NEPAL ENGINEERING

COUNCIL
LICENSE EXAMINATION PREPARATION COURSE
FOR
CIVIL ENGINEERS
on
Hydropower Engineering

:- Er. Babu Ram Karki

8.6 Hydrodynamic Pressure Calculation
8.6.1 Hydro-mechanical equipment and their functions;
8.6.2 Types of turbines and performance characteristics;
8.6.3 Selection of turbine and their specific speed;
8.6.4 Preliminary design of Francis and Pelton turbines;
8.6.5 Scroll case and draft tubes;
8.6.6 Generators (types, rating); governs; pumps and their performance
characteristics;
8.6.7 Powerhouse (types, general arrangements, dimensions).

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 2

8.6.1 Hydro-mechanical equipment
Hydro-mechanical equipment are defined as those equipment which
convert either hydraulic energy into mechanical energy or mechanical
energy into hydraulic energy.

Hydraulic energy to mechanical energy = Turbine

Mechanical energy to hydraulic energy = Pump

The rotation of turbine rotates the shaft which is coupled with

generator. Generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical
one.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 3

8.6.2 Types of Turbine
Turbines are the hydro-mechanical equipment that convert hydraulic energy to
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used in running an electric
generator which is coupled to the shaft of the turbine.
Electric generator convert mechanical energy to electric energy.
Classification of turbines:
A. Based on inlet energy:
1. Impulsive or velocity turbine: pressure less turbines, energy of water is
converted to kinetic in the form of water jet issuing from nozzle/s and hitting the
wheel vanes, runners. Flow in atmospheric pressure. Those turbines in which
water entering possesses the kinetic energy only like Pelton turbine, Turgo
turbine.
2. Reaction turbine or pressure turbine: : High pressure turbine, flow in high
pressure. The turbine in which water entering possesses the kinetic as well as
pressure energy like Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 4

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 6
2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 7
2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 8
2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 10
8.6.2 Types of Turbine
B. Based on head (Dandekar book):
1. Low head(<15m): Kaplan
2. Medium Head(15-70m): Kaplan/Francis
3. High head turbine(71-250m): Francis/Pelton
4. Very High head turbine(>250m): Pelton

C. Based on direction of flow

1. Tangential flow – Pelton Turbine
2. Radial Flow [Inward flow – Francis ; Outward flow – Fourneyron turbine]
3. Axial Flow – Kaplan turbine
4. Mixed Flow – Francis turbine
Note: Deriaz turbine does not follow a full axial nor radial direction but is a diagonal
mixture of the two.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 11

8.6.2 Types of Turbine
Impulse (Pelton) Turbine Reaction (Francis) Turbine
All the available fluid energy is converted to kinetic Only fraction of energy is transformed into kinetic
energy by efficient nozzle forming jet. energy before fluid enter into the runner.
Blades are in action when in front of nozzle. All blades are in action at all time.
When does not run full with water and air has free Water completely fills the vane passage throughout the
access to bucket. period.
Unit is installed above the tailrace. Unit is installed and submerged below the tailrace.
Work is done completely due to velocity change. Work is changed due to velocity and pressure change.
Turbine components are easily accessible and repair Components are not easily accessible and repair –
maintenance is easier. maintenance is difficult.
Turbines are relative small in size and run with more Turbine are relative larger in size and run with lower
speed. speed.
Suitable for high head Suitable for lower head

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 12

8.6.3 Selection of Turbine and their Specific Speed
The selection of type of turbine depends upon:
• Head available
• Flow of water
• Specific speed
• Efficiency
• Water quality
• Conveyance or maintenance
• Deposition of turbine shaft

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 13

8.6.3 Selection of Turbine and their Specific Speed
Head Head Range (m) Suitable turbine Notes
Kaplan turbines are also suitable but
Very low head 3 - 10 Bulb turbine
uneconomical for very low heads
Propeller turbines are also suitable up to
Low head 10 - 60 Kaplan Turbine 15m head but there should not be load
variations.
Medium head 60 - 150 Francis turbine -
Pelton or Francis One of them is decided based on the specific
High head 150 - 350
turbine speed.
Very high head >350 Pelton turbine -

