us say let us take a specific problem or for framed structure we can consider. We are
taking a frame and let us say that means this is a part of 1 building frame. We are taking
a part of it and about only in 1 plane it could be other way also but, we are taking only 1
plane. So, if we take this one let us take the column stiffness of the top that is Kcu
column stiffness of the lower one that is a Kcl. This is the actual column which we are
considering that we have to find out the effective length of this column.

We are interested to find out the effective length of this column but, we are having
certain portions on the top certain portions on the bottom because we have taken part of
the building frame. And about one plane in one plane only the other plane also in
perpendicular reaction that also there is another one. But, we are not taking care say right
now. One example there is a beam Kb 1 another beam say Kb 2 here say Kb 3 another
beam and here Kb4.

So, this is your top beams and this is your bottom beams what we do we have to find out
the effective length. Here, this is not the case which we have done it which we have
already done it that is according to your say that table I think that table. I think we can
refer; we can give you. We have done it so far in annex E annex E that means your table
28. If you remember the table twenty 8 there are 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 cases. There are 7 cases
and one of the case I think I should tell you you simply if you remember; just to remind
you effectively held in position and restraint against rotation in both ends.
That means, the case where we have effectively held in position and restraint against
rotation at the top as well as at the bottom that is one of the cases. So, what is case if we
find out the effective length theoretically that is 0.5 L but, here the code says that you
take it 0.65 L. So, that is the case well it is clearly mentioned . But, when you are talking
say building frame which you have to design. For that you have to find out the effective
length and which will not fall out of those say 4 7 cases.

So, how shall we find out that one? We have to find out that according to this stiffness.
So you have to find out the stiffness and accordingly we have to that calculate the
effective length. So, there are two parameters you get it 1 is called beta 1 which will be
equal to Kc Kc is the column stiffness plus kcu that is the top one; this is the at this
junction we are talking at the top. Kc by Kcu plus Kc plus Kcu plus for this case it
should be summation of k here say bt. T means here 1 2.

So, summation of all the top beams so that means, here we are getting certain kind of say
one parameter that factor. That one will give me the parameter what is the relative
stiffness of this one that percentage of this one that we shall found out and that is we are
talking some beta 1 for top joint. Similarly, we shall get beta 2 and that beta 2 will be
equal to again Kc the column which we are considering, plus kcl divided by Kc plus Kcl
plus summation of Kbl that means for the bottom for the lower 1.

So, we shall get beta 1 beta 2. Now our code gives the 2 tables from where we can find
out the effective length. So this beta 1 and beta 2 our code gives the 2 tables and that we
shall get it here.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:30)

So, this is your one table and you will get it in annex E annex E this table 26 effective
length ratios for a column in a frame with no sway. If the frame has no sway in that case
I shall take one parameter beta 1.Please note, here it is fixed this is your fixed position
and in that case it is fixed both the ends fixed then we shall get 0.5. Then similarly, that
beta 1 beta 1 starting from 0 to say hinge position that is 1. So, beta 1 and have the value
from 0 to 1. Similarly, the other end also 0 to 1.

So, we have these two values already we have calculated 1 parameter beta 1 another beta
2 and according to that we shall find out value. So if it is say 0 0 that means0.5 that is the
case for fixed end condition. And the other condition when both ends fixed hinged that
means, it will be the effective length will be same as the length of the column. So, that is
one so we are getting it here one so, we shall get different values and we can find out that
different values here say 5.575 or whatever it is we are getting we can find it out. So this
is the one we shall get it.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:15)

So, what we shall do it here then let me write down that few steps to find out. To
determine beta 1 and beta 2 use the substitute frame method. What is that we have
substitute frame method it means we have taken a part of the building frame we are not
taking. We are taking a part of that that means you are taking a column and about its x
axis. You take that plane and in that plane you go only top of 1 column and bottom 1
column similarly, right and left 1 beam its height. The way we have done it here that
means this is a building frame.

We are interested to find out the effective length of this column. So, what we are doing
here we are going one floor up and floor down and we are going one say plane in this
side and another plane in this side. That means, 1 beam in the left and 1 beam in the right
similarly, for the bottom also. So, that means when we are doing that that is when you
say substitute frame.

