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Plumber General PH English

This document is a participant handbook for plumbing that covers key topics in the plumbing field. It includes 7 units that cover introduction to plumbing, plumbing materials, tools and equipment, water supply systems installation, drainage systems installation, plumbing fixtures installation, and troubleshooting and maintenance. The handbook is intended to provide trainees with essential information to skill them in plumbing occupations according to national standards.

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Subhang Chakma

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

490 views260 pages

Plumber General PH English

Uploaded by

Subhang Chakma

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 260

Plumber-General

Par cipant Handbook

Sector
Plumbing

Sub-Sector
Industrial / Non-Industrial
Plumbing
Occupa on
Plumbing Systems Installa on
and Maintenance
Reference ID: PSC/Q0104, Version-4.0
NSQF Level: 4

Plumber-General

Scan this QR Code to access eBook

i
Par cipant Handbook

Published by
Water Management and Plumbing Skill Council
Unit-606 & 609, DLF Prime Tower,
Okhla, Phase-1
Delhi, 110020
Phone: 01141513580
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.wmpsc.in

All Rights Reserved

First Edi on, January 2019

Copyright CC-BY-SA © 2018

Water Management and Plumbing Skill Council

Unit-606 & 609, DLF Prime Tower,
Okhla, Phase-1
Delhi, 110020
Phone: 011 41513580
E-mail: [email protected]

Disclaimer
The informa on contained herein has been obtained from sources reliable to Water Management
and Plumbing Skill Council. Water Management and Plumbing Skill Council disclaims all warran es to
the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of such informa on. Water Management and Plumbing Skill
Council shall have no liability for errors, omissions, or inadequacies, in the informa on contained
herein, or for interpreta ons thereof. Every eﬀort has been made to trace the owners of the copyright
material included in the book. The publishers would be grateful for any omissions brought to their
no ce for acknowledgements in future edi ons of the book. No en ty in Water Management and
Plumbing Skill Council shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever, sustained by any person who relies
on this material. The material in this publica on is copyrighted. No parts of this publica on may be
reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means either on paper or electronic media,
unless authorized by the Water Management and Plumbing Skill Council.

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Plumber-General

Skilling is building a be er India.

If we have to move India towards
development then Skill Development
should be our mission.

Shri Narendra Modi

Prime Minister of India

iii
Par cipant Handbook

Certiﬁcate

is hereby issued by the

WATER MANAGEMENT AND PLUMBING SKILL COUNCIL OF INDIA

for

Plumber General - PARTICIPANT HANDBOOK

Complying to National Occupational Standards of
Job Role/Qualiﬁcation Pack: Plumber-General QP NSQF PSC/Q0104 Level 3.0

Date of Issuance: 16/12/2020

Authorised Signatory
Valid up to : 16/12/2025 (Skilling India In Electronics)
*Valid up to the next review date of the Qualiﬁcation Pack or the
‘Valid up to’ date mentioned above (whichever is earlier)

iiii
Plumber-General

Acknowledgements
Water management and plumbing skill council would like to express gra tude to all the individuals,
subject ma er experts and ins tu ons who have contributed in diﬀerent ways toward the prepara on
of this “Par cipant Handbook “.
Without their contribu on, it could not have been completed. Special thanks are extended to those
who collaborated in the prepara on of its diﬀerent modules and thanks to those who have contributed
a tremendous role to translate it from the English language to the Hindi language also. Sincere
apprecia on is also extended to all who provided peer reviews for these modules.
The prepara on of this manual would not have been possible without the water management and
plumbing industries’ support. Plumbing industries’ feedback has been extremely encouraging from
incep on to conclusion and it is with their input that we have tried to bridge the skill gap exis ng today
in the industries.
Finally, we would like to express our gra tude to our master trainers, trainers and water management
and plumbing skill council’s management as they provided us with their valuable input to complete this
“Par cipant Handbook”.

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Par cipant Handbook

About this Book

The basic idea for the prepara on of this book has come from the challenges faced by the trainers
during the skilling of trainees who are learning the skill through the trainers.
The informa on contained herein has been obtained from reliable sources of the water management
and plumbing skill council (WMPSC). The water management and plumbing skill council disclaim all
warran es to the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of such informa on. Water management and
plumbing skill council shall have no liability for error, omission and inadequacy, in the informa on
contained herein or for the interpreta on thereof. Every effort has been made to trace the wri en
material included in this book.
The water management and plumbing skill council faced so many challenges to complete the
par cipant book, which required collec ng informa on about every assembly, Indian standard of
measurement and new technology ini ated by the industry.
We have also faced challenges to incorporate the diagrams, design and prac cal layout of the
installa on of the fixtures and other water management ameni es.
The Par cipant Handbook is designed based on the Na onal Skill Qualifica on Framework (NSQF)
aligned Qualifica on Pack (QP) and it comprises of the following Na onal Occupa on Stand rads
(NOS)/ topics:
1.PSC/N0130 : Prepare for Plumbing Installa ons and Maintenance
2.PSC/N0131 : Install Water Supply Systems
3.PSC/N0132: Install Drainage Systems
4.PSC/N0133: Install Plumbing Fixtures
5.PSC/N0142: Perform Troubleshoo ng and Maintenance for Domes c Plumbing Fixtures and Systems
6.PSC/N0136: Apply Health and Safety Prac ces at the Workplace
7. PSC/N0137: Work Effec vely with Others
8. DGT/VSQ/N0102: Employability Skills (60 Hours)