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 14

8.6.3 Selection of Turbine and their Specific Speed
Specific speed (Ns)
It is the speed at which the machine produces 1 HP (unit power)
under 1m head (unit head). It is an important parameter for the
design of the turbines as it includes all the basic parameters i.e.
speed, power and head of the turbine.
Specific speed (Ns)= N√P / H5/4

1 hP = 746 Watt

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 15

8.6.3 Selection of Turbine and their Specific Speed
Synchronize speed (N):
Since the generator and turbines are directly coupled, the rated speed
of the turbine is same as that of the synchronous speed of the
generators.
Rotational speed of the turbine which is synchronized with frequency
of the energy system to which it is connected. The frequency of
energy system should be equal to frequency of each number of pole
pair.
Synchronous speed (N) = 120f/Np (rpm)
• Where, f = 50 HZ , Np = number of magnetic poles (in Pair) ,

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 16

8.6.3 Selection of Turbine and their Specific Speed

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 17

8.6.3 Selection of Turbine and their Specific Speed

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 18

8.6.3 Selection of Turbine and their Specific Speed
Based on Efficiency
Efficiency of turbines = Kaplan Turbine > Francis Turbine > Pelton
Turbine
Based on water quality
Quality of water is more important for impulse turbine than reaction
turbine.
Based on conveyance or maintenance
Impulse turbine has less cost of maintenance than that of reaction
turbine.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 19

8.6.4 Preliminary design of Pelton & Francis Turbine
Pelton Turbine:
Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine in which the pressure
energy of water is converted into kinetic energy to form high speed water
jet and this jet strikes the wheel tangentially to make it rotate

Components of Pelton turbine:

• Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement
• Runner and Buckets
• Casing
• Braking Jet

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 20

8.6.4 Preliminary design of Pelton & Francis Turbine
Steps for Pelton Turbines,
(i)Determination of nozzle velocity or jet inlet velocity
• V1 = Cv√2gH , where Cv ranges from 0.96 – 0.99, H is net head
(ii)Calculate Velocity of runner (Tangential vel of turbine),
• v=  √2gH, generally = 0.46 ranges(0.43-0.48) called speed factor or ratio
• Find No of jet maxm-6 nos
(iii)From continuity equation
Q= Aj Vj
Where Area of jet Aj = πdj2 /4
iv) Calculate diameter of runner wheel D, jet ratio (m) =D/d,
where m is pitch dia of pelton turbine wheel to dia of jet, m = 10 to 15

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 21

8.6.4 Preliminary design of Pelton & Francis Turbine
v) No of bucket on runner, Nb= 15+D/2d
vi) Bucket Spacing, S= πD/Nb
vii) Velocity of runner, v=  √2gH, generally = 0.46 called speed factor
viii) Calculate N from v= πDN/60
ix) No of poles (Np)= 120f/N, where, f=50hz
x) Corrected N= 120f/Np (Np in even no)
xi) Specific speed (Ns)= N√P / H5/4 where, P = power in Hp.
The width of the bucket for a Pelton wheel is generally five times the
diameter of the jet. The depth of the bucket for a Pelton wheel is generally
1.2 times the diameter of the jet.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 22

8.6.4 Preliminary design of Pelton & Francis Turbine
The angle of deflection of jet through the bucket varies between 160 to
170°

Work Done and Efficiency of Pelton Turbine:

• The efficiency of turbine is determined from velocity triangle.
• max hydraulic efficiency when velocity of wheel is half of
the velocity of jet of water at inlet.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 23

8.6.4 Preliminary design of Pelton & Francis Turbine
Francis Turbine:
The Francis turbine is a mixed flow-type turbine in which the water
passes through the curved guide vanes under pressure and creates a
high curved rotational flow at the outlet

Components of Francis turbine:

• Spiral Casing.
• Guide Vanes.
• Runner Blades.
• Draft Tube.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 24

8.6.4 Preliminary design of Pelton & Francis Turbine
Steps for Francis Turbine:
(i) Ns = 2400/√H = ………. (Metric system)

(ii) P =  rQH

(iii) Ns = N√P / H5/4

(iv) Np = 120f/N (Whole even number)