So, that case we take it that means we are having say either you do it say moment
distribution method for your analysis we do it. Or say slope deflection method or say just
simply say continuous beam for your analysis I am talking. Similarly, you can take a
substitute frame method that means, there we take it say only say your beam only we
shall take it and one floor up and one floor down for your columns. We are not taking the
full building the one we do it in the computer analysis we do it but, I dont do that way
instead manual calculation.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:05)

Number 2: for braced frames no sway the beam stiffness should be taken as Kb equal to I
by 2 L. For base frame that means there is no sway we shall take it 0.5 I by L. Number 3:
for unbraced frames the beam stiffness should be taken as kb equal to 3 by 4 I by L by 2
equal to 1.5 I by L. So, this is your case we take it. So, these are the cases we shall take it
say whatever the beam stiffness Kb and this one for the unbraced one that we shall take it
this value0.5 I by L and 1.5 I by L that we shall take it. I think it is better that we solve
one problem then it will be clear.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:58)

(Refer Slide Time: 21:42)

So, let us take one example. So, let us take first this is the plan of a building say just a
simple one plan. And let us take the dimensions are 6 meter, 6 meter this side this is also
say 6 meter, 6 meter. And we have these beams let us say 250 by 400; these beams this
this this all these beams are 250 by 400. Whereas, the other sides let us take due to
loading may be that is coming as say 300 by 500 other side. And columns 300 by 300.

Let us say the building frame. So, let us take this building frame this is 4 meter height
this is the elevation this is also 4 meter, 4 meter, 4.5 meter and whatever it is that your
foundation. Let us say, we are interested to find out the we shall having that all all other
case let us take say only this case that means this column say. We are interested to find
out the effective length of the this column. That means, each one that we have to find out
it will be something 4 meter multiplied by some that factor that we have to find out.

So, this is a 4 storied building so we have to find out that this one that means not other
cases. That means, here whatever we have we have this beam and this beam and the
column. So, we shall find out the effective length of each column.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:35)

First you find out unsupported length that is equal to full length minus beam depth. So,
we shall get it roof to first floor; third floor roof third second first ground. So, we are
having these floors. So, roof to third floor means this one, third floor to second floor
means this one, second floor to first floor means this one and first floor to ground floor
means this one. So, we having those 1 2 3 4, 4 columns and effective length will be
different.

So we can have say xx that 1 will be here 4000 minus the beam depth that is we are
given 400 and which comes as 3500. In yy it will be 4000 minus we have taken it will be
363600 and this 1 will be 500. So, 3500. Then we are having say between third and
second the same 1 so 3600 and here we have 4000 minus 500 again the same 13500.

Now second and first the same one this is in millimeter. So, 3500 and first to ground
floor will have 4500 that is the one we have taken. Please note 4500 the first one that is
little higher so 4500 minus 400. So, which comes as 4100 500 minus 500 which comes
as 4000. This is your unsupported length.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:14)

What about your mmh that say I second moment of area section properties? So, there are
we can take this case we can find out that 1 column that is 300 by 300 cube by 12. That
is the 1 that moment of inertia second moment of area and this 1 comes as … So, we can
write down this 1 say 675 into 10 to the power 6. What about your L? The L we shall get
it here so, L we have 4000 and I by L this one 1 let us say I by L we can multiply with
say 10 to the power 3. That I am taking it out 10 to the power 3 that if we take it out we
shall get it here this is your I; L is this much that 4 000.

So, I by L that 1 is coming as 168.75 so 168.75 into 10 to the power 3 that we shall get it.
Now, there is 1 more column according to say your length that section is same but,
length is different. So, we shall get it 300 equal to 675 into 10 to the power 6 L is here
4500 and we get it here 150. That means, 150 into 10 to the power 3 that we shall get it.
C that is your beam beam say xx the xx line and that 1 250 into 400 cube by 12. That is
your along 1 axis that is 250 into 400 250 the width 400 the overall depth. And this 1
comes as 1333 into 10 to the power 6.

