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/ 21
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
4.9. If W be the width of a grating 4 be the wavelength of the incident light ang 4
= 4 BUT 201
be the diffraction angle then resolving power | 77 ‘| is [wi EVEN)
ir i Wa
Wsind sind _
a) Wasind » ya ano
Answer: (b)
Short Answer
i ting. What factors does it depend upon?
2.1. Define resolving power of a grating. Sac a (OOO 2 et000)
Answer:
Resolving power of a plane grating is its ability to just distinguish (resolve) two nearby
a
spectral lines with two close wavelengths. 77 = nN depends
i) order of the spectrum. :
ii) increases with total number of lives in the effective part of the grating.
iii) does not depend on grating element.
2.2. Show that the intensity of the 1st secondary maxima formed by a single slit
Fraunhofer diffraction process is nearly 4.5% of the principal maxima.
[WBUT 2012(EVEN), 2015(0DD)]
Answer:
sin? 8
px
From the intensity expression of a single slit diffraction pattern we have, 1 = J,
dl; [ 2sin cos A _2sin? B
pin Ne op B
«97 sin pl 9088 _sinB
rising P28 | 0
ie. either sin 8 =0 or # =+mz corresponds to the positions of the minima
cosB sinB
or, SF SEP =0 or, B-tan f= 0or,|tan B=
eo Pp B B=B
The root sin #=0. i.e. 9=Ocorresponds to the positions of the central maximum. The
other roots of the above equation can be found by plotting y= and y= tang onthe
zme sraph paper and then finding the coordinates of the point of intersections shown in
igure. The intersections occur at #=1.437, 2.467, etc. Hence the secondary maxima
occur at #=1.431, 2.467, etc. é "
For /to be minimum 42 =
ap
PH-72 Taki =022 54 ‘
ing B On all practical purposes, we can find out the magnitudes of the
imtensity ‘inci ii
ity of the principal maximum (Io), secondary first maximum and so on as follows:
(For the principal maximum @=0 +.B =0and I= ly.
(
i) For the first secondary maximum P= =
sin 3%
5% of the
lp]
3a
jr 2
Oiginal i
inal intensity,
which is approximately 4.
ion for the intensity due to Fraunhoffer diffraction ina
will be modified in case Fraunhoffer diffraction in
ondition for interference maxima for Fraunhoffer
[WBUT 2014(EVEN)]
Wale down an expre:
ible st flOw this expression
fitragSlt? Explain. Find the ¢
ti
Augen” in double slit.
gle-slit is POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
where B= ane and b be the slit width.
intensity distribution due to the double slit diffraction on the basis of the following
assumptions.
(i) Each point on the slit is a source of secondary wavelets and
(ii) The slits consist of a large number-of equally spaced point sources of Huygens’
secondary wavelets
sit
So resultant intensity due to double slit will be 1(4h a
coe r
Thus we see that the resultant intensity in the diffraction pattern of two slits depends
upon two factors —
1 Plug XL
= sesh which gives the diffraction pattern due to a single slit.
I, =c0s y which gives a system of interference fringes due to wavelets from the
Ld,
loo
corresponding points of the two slits.
Interference maxima: From the term [,, =cos* y the maxima occur for the values of @
for which cos? y =1or, y=+na where n=1,2,3,....except 0
_xdsind_x(a+b)sind
a——_—
where d = a+bis the distance between two corresponding points of the double-slit
or, (a+5)sin@ = 4nd
or, (a+5)O=4nd — [*r whend +0, sind 6]
na _ A 2A BA -
a+b atb'at+b'at+b
or, y nt
or, =
a) 4
So, the angular separation between two consecutive interference maxima is AO =—~—
a+
2.4, What is missing order in double slit diffraction pattern? - Explain graphically.
[WBUT 2015(00D)]
Answer:
Sometimes, for a particular angle of diffraction @ certain interference maxima falls on
the position of certain order of diffraction minima then those interference maxima will be
missing. These missing orders rather spectra are termed as missing orders in diffraction.