Symbols Used

Key Learning Unit Notes

Outcomes Objec ves

Summary Exercise

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Plumber-General

Table of Contents
SI.No Modules and Units Page No

1. Introduc on to the sector and the job role (PSC/N0130) 1

Unit 1.1 - Plumbing Industry-An Introduc on 3

Unit 1.2 - Water Flow Process 7

2. Basics of Plumbing (PSC/N0130) 15

Unit 2.1 - Introduc on to Plumbing 17

Unit 2.2 - Plumbing Materials 31

Unit 2.3 - Plumbing Tools and Equipment 51

Unit 2.4 - Proper es of Water 61

3. Prepara on for Plumbing Installa ons and Maintenance (PSC/N0130) 66

Unit 3.1 - Plumbing Drawings 68

Unit 3.2 - Handling of Plumbing Materials 73

4. Installa on of Water Supply Systems (PSC/N0131) 83

Unit 4.1 - Water Distribu on System 85

Unit 4.2 - Installa on Process 96

Unit 4.3 - Tes ng Procedures 105

5. Installa on of the Drainage Systems (PSC/N0132) 112

Unit 5.1 - Drainage System 114

6. Install Plumbing Fixtures (PSC/N0133) 143

Unit 6.1 - Types of Plumbing Fixtures 145

Unit 6.2 - Plumbing Fixtures Installa on 155

Unit 6.3 - Plumbing Standards 162

7. Troubleshoo ng and Maintenance for Plumbing (PSC/N0142) 166

Unit 7.1 - Plumbing Systems Troubleshoo ng and Maintenance 168

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Par cipant Handbook

Table of Contents
SI.No Modules and Units Page No

8. Health and safety (PSC/N0136) 195

Unit 8.1 - Dealing with workplace Hazards & Risks 197

Unit 8.2 - Fire Safety Prac ces 209

Unit 8.3 - First-aid Prac ces 214

9. Working Eﬀec vely With Others (PSC/N0137) 220

Unit 9.1 - Work and Communicate Eﬀec vely at Workplace 222

Unit 9.2 - Work in a Disciplined and Ethical Manner 232

Unit 9.3 - Uphold Social Diversity at the Workplace 239

10. Employability Skills (DGT/VSQ/N0102) 248

The book on New Employability Skills is available at the following loca on:

h ps://eskillindia.org/NewEmployability

11. ANNEXURE - QR Codes 249

Annexure - QR Codes 250

vii
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Plumber-General

1. Introduc on to the
sector and the job
role

Unit 1.1 - Plumbing Industry-An Introduc on

Unit 1.2 - Water Flow Process

PSC/N0130
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Par cipant Handbook

Key Learning Outcomes

1. Explain the importance of plumbing industry

2. Describe the key responsibili es of an assistant plumber general

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Plumber-General

UNIT 1.1 - Plumbing Industry-An Introduc on

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Outline the overview of the plumbing industry
2. List the common types of plumbing systems that are installed in residen al setups
3. Discuss the scope of employment in the contrac ng segment of the industry
4. List the key responsibili es of an assistant plumber general

1.1.1 Overview of the Plumbing Industry

As India's real estate market con nues to expand people are spending more money on bathroom
fixtures and luxuries than on their living rooms. Today, the pipes and fi ngs industry is crucial to
ensuring the ethical and safe use of water. Irriga on, sanita on, and building have seen an increase in
demand for plas c pipes; these industries have emerged as major contributors to the market's quick
expansion in India. According to Technopak Advisors Pvt Ltd, a Delhi-based retail consultancy firm the
luxury home decor market is expanding at a rate of 25% per year and is predicted to reach $2 billion by
2015. With more complicated structures being developed and built, there is an increasing demand for
trained plumbers. A Na onal Skill Development Council study found that only 0.5% of plumbers in this
country are properly trained. There will be a huge need for 12 lakh trained plumbers in the future but
presently only 2.5 lakh and the majority of them are untrained or self-taught.
India is predicted to have substan al growth over the next few years on the back of expanding
urbaniza on, rising infrastructure development, and the government's push for infrastructural growth.
Between FY 2018 and FY 2026, the pipes and plas c fi ngs industry is an cipated to have a CAGR of
14%. Favorable legisla ve environments and ci zen-focused efforts, such as the implementa on of
"Housing for All" programs and the goal of increasing farmer income through improved infrastructure,
are among the main drivers of the sector's expansion. The iden fica on of fresher uses for CPVC and the
expansion of UPVC pipes into new markets have also turned out to be helpful accelerators. The
domes c plas c pipe market is expected to be worth Rs. 315 billion, with organized companies holding a
60% share of the market. Although the epidemic forced most industries to reassess how they conduct
business, the building sector found itself with a rare chance to innovate and expand. As unorganized
producers con nue to lose market share, organized players have outpaced industry growth.
Future of the Plumbing Industry
Hands-free products will be widely used, par cularly in public restrooms. Sensor-based parts would be
the ideal op on, for the commercial environment. Although prac cally all significant businesses have
had to reevaluate how they conduct business as a result of the pandemic, the construc on sector in
par cular offers a special chance to change and advance.