(v) Nsynchro… = 120f/Np

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 25

8.6.4 Preliminary design of Pelton & Francis Turbine
The design steps for Francis turbine is:
(i) The ratio of width to diameter of where is given as,
η = Bi/Di
where, n varies from 0.10 to 0.40
(ii) The flow ratio is given by,
Cm = Vi / √2gH
where, Vi is flow velocity at Inlet tip and it varies from 0.15 to 0.30
(iii) The speed ratio,
φ = v̅/ √2gH
Where v̅ is peripheral velocity of flow and φ is speed ratio varies from 0.6 to 0.9

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 26

8.6.4 Preliminary design of Pelton & Francis Turbine
iv) Diameter of turbine,
D = 84.6 φ √H / N
Where φ = 0.0197 Ns 2/3 + 0.0275
The design discharge through the turbine,
Q = π Binlet Dinlet Vinlet
Q = π Boutlet Doutlet Voutlet
Vinlet ≈ Voutlet

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 27

8.6.5 Scroll Case and Draft Tube

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 28

8.6.5 Scroll Case and Draft Tube
Scroll case/ volute case:
The spiral-shaped steel intake guiding the flow into the wicket gates
located just prior to the turbine is called scroll case / volute case.

Importance:
The numerous openings at regular intervals throughout its length allow
the working fluid to impound on the blades of the runner.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 29

8.6.5 Scroll Case and Draft Tube
Draft tube:
• The conduit which connects the runner exit to the tailrace where the water
is being finally discharged from the turbine is called Draft tube. The
efficiency of each component of turbine affects the performance of hydro-
power plant. Draft tube is also called straight divergent tube
• The draft tube is the pipe of gradually increasing area which connect outlet
of the runner to the tailrace
• It is used to discharging water from exit of the turbine to the tailrace.

Importance:
The primary function of the draft tube is to reduce the velocity of the
discharged water to minimize the loss of kinetic energy at the outlet.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 30

8.6.5 Scroll Case and Draft Tube
Why it is needed?
• In an impulse turbine the available head is high so there is no effect in the
efficiency when the turbine is placed above the tail race
• But in the reaction turbine if the net head is low and if the turbine is placed
above the tail race there can be an appreciable loss in available pressure
head
• If the exit pressure is lower than the pressure of fluid in the tailrace, a
backflow of fluid into the turbine can result in significant damage.
• This can be reduced by placing the diffusing pipe at the exit of runner, thus
the pressure head is increased by decreasing the exit velocity, and the
overall efficiency is improved.
• Turbines need to have a minimum amount of water to propel them inorder
to produce enough energy. without these tubes, the pressure could drop
because of lack of water, and in turn the entire turbine could fail to work
2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 31
8.6.5 Scroll Case and Draft Tube
Efficiency
The efficiency of the draft tube is defined as the ratio of actual
conversation kinetic head into pressure head in the draft tube to the
kinetic head to the inlet of the draft tube.

Types of draft tube

• Conical or divergent draft tube
• Simple Elbow type draft tube
• Elbow draft tube with circular inlet and rectangular outlet
• Hydracone or Moody spreading draft tube

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 32

8.6.5 Scroll Case and Draft Tube

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 33

8.6.5 Scroll Case and Draft Tube
Conical or divergent draft tube:
• The shape of the tube resembles that of a frustrum of a cone. It is commonly used in the
Francis turbine. The cone angle varies from 4° to 8°.The efficiency of the conical tube is
about 85% to 90%.

Simple Elbow type draft tube:

• It may be in the form of a simple elbow type or elbow tube with a circular inlet and a
rectangular outlet section. The latter type is used in the Kaplan turbine with an efficiency
of about 70%.

Hydra cone or Moody spreading draft tube:

This is a modification of conical tube and a solid conical cone is provided in the centre of
the tube with a flare at the bottom end. It allows a large exit area without excessive
length. The solid core at the centre enables full flow and reduces the eddy losses. The
efficiency of the tube is about 85%

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 34

8.6.5 Scroll Case and Draft Tube
Tail race:
The channel that carries water away from a hydroelectric plant or
water wheel containing tail water is called tail race.

The water in this channel has already been

used to rotate turbine blades or the water
wheel itself.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 35

8.6.6 Generators
The device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for use
in external circuit is called generators. The 1st generator is Faraday
disk built in 1831, by Michael Faraday.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 36

8.6.6 Generators
Rating of Generator
The set of specified values specified for particular generator modify by
manufactures is known as rating of generator.