The direction of interference maxima are given by (a+b)sin@=nA and direction of
diffraction minima is given by asin@=m2. So by dividing these two expression We
. Where n and m both are integers ive., 1, 2, 3, 4... etc.
PH-74 NGINEERING PHYSIC
then from the above relation we have n=3m=3,6.9, ete, m=1,2,3,--]
If a=-
thus the third, sixth, ninth interference
; pl maxima wil
pun wll Contain merece eens Wil Be absent. The central difaction
Missing orders for 26 = a
apt do you mean by absent spectra in the diffraction pattern of grating?
[WBUT 2016(EVEN)]
Answer:
Sometimes, for a particular angle of diffraction @ certain interference maxima falls on
the position of certain order of diffraction minima then those interference maxima will be
missing. These missing orders rather spectra are termed as missing orders in diffraction
and the corresponding spectrum is called absent spectra.
@=nA and direction of
The direction of interference maxima are given by (a+b)sin
@=mA. So by dividing these two expression we
diffraction minima is given by asin
have (272)siN8 _ 1 Where mand m both are integers ie. 1.2,3,4,-...€
asin@ m
If a =2h, then from the above relation we have n= 3m =3,6,9, ete.
a will be absent. The central diffraction
the third, sixth, ninth interference maxim:
maximum will contain 5 interference maxima.
[WBUT 2017(0DD)]
2. fhat is Rayleigh criterion of resolution?
Jeulate the least width that a grating must have to resolve two ‘components of
the grating having 800 lines/cm. The
the sodium D-lines in the second order,
wavelength of D, and D, lines of sodium are 5893A and 6896 A respectively.
. Thus
Answer: q
a) Refer to Question No. 3. 4(d).
ing the
resented by Aw. Now on substi
b) Resolving power of a grating is rep
5893 _
5993,dé=3 and w-2. we have N === 982.17
wupplied value i.e.
982.17 _ | 2277 em
least will be ———
st width will be 55
PH-75 34. a) Prove that the intensity of secondary maxima formed for Fraunhofer
diffraction at a single slit are of decreasing order. [WBUT 2009(EVEN))
Answer:
in?
. Sabai eee sin? B
‘As we know that intensity distribution due to a single slit is given by = JF
where Jo represents the intensity at = 0.
Position of Maxima and Minima: Variation of intensity with fis shown in the figure
(J) It is obvious from the above mathematical expression that for B=nz[n#0]
intensity become zero, n being integer.
for, pore 1=[yS0. for f=Owe get the central bright maximum, for,
Beant
zasinO vv.
=nn
Fs
~. asin @ = nA which is the condition for minima, [where n= +1,22,+3etc ]
In order to determine the positions of maxima we differentiate intensity expression with
respect to b and set it equal to zero. (as per theory of calculus)
Thus
(egee _2si
Fe
The condition #=0 corresponds to maxima. The conditions for other maxima are roots
of the following transcendental equation tan f= (maxima)
The root #=0, corresponds to central maximum. The other roots can be found by
determining the points of intersection of the curve y = # and y = tan f (Fig, Il). The
intersection occurs at = 1.431, B= 2.46n etc, and are known as the first maximum, the
second maximum etc.
PH-76 ENGINEERING PHYSICS
satis is about 0,04:
ee 96, Putting f
sine?) 430 ; utting these Bs in the intensity expression we get
ipeintensity | falls rapidly from jy
yyIna plane transmission grating the a
avelength 5x10"
tne grating surface, in one centimetre of
Answer! [WBUT 2009(EVEN)]
from the relation (a +b)sin@ = na
sind
vehave TZ (avb) {where the symbols have their usual meaning}
On putting the data given we have v= —Sin30_
2x5x10
32 a) Derive the intensity distribution of diftr
due to
= 5000 lines per cm
° tion of Fraunhofer class of light
ingle slit. Sketch the intensity distribution. [WBUT 2010(00D)]
oR,
Show that intensity distribution for diffract
zbsind
. tion in a single slit is given by,
lel, 22) were B=
B
» where symbols have their usual significance.