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Par cipant Handbook

1.1.2 Scope of Employment in the Contrac ng Segment

The plumbing Industry in India faces a huge challenge of a skill gap between the availability and demand
of skilled workers. Odisha's Kendrapara district has a greater number of plumbers in India but only 10 %
are organized, and 90% of the total plumbers are from the unorganized sector. Most plumbers learn
their work from their experience, they do not get any formal training. The plumbing industry is in
desperate need of training that can spread the necessary informa on and help to meet the rising
demand. The plumbing industry as a whole is mostly disorganized and depends on a contract workforce.
Contractors, manufacturers, and consultants mostly work independently without proper knowledge of
tools and safety prac ces.
Plumbers are trained through programs like the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), DAY-
NULM (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-Na onal Urban Livelihoods Mission), and state-specific skill
development programs. Women plumbers in India now have the chance to par cipate in IPSC training.
Similar to this, brands like Truflo by Hindware are partnering with IPSC to release relevant training
modules, as are educa onal/training ins tu ons like the Interna onal Associa on of Plumbing and
Mechanical Officials (IAPMO), Indian Ins tute of Plumbing (IIP), MKG Consultants, and Northern
Sanita ons P. Ltd. All India Council of Technical Educa on (AICTE) has signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) with Indian Plumbing Educa on (IPA) in order to establish plumbing educa on in
Engineering and Architecture schools across India. As per the recent data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Sta s cs (BLS) the demand for services provided by the plumbing industry is an cipated to grow over
the following 5 years.

1.1.3 Plumbing Industry Sub-Sectors

The services of plumbers are required in the following sectors:

Construction

Fire Fighting

Air-Conditioning

Industrial Waste Management

Gas Supply

Sewage and Drainage

Water Supply and Water Treatment

Fig 1.1 Plumbing Sub Sectors

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Plumber-General

There are three main divisions in the plumbing industry:

I. Plumbing consultants
II. Manufacturers of Plumbing related products
III. Contractors and Plumbers in the construc on industry

1.1.4 Key Responsibilities of a Plumber General

A plumber is responsible for Installing, maintaining, and repairing pipes in commercial buildings like
apartment complexes or residential homes. They work along with other construction professionals such
as general contractors to make sure everything goes as per the plan during renovations or new builds.
Following are the major roles and responsibilities of a plumber:

Reading blueprints or drawing to plan installation

Installing and maintaining water supply systems

Installing and maintaining drainage system

Installing plumbing fixtures

Industrial Waste Management

Fitting and repairing various household appliances

Inspecting and Diagnosing plumbing system for safety

Identifying and Resolving faults in domestic/commercial plumbing systems and fixtures

Following health and safety practices at the workplace

Handling customer queries

Fig 1.2 Roles and responsibili es of a plumber

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Par cipant Handbook

Since a plumber has a wide range of responsibili es, a diverse set of skills is beneﬁcial in propelling them
through the process. Let's look at the required skills or key competencies of a Plumber general

Proficiency in Knowledge on Proficiency in Knowledge of Knowledge on

reading plumbing tools basic plumbing plumbing codes
blueprints and mathematics and maintenance,
drawings conversion of and installation
measurements technique

Knowledge on Knowledge on Good Good time Good physical

safety standards repair and communication management fitness
replacement skills skills
techniques

Fig 1.3 Key competencies of Plumber General

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Plumber-General

UNIT 1.2 - Water Flow Process

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Describe the process of water ﬂow in domes c households and commercial setups
2. Discuss the applica on of various types of plumbing systems in residen al and commercial
setups

1.2.1 Plumbing Cycle

A plumbing cycle is a system for collec ng water from a source, distribu ng it to consumers, and then
collec ng and properly trea ng wastewater before returning it to the source. A typical plumbing cycle of
domes c households and commercial setups is shown below:

SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION USE

Water Mains, Pressure Piping Plumbing
Storage Tanks Networks Fixtures

SOURCE COLLECTION
Lakes, Rivers, Gravity, Piping
Reservoirs Networks

Treatment DISPOSAL
Sewage Plants, Sanitary and
Natural Purification Storm Sewers

Fig 1.4 Plumbing Cycle

1. Source
Lakes, Rivers, Open well and Reservoirs are the primary sources of water. Moreover, rainwater can
be harvested and stored directly in storage tanks. Additionally, rainwater can be harvested and
stored directly in storage tanks. After the first rain, this water can be used for drinking purposes.
2. Supply
The water collected from the different sources will be supplied to households and commercial
buildings through water mains and stored in storage tanks.
3. Distribution
The stored water will be distributed down with gravity pressure for drinking and other purposes.
The water storage tanks should be properly covered and protected from contamination.
4. Use
Fresh water is delivered through water supply pipes from storage to sinks, toilets, washers,
bathtubs, and related fixtures.