It must capable of supplying power output is an accurate way that is

anticipated by manufacture.

The standard units of generator rating expressed in Kilo Volt Amperes

(KVA).

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 37

8.6.6 Generators
Governors
The operation by which the speed of turbine is kept constant under all
working condition is possible by Governor.

It regulates the rate of flow through turbine as per the changing load
condition of turbine.

The process of providing any arrangement which will keep the speed
constant and will regulate the range of flow as per the loading
condition on generator is done by governor.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 38

8.6.7 Pumps
The device which will cause increase in energy of the flow due to the
external mechanical energy applied to it is known as pumps

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 39

8.6.7 Pumps
Types:
1. Centrifugal pump – pump which raise water form lower level to
higher level by action of centrifugal force

2. Reciprocating pump- positive displacement pump where certain

volume of liquid is collected in enclosed volume and is discharged
using pressure to the required application.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 40

8.6.8 Powerhouse
A power house is a facility or building where electricity is generated on a
large scale. It is a crucial component of a power generation system and
houses the equipment and machinery necessary for generating electricity
Within a power house, various components and systems work together to
generate electricity. These may include:
1. Turbines: These machines convert the energy from a moving fluid, such as
steam, water, or gas, into mechanical energy.
2. Generators: These devices convert the mechanical energy produced by the
turbines into electrical energy through the process of electromagnetic
induction.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 41

8.6.8 Powerhouse
3. Control systems: These systems monitor and regulate the operation
of the power plant, ensuring efficiency, safety, and stability.

4. Transformers: These devices step up or step down the voltage of the

electrical energy generated in order to transmit it over long distances
or distribute it to consumers.

5. Cooling systems: Power houses often require cooling systems to

dissipate excess heat generated during the electricity generation
process.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 42

8.6.8 Powerhouse

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 43

8.6.8 Powerhouse
Types of power house:
1. Surface Powerhouse
- location of pit in a building above ground
-have less space restriction
-good or strong foundation is required

2. Underground Powerhouse
-location of pit in a building under the ground
-flexible in layout
-safer and less length of penstock pipe is required
2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 44
8.6.8 Powerhouse
Powerhouse Structure
1. Sub structure
• situated below turbine level
• include draft tube, tail water channel, natural drain, drainage gallery
2. Intermediate structure
• extend form top of draft tube to top of generator
• includes scroll casing, galleries for auxiliary machine and governor
servo-motor
3. Super structure
• extending from generator floor, called main floor up to roof top
• includes generator, governor, control room
2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 45
8.6.8 Powerhouse
Powerhouse Dimension:
Powerhouse contains machine hall or unit bay, erection or loading bay and
control bay. The individual dimensioning is as:

Machine hall or unit bay

1. Length
Depends upon no of units, distance between units and size of machines
usually total approx. distance is 4.5D to 5D, where D= turbine outlet
diameter
Add minimum clearance of 2 to 3m
Therefore, c to c distance between units is taken as 5D+2.5 m

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 46

8.6.8 Powerhouse
2. Width
• Usually taken as width of one unit (diameter of generator casing + 2*width
of cooling system) and extra passage from wall (approx. 2.5m)

3. Height
• Fixed by head room requirement (about 2 to 2.5 m) for crane operation
• Depends upon height clearance from ground to lifting object, depth of
girder and crane system

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 47

8.6.8 Powerhouse
Erection or loading bay
• Space where heavy vehicle can be loaded and unloaded, dismantled
part of machine can be placed and where small assembling of the
equipment can be done

Control bay
• Control house, send information to operation bay.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 48

 Let move to,
Multiple Choice Questions

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 49

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which component of a hydropower plant is responsible for converting mechanical
energy into electrical energy?
a) Generator
b) Turbine
c) Dam
d) Penstock

2. Which component of a hydropower plant is responsible for distributing electricity to the

power grid?
a) Transformer
b) Generator
c) Turbine
d) Penstock

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 50

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
3. Which type of turbine is a Francis Turbine?
a) Impulse Turbine
b) Screw Turbine
c) Reaction turbine
d) Turbo turbine

4. Pelton turbine is operated under

a) Low head and high discharge
b) High head and low discharge
c) Medium head and high discharge
d) Medium head and medium discharge