[WBUT 2017(0DD))
Answer:
In order to calculate the intensity distribution due to diffraction on the screen PQ ( which
is placed at the focal plane of the lens L) we will make the following assumptions.
|. Each point on the slit is a source of secondary wavelets. Interfemnce takes place
between the wavelets originating from two such secondary sources.
2. The slit consists of a large number of secondary point sources wich are equispaced,
Let us assume that a plane wave front of monochromatic light of wavelength i be
incident normally on a narrow slit AB of width b placed perpendicular to the plane of the
paper {shown in the figure 2].
16 be the separation between any two point sources x)...
b=(n-1)6 (1)
Where nis the number of point sources.
Caleutation of Intensity distribution
As the point P on the screen is at a large distance from large distance from the slit the
Amplitudes of the secondary waves from x, and x, will be nearly the same. If the
then
Gifacted rays from x, and x,make an angle 4 with the normal to the plane of the slit
then the path difference between them is
4x, = sind, where xx =o POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
The corresponding disturbance is = (asin 2)
Fig: Ray diagram ofa single slit diffraction
So. if the field at O due to disturbance coming from x, be represented by
E, =acosat
Where a is the amplitude and @ the circular frequency then the field at O' due to the
disturbance from x, is E, = acos(a - 4)
Similarly, the fields at O due to the disturbances from xy4.4y..-0-1%y 1 ATE
E, =acos(at ~26), E, = acos(w! -36),..... E, = acos[ ax -(n~1)¢]
Thus the resultant field (£) at Q’ is the superposition of all such fields i-e.,
E=E, +E tb tnt E,
= al cosay + cos(ar -4)+c0s(av-24)+...+e0s[ar—(n-1)6]] 2)
Now
ae
cosax +cos (ax -9) + -teas[at (0-6 ]= 2 os r-L(n-1)6]
sin—
2
sin ;
E= a Leos on -Sn-1)6]- E,os| on —Ln-1)6| ww (4)
sin$ a
sin 2
where E, = A
sin?
2
Now, ifn —> 2, 8+ 0 then nd — b [From (1)]
Lng nda.) and. xbsind
- J osin8 =F sin = ae (6)
PH-78 | ()
(8)
%
and if mis very large 24 9,
1 ng _ xbsing i:
$ 3(r-Ipe eS
Sousing (9) in (4) we have, swe(10)
Where amplitude of the resultant field is 4 a
The intensity distribution on the sereen due to the diffraction atthe single-slit is
pice.
ayy
where J,
n° a° is the intensity at @ — 0.
fan (I) shows that the intensity at any point on the screen PQ is a function of # and
hence, 8 (: paz: ne), This shows that a series of alternate maxima and minima of
‘intensity will be oblained on the screen.
+
Intensity (1)
Intensity
— Amotitude
Fig Intensity distribution with phase
4) A singte sii tion pattern of Fraunhofer class with white light. The
Second emis tecaea for ved light of wavelength 7000 A coincides
“the third maxi ‘of an unknown wavelength. Calculate the unknown wave
length mur [WBUT 2010(0DD))
PH-79 ULAR PUBLIC:
Answer:
Using the maxima condition, asin @ =(2n+ NF
3.3. A plane transmission grating having 1500 lines/inch is being used under
normal incidence of light.
i) What is the longest wavelength of light for which a spectrum can be seen?
ii) What is the highest order spectrum that can be seen for the light of 589.3
iim wavelength?
ili) The spectral line of 589.3 nm in the second order spectrum overlaps with
another spectral line in the next order. Find wavelength of the other
‘spectral lin
iv) Find the expression of the dispersive power for a given order.
¥)_ If 80% of the width of the grating is covered, how the width of the spectral
lines are changed? [WBUT 2011(EVEN)]
Answer:
j) From the formula of grating spectrum (a+5)sin@ = nd wavelength will be longest
when @= 90° and n=l.