Length is here 6000 6 meter and we get it here 222 222 into 10 power 3. Beam yy that
means along yy that is 300 into 500 cube by 12 equal to 3125 and length same 6000 and
we get it 261. So, 261 into 10 to the power 3. If we take this one that is frame the frame
is braced we are taking that one. So, braced frame then what should be our correction the
correction will be here that 0.5 times I by L into say 10 to the power 3 say. The same 1 I
by L 10 to the power 3 this is L.

So, for columns there is no change it will be same as 168 let me write down here 168.75
for columns there is no change but, this column also there is no change. Here, it will be
111. That means, half of this 1 that will be 111 I think I have done a mistake here let me
check it here. So, 3125 divided by 6000. So, which comes as 521, this 1 is 521. So, half
of that 521 into 0.5 261 say yes this 261 will come here.

So this is your that values we shall take it that Kb 111 kb here 261 the column that one
there is no change 150; for column that another column 168.75. So, this is your section
properties.

(Refer Slide Time: 30:22)

Now, we can find out the stiffness ratio of the stiffness we can find out that different
joints. That means ratio of stiffness means the column stiffness and the overall stiffness
of that particular junctions. So, top 1 is roof 168.75 divided by 168.75 plus 2 into 111
that is the beam which comes as 0.43 that is xx. Please note, we have taken that 1 here
168.75, 168.75 and and that beam we are having here along x we are talking 2 into 111.

So, one case we are considering here I think I should write down here that one frame that
will be clear. So, we are interested here we are interested here to find out saythis 1.
When you are talking this one, then this is your roof this is your third second first
similarly, down ground. So, at this level we are having only this column but, when we
shall take this 1 then we are having this column as well as this column.

So for roof in xx we are having and we are taking this one only these 2. Similarly, for yy
for yy we shall take it as 168.75 divided by 168.75 plus 2 into 261 which comes as 0.24.
So, that it will be other way. The normal to that 1 that means we are taking that let me
draw the plan I think then it will be clear. So, we are talking the column position at this
level so when you are talking the roof one then, we shall take along xx that means this
one only this frame. We shall take this frame but, when we shall take say along yy then
we shall take the other frame so that is what we are taking.

So number 3: it will be but, when you are talking this one, this column as well as this
column so 2 into 168.75 divided by 2 times I think I can write down both plus 111. That
means, we are having the beam 2 beams and top and bottom columns which is coming as
a 0.60. Similarly, here also 2 into 168.75 divided by 168.75 plus 261 which comes as
0.39. So similarly, we can come down say 2 also 2 1 all of them we can do it the similar
fashion we can do it so let us find out for 2. At this level at this level like that let us find
out.

Yes, so we are taking say 2 into 168.5 means this is 168.75 this is 168.75 for what about
for beams because we are taking along xx we are taking along for xx. Similarly, for yy or
yy the other way so for xx means here 168.75 we have taken this one, this one and
bottom 111, 111. That means, for this means that we have got it so thats why we are
multiplying by 2 and that we are getting 0. 60. And similarly, here also, same fashion we
can complete the other one also.

(Refer Slide Time: 33:35)

So, number 2: 2 into 168.75 divided by 2 168.75 plus 111 it will be same0.60 that is xx.
Similarly, for yy 2 into 168.75 divided by 168.75 plus 261 equal to 0.39. Now, that
168.75 plus 150 because the ground floor to first floor that column height is different.
So, that why you are getting different one so 168.75 plus 150 top and bottom different
plus 2 into 111 which comes as very less change but, you have 0.59.

The other 1 168.75 plus 150 along yy we are talking so 168.75 plus 150 plus 2 into 2
sixty 1 which comes as 0.38. For the basement or the ground basement we have told the
bottom beta equal to 1, here also beta equal to 1 because we are not why we are taking
this 1 because that foundation not designed for bending. That means it is hinged 1 so that
is why we are taking beta equal to 1. So, if we take this cases that means for all the cases
we have got it that different values we have got it. And we can find out now the effective
length ratio.

Yes, we have taken the for the bottom we have taken oh yes basement let us say yes call
it ground say yes. So, we can take that particular.because we are not transferring any
load to the foundation. Then not for building only for the axial load hinged condition and
that is why we are taking beta equal to 1.

If you if you are interested and if you design for that one. For you have to calculate that
beta for taking say foundation depth say 1.2 or 1 meter or whatever you are provided on
the basis you have to find out that. But, most of the cases we take beta equal to 1.