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 51

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
5. Kaplan turbine is operated under
a) Low head and high discharge
b) High head and low discharge
c) Medium head and high discharge
d) Medium head and medium discharge

6. Hydraulic turbine is a device in which fluid power is converted to

(a)hydraulic power
(b)kinetic power
(c)electrical power
(d) Mechanical power

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 52

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
7. Which of the following is not a reaction turbine?
a) Francis turbine
b) Kaplan turbine
c) Pelton wheel turbine
d) Propeller turbine

8. Hydraulic energy is converted into another form of energy by hydraulic machines. What
form of energy is that?
a) Mechanical Energy
b) Electrical Energy
c) Nuclear Energy
d) Elastic Energy
2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 53
8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
9. Which principle is used in Hydraulic Turbines?
a) Faraday law
b) Newton’s second law
c) Charles law
d) Braggs law

10. Buckets and blades used in a turbine are used to:

a) Alter the direction of water
b) Switch off the turbine
c) To regulate the wind speed
d) To regenerate the power
Explanation: Turbines use blades and buckets to alter the direction of water. It is
used to change the momentum of water. As momentum changes, force is
produced to rotate the shaft of a hydraulic machine.

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 54

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
11. _______________is the electric power obtained from the energy of the water.
a) Roto dynamic power
b) Thermal power
c) Nuclear power
d) Hydro electric power

12. Which energy generated in a turbine is used to run electric power generator
linked to the turbine shaft?
a) Mechanical Energy
b) Potential Energy
c) Elastic Energy
d) Kinetic Energy

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 55

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
13. Which kind of turbines changes the pressure of the water entered through it?
a) Reaction turbines
b) Impulse turbines
c) Reactive turbines
d) Kinetic turbines

14. Which type of turbine is used to change the velocity of the water through its
flow?
a) Kinetic turbines
b) Axial flow turbines
c) Impulse turbines
d) Reaction turbines

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 56

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
15. Turgo Turbine is an impulsive turbine.
a) True
b) False
Explanation: In a turgo turbine, velocity of water changes with due respect. Hence
it is an Impulse turbine.
16. The main function of nozzle is to _________
a) Varying temperatures
b) Pressure variations
c) Load variations
d) Heat variations

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 57

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
17. Which kind of turbine is a Pelton Wheel turbine?
a) Tangential flow turbine
b) Radial flow turbine
c) Outward flow turbine
d) Inward flow turbine

18. In what type of turbine water enters in radial direction and leaves axial
direction?
a) Tangential flow turbine
b) Axial flow turbine
c) Outward flow turbine
d) Mixed flow turbine

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 58

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
19. The hydraulic turbine suitable for a speed range of 95 to 440 rpm is
a) Pelton wheel
b) Kaplan
c) Rankine
d) Francis

20. Head under which Kaplan turbine is operated______

a) 10-70 meters
b) 70 -100 meters
c) 100-200 meters
d) Above 200 meters

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 59

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
21. Head under which Francis turbine is operated?
a) 10-70 meters
b) 70-100 meters Note: Francis turbine is operated under
c) 100-200 meters the head between 60-350m
d) 40-600 meters
• Francis turbine is also reaction turbine but pressure energy is less when compared with
Kaplan turbine. Hence head is between 40 and 600 meters.
22. Under what head is Pelton turbine operated?
a) 20-50 meters Note: Pelton turbine is operated under
b) 150-2000 meters the head above 350m; but for low specific
c) 60-200 meters speed, the head may be 150m and above
d) 50-500 meters
• Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine only energy available is kinetic energy which is
proportional to head, hence it requires high head. Theoretically there is no limit to max value
of head

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 60

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
23 Among the following which turbine has least efficiency?
a) Pelton turbine
b) Kaplan turbine
c) Francis turbine
d) Propeller turbine

24. In general, reaction turbines consist of which types of energies?

a) kinetic energy and potential energy
b) potential energy and pressure energy
c) kinetic energy and pressure energy
d) gravitational energy and potential energy

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 61

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
25. Medium specific speed of turbine implies _____________
a) Pelton turbine
b) Kaplan turbine
c) Francis turbine
d) Propeller turbine
26. Impulse turbine and reaction turbine are classified based on?
a) Type of energy at inlet
b) Direction of flow through runner
c) Head at inlet of turbine
d) Specific speed of turbine