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Par cipant Handbook

5. Collection and Disposal

The wastewater system collects and disposes of the used water through the use of gravity. The used
water is flushed into drain traps to stop the flow of noxious gases into the house. The wastewater is
collected in the septic tank or the public sewer line after leaving the building through the
wastewater mainline.
6. Treatment
Wastewater treatment plays an important role in plumbing due to the rising water demand by
people. It ensures the water released into local waterways, such as rivers, is safe and clean to
prevent people's lives from harmful diseases. Several processes in the treatment process ensure the
wastewater is clean and safe.

1.2.2 Water Flow Process

The process of water flow in domes c households and commercial setups is described below:
Ÿ Service reservoirs are situated on high land to allow water to be distributed to users by gravity
through distribu on mains. The water department pumps water into a water tower, which
frequently stands on high eleva ons in the town, from a reservoir, river, or well as one method of
supplying water to local residents.
Ÿ The water main in a building (3/4 inch or larger pipe), receives water from the city's main water line.
This supply line enters your home directly from the ground and is buried deep enough beneath your
property to prevent freezing.
Ÿ Branch and grid/loop are the two basic configura ons for most water distribu on systems. A branch
system works similarly to a tree branch in that it allows water to travel only one path from the source
to the consumer by branching ny pipes off bigger pipes all across the service area.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Plumber-General

1.2.3 Various Types of Plumbing Systems in Residential and

Commercial Setups
Building plumbing systems consist of an underground tank that receives water from municipal or water
department supply lines, an above tank that receives water from pumps and piping distribution
systems, and residential outlets that receive water via gravity. Different types of plumbing systems are:

Sanitary drainage system

Stormwater drainage system

Potable water system

Fig 1.5 Diﬀerent types of plumbing systems

1. Sanitary Drainage
A drainage system (drainage piping) refers to all piping within public or private property that
transports sewage, rainwater, or other liquid wastes to a legal point of disposal. The mains of a
public sewer system and sewage treatment or disposal facili es are not included in a drainage
system.

Fig 1.6 Sanitary Sewer System

Source: h ps://www.dreams me.com/stock-illustra on-sanitary-system-diagram-text-schema c-sec on-view-illustra on-
contemporary-sewer-depic ng-residen al-connec on-image63622857

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Par cipant Handbook

2. Storm Water Drainage System

You may have observed some li le holes on the sidewalk which are known as storm drains. These
are employed to transport extra water away from a building. The water that entered a storm drain
used to drain into a sanitary drainage system in the old days. Moreover, they s ll do in some places.
Rainwater is now, however, diverted to a storm drain. Gu ers play an important role in draining
rainwater. However, neglec ng to maintain the gu ers can result in signiﬁcant problems. Following
are the common signs of malfunc oning gu ers:
Ÿ The paint starts peeling oﬀ the house
Ÿ The gu ers are cracked
Ÿ The gu ers are split
Ÿ Your home has sustained water damage

HOUSEHOLD
WASTE WATER

SANITARY STORM
SEWER DRAIN CATCH
BASIN

TREATMENT WATERWAY
PLANT

Fig 1.7 Stormwater Drainage System

Source: h ps://www.deeptrekker.com/resources/storm-water

10
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Plumber-General

3. Potable Water System

A potable water system is what enables people to use water within a building. A single system
connects a number of diﬀerent pipes that make up this system. This system has a valve that can be
used to shut oﬀ the water supply. Addi onally, a meter that displays the amount of water consumed
throughout the facility is typically included.

KITCHEN
BATHROOM VENTS (YELLOW)

HOT
WATER
(RED)
COLD DRAINS(GREEN)
LAUNDARY WATER
(BLUE)

SEWER CLEAN OUT WATER

CURB VALVE

FLOOR WATER METER CITY WATER

& VALVE CITY
DRAIN SEWER

Fig 1.8 Potable Water System

Source: https://gharpedia.com/blog/residential-plumbing-system/

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

11
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Par cipant Handbook

Summary
• Today, the pipes and fi ngs industry is crucial to ensuring the ethical and safe use of water.
Irriga on, sanita on, and building have seen an increase in demand for plas c pipes; these
industries have emerged as major contributors to the market's quick expansion in India.
• A Na onal Skill Development Council study found that only 0.5% of plumbers in this country are
properly trained.
• There will be a huge need for 12 lakh trained plumbers in the future but presently only 2.5 lakh and
the majority of them are untrained or self-taught.
• India is predicted to have substan al growth over the next few years on the back of expanding
urbaniza on, rising infrastructure development, and the government's push for infrastructural
growth.
• Hands-free products will be widely used, par cularly in public restrooms. Sensor-based parts would
be the ideal op on, for the commercial environment.
• The plumbing Industry in India faces a huge challenge of a skill gap between the availability and
demand of skilled workers.
• Odisha's Kendrapara district has a greater number of plumbers in India but only 10 % are organized,
and 90% of the total plumbers are from the unorganized sector.
• The plumbing industry is in desperate need of training that can spread the necessary informa on
and help to meet the rising demand.
• Plumbers are trained through programs like the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), DAY-
NULM (Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-Na onal Urban Livelihoods Mission), and state-specific skill
development programs.
• A plumbing cycle is a system for collec ng water from a source, distribu ng it to consumers, and
then collec ng and properly trea ng wastewater before returning it to the source.
• A water distribu on system is a component of the water supply network that transports potable
water from a centralized treatment facility or wells to users to meet their needs for household use,
business use, industrial use, and firefigh ng.
• Building plumbing systems consist of an underground tank that receives water from municipal or
water department supply lines, an above tank that receives water from pumps and piping
distribu on systems, and residen al outlets that receive water via gravity.