So (a+b)=A.
7 2.54
So the required wavelength dary 7 1693334
ii) The order number will be highest when 8 =.90° for a given wavelength. So
(i -S b)_ 2.54
ae 2 1500 5893x10*
Hence upto 28" order spectrum can be seen properly.
=28.7
iii) According to the given problem nd, =(n+1)4, >=
So,
iv) We know the grating equation as ¢sin8,
Differentiating both sides we have 4c0s0,d, = nda
dé,
So, Th” Teosd, Which is the required formula of dispersive power ofa grating for
., = 392.87 nm
given order n.
PH-80 ENGINEERING PHYSICS
«) Width of the spectral line of a grating spectrum is given by AO here d is
= where d i
Nd cos
jidth of the grati
the wid Brating plate, N and 2 be the grating constant and wavelength
spectively
iF 90% of the width of the grating plate is covered i., 10% is open. So in the above
ion d reduces to 10%, So 22
prs "6. So 7 ie. spectral width will increase by 10%,
eae esiren Fresnel and Fraunhofer class of diffraction.
ss at at Ky snot diffraction intensity, show that the secondary
ma quation tan «= d, where =
pee a veconi. where a =e sind/2, symbols have
¢) Draw and explain the intensity di
Core ee ad Istribution curve in case of Fraunhofer single
9 state 7 explain Rayleigh criterion of resolution.
¢) An oil immersion microscope just resolves the rulings of a grating hi
g having 3900
linesimm when light of wavelength 400 nm is employed. Find the numerical
aperture of the lens. [WBUT 2012(0DD)]
Answer:
1) Distinguish between Fresnel and Fraunhofer class of diffraction:
Fresnel Diffraction Fraunhofer Diffraction
i) The source or the screen or both are finite] i) The source and the screen on which the|
distances from the aperture or obstacle|pattern is observed are at infinite distances
causing diffraction. from aperture or the obstacle causing)
diffraction,
TD No lens is required 10 make the rays| ii) Two lens are required to get diffraction|
parallel or convergent. pattern. One is used to make the light from
the light source parallel before it falls on
the aperture and the other is used to focus
the light after diffraction on the screen.
)) The incident wave front is plane.
[Secondary wavelets originated from the
[blocked portions of the wave front.
iv) The secondary wavelets are in same
phase at every point in the plane of the|
aperture
y) The resultant diffraction pattern on the|
screen are due to the interference between|
parallel rays which are brought into focus’
‘with the help of a convex lens.
lil) Incident wave front is not plane but
cither spherical or cylindrical.
iv) The phase of secondary wavelets is not
ithe same at all points in the plane of the|
|sperture or the obstacle causing diffraction.
”) Wave fronts are divided into small
¢lements or zones called Fresnel's zone. The}
resultant effect at any point on the screen Is
the combined effect of all the secondary
Waves originating from varius Zones. po
PH-81 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
in?
I 2 4
b) Single slit diffraction intensity is given by / = lo 75 where I, = 4’ =1°a? is the
intensity at © —> 0, a is the amplitude of the diffracted beam and diffraction angle 9
£SiN@ where width of the narrow slitis e
sin’ dt
We have from above expression, / = /, 4
a
7
2sinacosa _2sin’a
ae
For / to be minimum dbxy .
da
«57 gin ql £O8@_sina]_
2 angina 2 -te|-0
ice. either sina =0 or a = mz corresponds to the positions of the minima
cosa_sina
or, SS -S0E 0 or, —tanar=0or, [lana=a] hence proved
°)
“ah hath ° . a
(i) For the principal maximum 0=0 -.B=Oand I=1,.
(ii) For the first secondary maximum p= %
_3n)
Prey jose (3 J Aly ly
thal) => sote
ae
2
(il) For the second secondary maximum p= 5%.