(Refer Slide Time: 36:49)

So, for different storey say R-3 beta 1 and beta 2 we are talking say only xx. So, we can
get beta 1 and beta 2 R-3. That is given say 0.43 given we got it for 1 case and another
0.60 then 3 2 both0.60 0.60. 2 1 again 0.60 0.59 and 1 ground that is your say 0.59 1.0.
These are the different values for top and bottom. So, beta 1 beta 2 we have got it for top
and bottom we have got it say these values we have got it. So, what about the ratio then?
Then the factor we have to find out find out that factor that ratio we have to find out what
we shall get it.
(Refer Slide Time: 37:53)

We have 2 cases 1 is that 1 say no sway L which is the case of no sway I think I can so
atleast the next 1.

(Refer Slide Time: 38:00)

We are having another one that figure 27 where we are having that one say without
restraint against that means we are having sway. For that case we find out, the ratio is
getting that more than 1 that 1 and it is going up to say infinite. So, from 0 to say 1. But,
any way this is another case when we are having the sway. But, here the case we have
considered here that is your say without sway there is no sway.
So, we shall go to the previous 1 (Refer Slide Time: 37:53) that is your figure 26. So,
what we do it here? We have got that top 1 say beta 1.43 beta 2 say 0.6. So, what we can
do so beta 1 say 0.43 it will be somewhere here please note, it will be somewhere here
along this line. And beta 2 that is 0.6 so it is somewhere here. So, wherever it will cut
then we shall get there are different lines so from there we can get the ratio.

So, that figure from this figure 26. So, we have to select the figure which case you are
considering whether you are considering say without sway or with sway. If it is without
sway then we shall take figure 26. If it is with sway then figure 27. So, in our case we are
considering this 1 say without sway. So, in that case that you will find out all the values
are coming less than 1.

(Refer Slide Time: 39:30)

So 0.43 and 0.46 for that the ratio from the table figure 26 IS 456 2000 that is our
reference. In that case, taking this beta 1 beta 2 different values we shall get this is your
say 0.6875 then 0.733 next 1 say 0.73 and this 1 say 0.85. So, we have got these values.
What about the L 0? So L 0 that we have got it let us write down. So 3600 this is also
3600 and 4100. So, these are the values we have got it here. And now we can find out the
effective length. So, le equal to so 2475.733 into 36, so 2639 0.73 into 3600. 26284100
0.85 so 3485.

So, we can find out the this effective length and we can find out divided by the lateral
dimension. We can find out the that factor which is coming as say value that L by D or
Le by D or Le by say b we can find out that values. Whether it is coming less than if it
comes less than 12 then we have to design it as say as I say short column. And if it is
greater than then it will be treated as a long column. But, whatever way we consider here
all the cases it seems it has come that because D equal to say we have 300.

So, we can find out here so 1 of the cases I can say 3485 that is the maximum 1 and
divided by 300 which is coming as say 11.61 so less than 12. But, if it is say 250 3485
divided by 250 in that case it is coming 13.94. But, if we take that same case say your
say 2 fifty then it will come say greater than in that case you have to design let us say
that long column.

So, here also you can take the dimension that is important whether we have to design a
long column or a short column that we have to find out according to this. So, this is your
for framed structures braced or unbraced for that case we do it and we find out the we
calculate the your say effective length and then the rest of the procedure same. If you can
find out the effective length then find out for long column or short column design we can
do it.

(Refer Slide Time: 43:31)

Now what is the difference that in the long column design? So, far we have done that
effective length only now what about the long column that design how how does it
affect. Here also what we do I think I should go to the reference of the code. So, that is
given in clause 39.7 page 71 IS 456 2000. So, in this case what will happen here IS 456
2000 in this case what we shall do that it says that there is a additional moment.

So, we shall take the additional moment and those are let us say Max will be equal to Pu
D divided by 2000 multiplied by Lex by D whole square. So, we shall get it we know Pu,
Pu is the applied load. So, that means here this value whatever we are getting here D by
2000 this value that is nothing but, the E or the eccentricity I can say. Indirectly we are
calculating the eccentricity along x. And similarly, we are calculating eccentricity along
y which means Pu times b divided by 2000 multiplied by Ley by b.