12
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Plumber-General

Exercise
Answer the following ques ons :
1. Write a brief note on the plumbing industry and its future.

2. List the roles and responsibili es of a plumber general.

3. Describe the plumbing cycle and its diﬀerent stages.

4. Explain the process of water flow in domestic households and commercial setups.

5. Write a brief note on various types of plumbing systems in residential and commercial setups.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

13
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Par cipant Handbook

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

QR Code
Scan the QR Code to watch the related video

https://youtu.be/Rfz1zVu8VaQ https://youtu.be/Fq7FIsuNCQI
Overview of the Plumbing Industry Scope of Employment in the Contracting Segment

https://youtu.be/-bvZCdMecEo https://youtu.be/8jxRn-T_LCs
Plumbing Cycle Various Types of Plumbing Systems in Residential
and Commercial Setups

14
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Plumber-General

2. Basics of Plumbing

Unit 2.1 - Introduc on to Plumbing

Unit 2.2 - Plumbing Materials
Unit 2.3 - Plumbing Tools and Equipment
Unit 2.4 - Proper es of Water

PSC/N0130
15
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Par cipant Handbook

Key Learning Outcomes

1. Iden fy the various plumbing related systems, materials, tools and equipment
2. Summarize the common terms, symbols and jargon used in plumbing

16
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Plumber-General

Unit 2.1 - Introduc on to Plumbing

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Recall the various types of symbols and terminologies and tles used in plumbing installa on
2. Describe the standards applicable (such as ISI) to piping installa ons in the plumbing industry
3. State the importance of accuracy in measurements and calcula ons with respect to plumbing work

2.1.1 Plumbing System

Plumbing is defined as a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building used for supplying water and
removing the used water and waterborne wastes. Every home and building must have a plumbing and
sanitary system. The plumbing system must be planned and designed properly in order to meet the
residents' needs for hygiene. According to reports, plumbing and sanitary work account for around 8%
of a building's construc on costs. The primary func ons of a plumbing system are:
I. To provide a sufficient amount of potable hot and cold-water supply for a house's occupants.
II. To drain all sewage and wastewater from fixtures into a public sewer system.
Water is supplied from storage tanks to a home or building through pipes. Similar to that, pipes are used
to drain out the wastewater from the kitchen and bathrooms. Plumbing and sanitary systems are
necessary for any structure to operate correctly, whether it is residen al, commercial, or industrial.
Therefore, it is crucial to have a consistent and ample water supply as well as an appropriate method for
disposing of wastewater. Plumbing and pipe-fi ngs play an important role in all types of building
construc ons. An effec ve plumbing system ensures greater sanita on and keeps the atmosphere free
from bad smells. Any building should be constructed with an effec ve plumbing plan and general
sanita on. The plumbing in many buildings has suffered as a result of inadequate considera on given to
these factors, which has led to major difficul es for building occupants. A properly designed plumbing
system helps to avoid the possibility of contamina on of protected water.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

17
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Par cipant Handbook

2.1.2 Plumbing Symbols

A trained plumber does the installa on of the fi ngs and fixtures as per the drawing provided in the
assembly sheet of the plumbing fixture in the manufactures catalog. Iden fica on of the symbol given
in the drawing in the fixtures makes the installa on work easy for a plumber. Different Plumbing symbols
are listed below:

SYMBOLS
ILLUSTRATED (THREADED)

0
90 ELBOWS

STRAIGHT TEE

REDUCING TEE

SANITARY TEE

P-TRAP

GATE VALVE

SHOWER HEAD

LAVATORY (SINKS)