4
:
) =e 2/2 and so on
5n/2. 25x" i
PH-82 ENGINEERING PHYS|
umber -
fs the secondary maxima occur at =0, 1.43%
; 2.461, et i
reondary maxima are not equi-spaced tc. it is evident that the
4) According to rayleigh criterion,
equal brightness are said to be just
central maximum of one coincides
‘ice versa. (shown in fig below)
In case of two close spectral lines of wave lengths A and A+dA where d?. is very small ,
the two specral lines will be just resolved when the central maximum of 2 falls on the
first minimum due to other wavelength 2+da.
the images of two closely spaced point sources of
resolved by the optical system, if the position of the
With the first secondary minimum of the other and
3.5. a) What is missing order in case of double slit diffraction pattern?
[WBUT 2013(EVEN), 2016(EVEN)]
Answer:
The direction of interference maxima are given by (a+6)sin@= nA. and direction of
diffraction minima is given by asin@ = mA. So by dividing these two expression we
ie (a+b)sind _n
asind=ndm
Asit is given that a = 0.6mm = 0.016em and b = 0.8mm = 0.08cm.
Hence 2.016+0.080 _n 4. "6 on=6m
0.016 mom
2,3....etc, n= 6, 12, 18......ete of interference maxima are missing.
For m=
») A diffraction grating, 2 em wide is just able to resolve sodium D-lines (having
. in second order. Find the number of rulings per
wavelengthe 689 nm and 689.6 nm) mor of rue Par
Answer;
Resolving Power of a grating 4 =nN
Given n=2, 2. = 5890 A = 5890 x 10° cm.
dA = (5896 - 5890) = 6 A = 6x 10" cm
PH-83 btai
Maxima anal nics ue for resultant intensity and
Single-stit Fraunhofer diffraction aes “ONditiong for
Explain Fra Mhofer diffra, OR, ileal 2013(E VEN
© graphi Ire) entatie roe, 8 Single-stit with necessary theory Poj
nswe of intensity distribution, [Weur 2orscevene ¢) According to ra
Refe; to Z ual brightness ar
“fe Question No. 3.2 and 3.1(b), central maximum g
i . (Shown j
3.6. a) Prove that the j incase oft .
= Ntensity of i
diffraction ata single Slit are of docreannonaary meme rmed for Fraunhoter
) Explain missi '9 Order in N-slit diffraction,
Cc) State Rayleigh Criterion,
In case of two clog,
- Write a short n
the two specral line
first minimum. due t
ote on resolving Power of a Grating,
Anse: [weut 2014(0DD)
a) Refer ito Question No. 3.1(b).
b)
Itis defined as the r;
in the wave length o
a double slit discussed earlier, the slit Width is taken as a Mathematically it is
and separations between the slits be b. |
Direction of interference maxima are given as
(a+b)sin@d=n4
where n=0;],
can be resolved by t
(
i ue Resolving Power of
The direction of diffraction minima are 5 sa vine Pome o
ake suis rib ap dugp oe h ihe > i ly for Wave lengths whict
hi lues of a and b are such that both (1) and (2) are Satisfied simultaneously Ma maximune toch
peed valida of @, then the Positions of certain interference maxima corresponds to (asmiaet
ame va mn |
diffraction minima at the same position on the screen. ~ tren ee
7 ee 3,...]- (a+)sin(
Pace = =3,6,9, ete.['° m=1,2, ‘
ee ei lacus ial mee béent The a diffraction The Wo lines will
i i i interference maxima will be al ;
the third, sixth, ninth in n a
aes will contain 5 interference maxima [Fig]
m
E’SPonds to the di
Tangle of diffrac
ortsPonding points
Nes in, the grating
PH-84 ENGINEERII
o
Missing orders for 26 = a
7 Baal ;
2 Cea rayleigh criterion the images of two closely spaced point sources of
el ane a 0 be just resolved by the optical system, if the position of the
eee a ae les with the first secondary minimum of the other and
In case of two close spectral lines of wave
the two specral lines will be just resolved when t
first minimum due to other wavelength 2+dA.
lengths 2.and A+dA where di is very small .
he central maximum of ?. falls on the
he spectrum to the least difference
ofa line int
just be seen as separate.
io of the wave length
jext line that can ji
where dA is the difference o!