So, well Pu that axial load on the member, Lex effective length in respect of the major
axis, Ley effective length in respect of the minor axis. And D is the depth D is the depth
and that 1 say consider and the other 1 is the width of the members. So, these are the all
the cases here we can say d by 2000 times Lex by D whole square that is nothing but, the
eccentricity.

(Refer Slide Time: 46:30)

And take in other way we can say if that we are getting this value. This value we are
getting there that buckling.of view we are getting. And if you consider that critical load if
you take the critical load what is the buckling first second of buckling like that. From
there you can find out the eccentricity and accordingly we can calculate.
But, our code says that for a particular case you can say that your value whether if it is
hinged condition that your value will be different. If it is say one end fixed other end
hinged the value will be different but, here code gives in this fashion. So that, we can
take say almost say equal value in all the cases that maximum possible cases that the
consider this 1 say same design. That we shall take it.

(Refer Slide Time: 47:35)

Now, what we shall do it here just to give you the design procedure. I think we shall
make a design procedure. Here is a column say which is for both the axis 1 case say we
are having here say M 1 another 1 here say M 2 M 1 M 2 that means say here … Say
moments at the top and moments at the bottom. So, in moment at the top and moment at
the bottom and it it will happen like this it may happen say in this fashion also it may
happen.

So, we have to find out the intermediate building moment. We shall find out that
intermediate building moment here and that intermediate building moment what we take
it that is say Mi will be equal to 0.4 M 1 plus 0.6 M 2. This is the value we have to take
it. That means, at this we shall take it say 40 percent of this and 60 percent of the we
shall find out that one. After getting this and in addition to that we get that additional
moment.

So, that means this one we are getting from analysis and now if it is a long column or
slender column. So, you will get the additional moment whatever that Pu is acting here
pu that is that si 1. So, from that pu you will find out I can say eccentricity E eccentricity
will be equal to d by 2000 times say Lex by D 1 case or Le by D I can consider 1. So,
this I can get it. Let us say, ex similarly, say ey will be equal to b by 2000 multiplied by
L ey by b whole square.

So, we shall get ex and ey the different values and after getting this similarly, I can get it
m 1 means x about along x along y along x. So similarly, from the other axis also we can
get it. So, after getting this 1 few cases we consider number 1: let us say Mi equal to M 2
if we consider the maximum. So, Mi equal to say M 2 this is 1 case. Number 2: Mi equal
to M 1 plus Ma by 2 M 1 means the top say that minimum 1 out of M 1 and M 2 this Ma
by 2 Ma by 2 we are getting out of this eccentricity.

Number 3: Mi equal to M 1 plus Ma and number 4 Mi equal to M minimum. So what is

M minimum? M minimum we can get it from that e minimum which is equal to L 0 by
500 plus d by 30. That please note that already we have used it. So, L 0 by 500 plus d by
thirty from the I shall get e minimum. So, M min will be equal to Pu times e min that
means we are getting 4 cases; that means, if we know M 1 M 2.

So, I can find out mi the intermediate moment that 1 say just simply take maximum
moment Mi equal to M 1 plus Ma by 2 the additional moment or whatever you are
getting due to this say your slenderness. That multiplied by e x when you talking say
along x getting say M Pu times ex or Pu times y. The other 1 Mi equal to M 1 plus M a
and the fourth 1 Mi equal to minimum which you are eccentricity point of view. Yes,
that this the 1 we are getting it here.

That means, if we know mone here and that that m 2 here find out the values that we can
get it here. Now, the thing is out of that we greatest one. Greatest out of this 4 and that is
moment we shall take it. That means we are taking moment what is the moment we are
getting here the maximum moment out of these 4 we are taking. And then, rest of thing
we shall do it according to the 1 design whatever we have done it I just say within say
that.

We can find out the design but, only thing that in slenderness column slender column
what we have to do moment, how much it is coming. So applied load and the additional
moment due to this eccentricity. So, our code gives only this formula from we get that
additional moment. That additional moment has to be applied like this so out of that we
shall get the greatest 1 and along x similarly, along y we shall do the design. And that is
all.