BATH TUBS

SHOWER STALL

Fig 2.1 Plumbing Symbols

Source: h ps://www.pinterest.com/pin/566679565596238989/

18
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Plumber-General

SAMPLE
ITEM SYMBOL APPLICATION (S) ILLUSTATION

SINGLE LINE IN SHAPE

APPROX I.D
PIPE OF PIPE USUALLY WITH
NOMINAL SIZE NOTED

JOINT- FLANGED DOUBLE LINE

SCREWED SINGLE LINE

BELL AND SPIGOT CURVED LINE

OUTLET TURNED UP CIRCLE AND DOT

OUTLET TURNED
SEMICIRCLE
DOWN

REDUCING OR NORMAL SIZE NOTED

ENLARGING FITTING AT JOINT

REDUCER
TRIANGLE
CONCENTRIC

ECCENTRIC TRINGLE

UNION SCREWED LINE

FLANGED LINE

Fig 2.2 Plumbing Symbols

Source: h ps://www.pinterest.com/pin/566679565596238989/

19
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Par cipant Handbook

M WATER COLD
METER WATER

HOT VENT
WATER LINE

SANITARY GAS
WASTE G PIPE

GATE WATER HEATER

VALVE SHUT OFF

WATER
LAV LAVATORY
WC CLOSET

WATER
WH DW DISHWASHER
HEATER

CLOTHES FLOOR
CW
WASHER DRAIN

VENT THRU
CLEAN OUT
VTR ROOF

90 DEGREE PIPE
ELBOW TURNS UP

PIPE TURNS
TEE
DOWN

UNION CAP

Fig 2.3 Plumbing Symbols

Source: h ps://www.pinterest.com/pin/566679565596238989/

20
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Plumber-General

2.1.3 Plumbing Terminologies

It is important to understand the basic terminologies used in plumbing. Understanding these words can
assist the Plumber general to prepare and es mate their work as well as comprehend the plumbing
ﬁxture assembly page in the manufacturer's catalog. Some commonly used plumbing terminologies are
listed below:

Plumbing Terminology Descrip on

Airgap The distance between the lowest point of a water inlet or pipe to a
tank and the overﬂowing level of the tank

AC pipes Asbestos-Cement pipe used in water distribu on systems

Appliance a container or equipment where water is heated, treated, metered, or

used before passing to waste

Auger A tool having a rota ng helical screw blade used for drilling a hole

Available head The head of water available at the point of considera on due to
main's pressure or overhead tank or any other source of pressure

Backﬂow It is an unwanted ﬂow of water in the reverse direc on. It leads to

wastage of water and it is due to leakage or defect in the system.

Backflow preven on device It allows water to flow in one direc on but never in the opposite
direc on. It also helps to prevent drinking water from being
contaminated due to backflow

Back siphonage The backﬂow of used, contaminated, or polluted water into a water
supply pipe from a plumbing ﬁxture or vessel as a result of lowered
pressure in that line.

Bathroom vanity The combina on of the bathroom sinks or basin and the storage that
surrounds it.

Bidet It is a special plumbing device that enables someone to wash their

inner bu ocks, anus, and genitalia with water a er using the
restroom. In developed countries, these ﬁ ngs are quite popular

Branch Any part of the piping system other than a main pipe is known as
branch

Branch Soil Waste Pipe It is used to connect one or more soil appliances to the main soil pipe
(BSWP)

Branch Ven la ng Pipe (BVP) A pipe, one end of which is connected to the system adjacent to the
trap of an appliance and the other to a main ven la ng pipe or a
drain-ven la ng pipe. It is ﬁ ed to prevent loss of water seal from a
trap, owing to par al vacuum back pressure, or surging caused by air
movement within the pipe system. It also provides ven la on for the
branch waste pipe.

Con nued...

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Par cipant Handbook

Plumbing Terminology Descrip on

Branch Waste Pipe (BWP) It is used to connect one or more waste appliances to the main waste
pipe
Building drain The building (house) drain is a component of a drainage system's
lowest horizontal pipework that collects the drainage from soil,
waste, and other drainage pipes located inside the structure's walls.
Beginning one meter outside the building wall, it transports the
discharge to the building (house) sewer.

Building sewer The por on of the horizontal drainage system known as the building
(house) sewer extends from the end of the building drain and collects
the building drain's discharge before transpor ng it to a public sewer,
a private sewer, a person's individual sewage-disposal system, or
another point of disposal.

Burr It is a raised edge or a li le piece of material that is s ll a ached to the

workpiece a er a modiﬁca on opera on. Deburring is the process of
removing an undesired por on of material using a de-burring tool.

Cistern It is a tank for storing water, especially one supplying taps or as part of
a ﬂushing toilet

Cleaning eye It is referred to as an access eye or cleaning eye when a removable

plug with a removable cover is installed into the pipe ﬁ ng as an eye
opening and obstacles are removed through this opening.

Couplers A pipe connector known as a coupler is used to unite two pieces of

pipe that are either the same diameter or of diﬀerent diameters.
Depending on the need, a coupler's one end may have a larger or
smaller diameter.

Crown of trap The top-most point of the inside of a trap outlet.

Direct tap A tap or faucet, which is connected to a supply pipe and subject to
pressure from the water main

Down take tap or faucet A tap or faucet connected to a system of piping, not subject to water
pressure from the water main

Drain water outlet Any pipe which conveys discharges from sanitary appliances in a
drainage system.

Drain ven la ng pipe (DVP) It is a pipe that was installed to supply airﬂow to or from a drain in
order to avoid an excessive concentra on of sluggish air in the drain.
Anywhere the main soil pipe or main waste pipe's higher por ons,
which do not receive discharges, are extended to roof level and le
open to the air, they can be used as drain ven la ng pipes.

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Plumber-General

Plumbing Terminology Descrip on

Dwelling It is a structure that was made, built, or speciﬁcally designed with

human habita on in mind. It might consist of garages, addi onal
outhouses, etc.