It is defined as the rat
in the wave length of the n
£ two wave length which
a
Mathematically it is equal of 77
stem.
can be resolved by the optical sy:
ing Power of a grating: = r
Resolving Power 1 A power is the capacity to form separate diffraction maxima of two
Ih other, The direction of the nth primary
For a grating, Fe
gratin ‘which are very close 10 eacl
wave length clos
veximum for a wave length 2. is given by
(a+b)sind, =" mel)
‘The direction of the nth primary maximum for a wave length ( A +dA)is given by.
Q)
(4, +do,)=n(a+d4)
resolve
first secondary min
n amount d
Jit changes by A /N w'
(a+b)sin|
‘The two lines will appear just
“ads to the direction of the
‘action @ changes by a
fe of diffr
‘ding points of two consecutive s
he grating.
d if the angle of diffraction (8, +49,) also
imum after nth primary maximum.
or @ the path difference between the
correspon hhen N is the total number
of lines int
PH-85 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
Now, the condition for the first secondary minimum in the nth order spectrum can be
obtained by introducing additional path difference 4 to eqn. (1)
we have, (a+5)sin(8, +48.) =na +4 8)
Now, comparing (2) & (3) we have,
n(a+da)=nd+%
N
or, ndd
a wa . . a c
". <= nN which is the required expression for resolving power ofa grating
3.7. a) A single slit Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is formed using white light at
normal incidence. For what wavelength of light does the third maximum coincides
jength 4000 4?
with the fourth minimum for light of wa’
b) What is Rayleigh’s criterion?
c) Two spectrum line (4 = 6200.4) have a separation of 0.652 4. Find the minimum
number of lines a diffraction grating must have to just resolve the doublet in the
second-order spectrum. [WBUT 2015(EVEN)]
Answer:
a) for minimum bsin@ = mA = 4x 4000 A =16000A .and
for 3% maximum p= 22 =228in8 _, 16000
a: 7 a
> A=4571A required wavelength
b) Refer to Question No. 3.6(d).
c) Resolving power will be
mn = 2-52 N = £200. y = £200
aA
— = = 4754.601 = 4755 minimum number of lines
0.652 0.6522
3.8. a) What is the difference between single-slit and double-slit diffraction pattern?
[WBUT 2015(0DD)]
Answer:
The single slit diffraction pattern consists of a central principal maximum with secondary
maxima and minima on either side. The intensity of secondary maxima gradually
decreases.
PH-86 ENGINEERING PHYSICS
‘The double slit diffraction pattern consists
u 0 of a central maximum whi i
spaced interference maxima and minima, The intensity of central ditren onmene
four times ue intensity of the central maximum due to diffraction at singles
In double slit diffraction pattern, the spaci i aps
t diffraction the spacing of the diffraction maxima and mini
deve on sit an a’. The spacing of the interference maxima and minima depends
on (att), when i the width of the opaque space between the two slits. The intensity of
the ‘axima and minima is not constant, but decreases to zero on either side
of the central maximum.
b) A parallel beam of light of wavelen
gth 5890A falls normally on a pl
transmission grating having 4250 line/cm. Find the angle of ditfraction for
maximum intensity in first order. [WBUT 2015(0DD)]
Answer:
No of line per cm = 4250 per cm.
Grating element (a +6) = 1/4250 = 2.35 x10“cm.