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 62

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
27. To obtain maximum efficiency of pelton turbine, the blade velocity should be ….. times
the inlet velocity of jet.
a) One Quarter
b) Half
c) Once
d) Twice

28. The type of centrifugal pump preferred for a specific speed of 20 rpm is
(a) Slow speed pump with radial flow at outlet
(b) Medium speed pump with radial flow at outlet
(c) High speed pump with radial flow at outlet
(d) High speed pump with axial flow at outlet

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 63

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
29. Which component of a hydropower plant is responsible for converting
the rotational energy of the turbine into electrical energy?
a) Generator
b) Penstock
c) Dam
d) Spillway

30. High specific speed of turbine implies that it is ___________

a) Francis turbine
b) Propeller turbine
c) Pelton turbine
d) Kaplan turbine
2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 64
8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
31. Draft tubes have _________ shafts
a) Horizontal
b) Vertical
c) Circular
d) Cross sectional

32. Efficiency of a draft tube is directly proportional to its __________

a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Velocity
d) Density

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 65

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
33. The draft tube at the exit of the nozzle increases the _______
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Volume of the flow
d) Density of flow

34. Cavitation in a draft tube occurs when _______

a) Temperature difference
b) Pressure drop
c) Kinetic energy difference
d) Density of flow

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 66

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
35. Turbine that consists of draft tubes is called as__________
a) Impulse turbine
b) Curtis turbine
c) Rateau turbine
d) Reaction turbine
36. The exit diameter for a simple elbow draft tube should be________
a) Large
b) Small
c) Very small
d) Same

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 67

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
37. Efficiency of a draft tube is directly proportional to its __________
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Velocity
d) Density

38. Draft tube is also called_______

a) Straight divergent tube
b) Simple elbow tube
c) Thermal tube
d) Elbow tube with varying cross section

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 68

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
39. If diameter of jet is 85mm and diameter of runner is 1.5 meter then calculate
width of buckets.
a) 400mm
b) 500mm
c) 420mm
d) 425mm
• Explanation: The expression for measuring width of buckets is 5*diameter of jet, which is 5*85=425mm
• depth of buckets is 1.2*diameter of jet, which is 1.2*85=102mm

40. The ratio of diameter of jet to diameter of runner is _____________

a) 1:3
b) 1:6
c) 1:10
d) 3:4

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 69

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
41. The depth of buckets of Pelton wheel ____________
a) 1.2 times diameter of jet
b) 1.3 times diameter of jet
c) 1.4 times diameter of jet
d) 1.5 times diameter of jet

42. The width of buckets of Pelton wheel is _________________

a) 2 times diameter of jet
b) 3 times diameter of jet
c) 4 times diameter of jet
d) 5 times diameter of jet

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 70

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
43. If diameter of jet is 85mm and diameter of runner is 1.5 meter then calculate
number of buckets on Pelton wheel approximately
a) 20
b) 22
c) 23
d) 25
• Explanation: The expression for measuring number of buckets is 15 + diameter of runner/2
time’s diameter of jet, which are 15 + 1.5/2*0.085.
44. Find the diameter of runner D, if jet ratio m and diameter of jet d are given as
10 and 125mm.
a) 1.25 meters
b) 1.5 meters
c) 2 meters
d) 1.2 meters

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 71

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions

46. Calculate the total number of poles of generator for a francis turbine with synchronous speed of
461.54 rpm if f = 50 Hz
a) 12
b) 13
c) 14
d) 15

48. A turbine is to operate under a head of 25m at 200 rpm. The discharge is 9 cumecs. If efficiency
=90%, determine the power generated and specific speed of turbine
a) 2662.902 HP, 54 rpm
b) 1986.525 HP, 184.62 rpm
c) 1986.525 HP, 54 rpm
d) 2662.902 HP, 184.62 rpm

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 72

8.6 Multiple Choice Questions
49. For discharge =300 cumecs, net head=5m, speed of turbine=50 rpm and efficiency
=82% and specific speed =500 rpm, determine the number of Kaplan turbine need to
utilize the full potential of the river.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

50. Determine the number of buckets in a pelton wheel turbine with runner diameter=2m
and jet diameter =0.25
a) 13
b) 17
c) 15
d) 19

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 73

 Thank You

2/21/2024 Hydropower Engineering 74