Escutcheon A ﬂat piece of metal for protec on and o en ornamenta on, around
a keyhole, door handle, or light switch

Fi ng It refers to the plumbing system's ﬁ ngs used to connect any sec on

of tubes or straight pipes. Elbow, tee, socket, reducer, etc. are a few
examples.

Fixture unit A measurement that expresses the load-producing impacts on the

plumbing system caused by various types of plumbing ﬁ ngs on a
randomly selected scale.

Flange it is a plate or ring that forms a rim at the end of the pipe when
a ached to a pipe. A ﬂange junc on is a pipe connec on where the
connec ng sec ons are fastened together using ﬂanges.

Fracture Plumbing pipes, ﬁxtures, or ﬁ ngs may have por ons that are
fractured or cracked as a result of high pressure or clogging, which
leads to leakage.

Gasket Mechanical seals, generally ring-shaped and ﬁ ed for sealing ﬂange

joints

Horizontal pipe Any pipe or ﬁ ng which makes an angle of more than 45° with the
ver cal

Induced siphonage The extrac on of water from a trap by a siphonage set up by the
reduc on of pressure at the outlet of the trap

Main soil pipe (MSP) A pipe connec ng one or more branch waste pipes to the drain

Main soil waste pipe (MSWP) A pipe connec ng one more branch soil waste pipe to the drain

Main ven la ng pipe (MVP) A pipe that receives a number of branch ven la ng pipes

Main waste pipe (MWP) A pipe connec ng one or more branch waste pipes to the drain

Nipple It is a length of pipe with thread on both sides that can be used to
extend plumbing lines quickly

O-ring An O-shaped ring that is a ached to the faucet to prevent water from
oozing out of the spout

Pipe ears Two wings cast integrally with the pipe socket provided with holes to
take ﬁxing nails or screws

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Par cipant Handbook

Plumbing Terminology Descrip on

Plunger It is a tool used for cleaning normal blockage in drains and pipes,
washbasin, etc.

Potable water Water that sa sﬁes the speciﬁca ons of the Bureau of Indian
Standards and is suitable for drinking, cooking, and domes c uses
(BIS)

Sealing ring It is a type of gasket used in connec ng any ﬁxture or joints to create
leak-proof condi ons.

Service pipe The pipe that connects a mul -story building's distribu on main on
the street to its riser, or a single home's water supply, is subjected to
water pressure from that main.

Soil pipe (SP) The pipe that carries waste water and toilet waste

Supply pipe The pipes which lead from the distribu on main of water supply to
the plumbing system of the house

Trap It prevents sewer gases from entering the buildings

Ver cal pipe Any pipe which is installed in a ver cal posi on or which makes an
angle of not more than 45° with the ver cal

Warning pipe An overﬂow pipe so ﬁxed that its outlet, whether inside or outside a
building, is in a visible posi on where the discharge of any water from
it can be readily seen

Washout valve A device at the bo om of the tank used to empty the tank so it may be
cleaned, maintained, etc.

Water line A line drawn inside a cistern to designate the level at which the supply
valve should be adjusted to cut oﬀ the water supply.

Water main It is a pipe installed by the water undertakers with the inten on of
providing a broad water supply as opposed to delivery to speciﬁc
clients. It also includes any equipment connected to such a pipe.

Water seal Water in a trap that serves as a barrier to airﬂow through the trap

Water supply system It is made up of the water supply pipe, the water distribu on pipe, and
all ﬁ ngs, control valves, and connec ng pipes that are inside or
close to the building or premises

Table 2.1 Plumbing Terminologies

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Plumber-General

2.1.4 Plumbing Standards

Piping is governed by Interna onal Codes and Standards. The codes and standards which are to be
referred for a given project depend on the client preferences and local regula ons. Some of the
interna onal codes and standards that are followed widely the world over are described below:
1. IPA and IAPMO-1
Indian Plumbing Associa on (IPA) jointly with Interna onal Associa on of Plumbing and Mechanical
Officials, India (IAPMO-1) has published several codes rela ng to Plumbing.
Ÿ 2017 Uniform Illustrated Plumbing Code-India (UIPC-I)
Ÿ 2017 Water Efficient Products-India (WEP-I)
Ÿ 2018 Water Efficiency and Sanita on Standard -India (2018We Stand -I)
Ÿ 2020 Uniform Solar, Hydronics and Geo Thermal Code-India (USEC
Ÿ 2019 Uniform Swimming
2. Code of Basic Requirements for Water Supply, Drainage, and Sanita on (IS:1172-2007)
Ÿ Requirements of water supply for residences has been listed based on popula on of the
community.
Ÿ For Lower Income Group (LIG) and Economical Weaker Sec on of Society (EWS), the value of
minimum requirement of water supply has been retained as 135 liters per head per day.
Ÿ Fire demand in buildings has been catered to, by giving reference to a suitable standard.
3. Na onal Building Code 2016 PART 9 PLUMBING SERVICES Part 9 Sec on 1 covers water supply in
buildings (SP7:2016)
Ÿ Encompasses public water supply, design of water supply systems, principles of conveyance and
distribu on of water within the premises, hot water supply system, inspec on and
maintenance of water supply.
Ÿ Addi onal defini ons universal pipe fric on diagram
Ÿ Added separate storage for flushing and domes c water.
Ÿ Added domes c hot water supply installa ons.
Ÿ Excludes water supply for firefigh ng and street cleaning.
4. Part 9 Sec on 2 deals with Drainage and Sanita on
Ÿ Includes drain inside buildings and from the buildings up to the connec on to public sewer,
private sewage disposal system, or treatment work.
Ÿ Covers design, construc on, and maintenance of drains for surface water, subsoil water and
sewage.
Ÿ Also covers new technologies like ceiling-hung piping, single stack piping, the effect of sound in
drainage, and newer materials like the HDPE or PP drainage piping materials.
5. Code of prac ce for plumbing in mul storied buildings, Part 1: Water supply (IS:12183 – 2009)
Ÿ This code covers general requirements and regula ons, design considera ons, plumbing
systems, distribu on systems, storage of water an and inspec on for water supply in mul -
storied buildings.
6. Code of prac ce for sanitary pipe work above ground for building (IS:5329 – 2007)
Ÿ The requirements for soil pipe, waste pipe, and ven la ng pipe have also been included.
Ÿ Tradi onal two-pipe systems as well as one-pipe and single stack systems.
Ÿ Safeguards for single-stack systems have been covered in detail.