Now, using (a +5)sin 8 = nd.we have (2.35x10™)sind = 24
2a 2x5890%10"
_2x5890x10" _ 9 59
sin@ =~
on, (235x107) — (2.35x10~)
or, 9=30 which is the required angle of reflection.
tensity distribution on the screen due to single slit
1a. Hence show that '
a) Starting from the in
‘ctiof, deduce the conditions for maxima and minim
adifum Ii .d in central bright fringe. [WBUT 2016(EVEN)]
d
mi ht is containe
Answer: Ws able
The intensity distribution on the sereen due to the diffraction at the single-slit is
a
11h &; (1).
absind
where J, is the intensity at @— Oand B=
Eqn (1) shows that the intensity at any point on the screen PQ is a function of B and
hence, This shows that a series of alternate maxima and minima of intensity will be
obtained on the screen.
sin
08i08 59 and lin FE +1 é
When f= A
This corresponds to the principal maximum which occurs in the region of the screen
when 8 9% ie. 070.
From eqn. (1) it is clear that J = 0, when sinf=0, ie. when f=tmz, where
m= 1,2,3y0
= Q)
ie sos’ =4nor, bsind =+md
PH-87 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
Eqn. (2) gives the condition of diffraction minima. Th
The value of 6 =0 i isi
because this corresponds ‘ the position of the principal maxima. Seon
sin’. dls, [2sinBoosf_ 2sin’ B
B ap ° Bw B
oop ae qf e088 _ sin B
= 2sing| af |-0
ie. either sin 8 = 0 or 8 =+mz corresponds to the positions of the minima
Wehaveegn.(1) 1=y
For Ito be minimum 22
ap
B
The root sin 3 =
other roots can be found by plotting y= Band y= tan f on the s
then finding the coordinates of the point of intersections. The intersections occur at
B=1.437, 2.4677, etc. Hence the secondary maxima occur at B=1.432, 2.467, etc.
3a St A 7 .
= for all practical purposes, we can find out the magnitudes of the
or, cop SP =o or, B-tanB=0or,[tanB=A] 0)
0. ie. @=Ocorresponds to the positions of the central maximum, The
‘ame graph paper and
Taking B=
intensity of the principal maximum (Io),
(i) For the principal maximum 8 =0
secondary first maximum and so on as follows:
2B =Oand! =1,-
. 3.
(ii) For the first secondary maximium B=
Aly «fo.
9n* 22
=I1,|——
sen
7
iii) For the second secondary maximum pz
4h _ 1s and so on
2
= 15) 250°
he principal maximum
.s on either side of Jo
intensity of t! is the highest and the intensity
een with the increase of the order
This indicates that the
ma decrease’
of the secondary maxi
number 77.
reas we do for sound waves
fraction of light waves whe! f waves
thematically. What will happe? (-
tra it diffraction set-up? Give
b) Why don’t we observe di
[weuT 2016(EVEN)]
‘dinary circumstances? Expla
raid a ing the slit widths of double sli
keep on reduc
vesthematical results to support your answer.
PH-88 ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Answer
The diffraction equation is asin@=nA where a is the width of the slit ic. size of the
obstacle and @ be the angle of diffraction, Due to the dependence of sind on the
wavelength, for a given order (n), the amount of diffraction will vary depending on
wavelength. As -ISsin@<1 so for diffraction 4 <1 must be satisfied. But the
a
wavelength of sound waves is much longer than the wavelength of light and in ordinary
.. f Ass Ais
circumstances @ ranges in em order. So ~ is satisfied the above condition. Hence
a
diffraction of sound wave occurs in ordinary circumstances.
The fringe width increases but the brightness remains unchanged.
As we know fringe separation is
AX = Xaet — Xa =(n+1) A D/a— nd Dia = Da
Where a is slit width and D is the distance between slit and sereen
‘Asa’ reduces Ax increases and it does not affect intensity.
¢) Calculate the distance at which a millimetre scale would appear blurred to a
human eye. (Take the diameter of the pupil to be 2mm and 2 =600 nm).
[WBUT 2016(EVEN)]
Answer:
The angular separation can be calculated as
224 1.22x600x10" _ 5 66.10% rad
Ad= —
D 2x10 7 op
where A@is the angular separation and D is the diameter of the lens i.e., pupil.
are
‘Again on using 40=—T
wwe have the distance L = A0xare=3 3x10? x1=3.3x10? mm or 3.3 mt.
5 of 4-589 nm and 2 =589.6 nm can be clearly
'd order by diffraction grating of 2. cm width and
) Examine if the two spectral line
[WBUT 2016(EVEN)]
fesolved in (i) first order (ii) secont
425 lines/om-
Answer?
i, Aaa
power for grating is 75 ="N-
Resolving
(38908 589.) _ 549 3mm
We use wavelength a=
589.3x10"
eri = — 2802 XT = 982,16 = 982
p rors order! N= 96.197 1
jven grating has number of Hines. So minimum number of lines in the grating is
put the #
982 _ 491 lines per em.
2
PH-89
A> ao» eo” te
oe enema ae
a i tl
Re a a ae
a
i
b) In Young’s doubi
le slit experim
ie Wavel; ent, the distan
and th sncrees ie Sere light used is Soe A and ‘the someon the Ba, its Is 0.5 mom,
Answer: ©™- Calculate the fringe width in th n the sou
is case. [WBUT 2018(0DDy,
Using the formula g — 22
a where @ is the fringe width
5000 x10 *
We have, B= 0s Teeem =0.025cm
c) In Newton’s ring experiment the diameter of the 42% ring changes from 1.50 cm
to 1.35 cm, when a liquid is introduced between the lens and the plate. Calculate
the refractive index of liquid. (WBuT 2016(0DD)]
Answer:
4naR :
For liquid medium Dj? = 9742 ang for air Di =4naR
Dt
Dividing the above two we have “2
Given Dj, =1.35 and D,, =1.50
2
1.50) _
So we have w= (+3) = 1.235
ow ntens' for ract in le slit is given by,
thi tel for diffraction in a single slit is given b)
d) Sh ity distribution
) at ii
0 [WBUT 2016(0DD)]
dq yer
ee
b ced at the focal plane of
oo Each point on the sit is
between the wavelets 952
2, The slit consists
equispaced.
us assume that a Plane
ident normally on a
per» .
oe be the separation between
b=(n-1)5
where 7 is the number Of point 5
fa calculate the intensity ,
of a |
Wave
si
an
Galeulation of Intensity distrip
Asthe point P on the screen is
amplitudes of the secondary w
ffracted rays from x, and ea
then the path difference between
‘The corresponding disturbance j
+ y
ae
ees
et
=
sii
Ray
Svitthe field at O” due to di
E,=acosat
“here @ is the amplitude an
“turbance from x, is E, =
Similarly the fields at 0’ dy ENGINEERI
Answer!
In order to calculate the intensity distribution due to diffraction on the screen PQ (which
is placed at fe focal plane of the lens ) we will make the following assumptions.
1 Bash point on the slit is a source of secondary wavelets. Interfemce takes place
Ae the males originating from two such secondary sources.
eee nsists of a large number of secondary point sources wich are
Let us assume that a plane wave front of monochromatic light of wavelength 7 be
incident normally on a narrow slit AB of width & placed perpendicular to the plane of
the paper .
If 5 be the separation between any, two point sources x), X)5 %y5 +--+ then
b=(n-1)5 2s. (I)
where m is the number of point sources.
Calculation of Intensity distribution:
As the point P on the screen is at a large distance from large distance from the slit the
amplitudes of the secondary waves from x, and x, will be nearly the same. If the
diffracted rays from x, and x, make an angle @ with the normalto the plane of the slit
then the path difference between them is xx} = sin, where xx = 6
a eae
The corresponding disturbance is =F (6sind)
+a
Ray diagram ofa single slit diffraction
So, ifthe field at 0" duet? disturbance coming from x, be represented by
E,
where i
disturbance from % "
the fields at
cos at
.s the ampl jitude
and @ the circular frequency then the field at O' due to the
= acos(at-9)
€ due to the disturbances from x, x,, x, are
Similarly,
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