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Par cipant Handbook

2.1.5 Interna onal System (SI) of Measurement

A plumber needs to be proficient at measuring plumbing supplies with the aid of measuring instruments
and have no trouble handling unit conversions. A plumber should also be able to read and comprehend
the various symbols used in plumbing designs. According to the plumbing work's requirements and
strategy, plumbing supplies are required. Plumbing accessories and fixtures come in a variety of sizes
and styles on the market. The plumbing fixtures can range in size from an inch to a foot and a meter in
height. Plumbing supplies including water tanks, storage containers, and flush tanks are also available
based on volumetric capacity.
Measurement of Length
A plumber uses metallic tapes, cloth tapes, a scale, and foot rule for measuring. Metallic tape should be
used for accuracy in the measurement. Meter and its divisions are printed on measuring tapes.
The symbol of feet is (') and the symbol of inch is (“).
Ÿ For example, the meaning of 4'-9” is 4 feet 9 inches.
Ÿ Both the systems i.e., metric system and F.P.S. are used in plumbing.
The conversion table for length is depicted below:

Metric System

1 metre = 10 decimeter (dm)

1 metre = 100 cen metre (cm)

1 metre = 1000 millimetre (mm)

10 millimetre = 1 cen metre (cm)

10 cen metre = 1 decimeter (dm)

10 decimetre = 1 meter (m)

FPS System

1 feet = 12 inches

3 feet = 1 yard

Inter-rela on of Metric and FPS system

Both type of systems can be interrelated, for taking length, in

the following manner:
1 inch = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm
1 metre = 39.37 inches = 1.09 yard

Table 2.2 Length Conversion Table

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Plumber-General

Measurement of Weight
Weight measurement, using both the systems, is done in the following:

1 kilogram = 10 hectograms

1 kilogram = 100 decagram

1 kilogram = 1000 gram

100 kilogram = 1 Quintal

1000 kilogram = 1 metric ton

1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds

Table 2.3 Weight Conversion Table

Measurement of Volume
Capacity conversion is depicted in the following table:

1 liter (l) = 1 cubic decimeter = 61.0270515 cu.in. or 0.03531 cu. . or 1.0567

10 liters = 1 deciliter (Dl.) = 2.6417 gal., or 1.135 pk.

10 deciliters = 1 hectoliter (Hl.) = 2.8375 bu.

10 hectoliters = 1 kiloliter (Kl.) = 61027.0515 cu.in. or 28.375 bu.

1 cubic foot = 28.317

1 gallon, Amer = 3.785 l.

1 gallon, Brit = 4.543 l.

1 gallon = 4.546 liter

Table 2.4 Volume Conversion Table

Measurement of Density
Density conversion is depicted in the following table:

1 lb./ 3 = 16.018 kg/m3

1 kg./m3 = 0.0624 lb./ 3

1 lb./cu.inch = 27.68 gms/cu.cm.

Table 2.5 Density Conversion Table

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Par cipant Handbook

Measurement of Pressure
Pressure conversion is depicted in the following table:
2
1 lb. / = 4.8824 kg/m3 = 1 lb/meter2
= 6.895 Kg. Newton/M2
2 3
1 lb./inch = 0.0703 kg/cm
Table 2.6 Pressure Conversion Table

Comprehensive Conversion Table

Millimeters = 25.400 x inches

Meters x 3.2809 = feet

Meters = 0.3048 x feet

Kilometers x 0.621377 = miles

Kilometers = 1.6093 x miles

Square cen meters x 0.15500 = square inches

Square cen meters = 6.4515 x square inches

Square meters x 10.76410 = square feet

Square meters = 0.09290 x square feet

Square kilometers x 247.1098 = acres

Square kilometers = 0.00405 x acres

Hectares x 2.471 = acres

Hectares 0.4047 x acres

Cubic cen meters x 0.061025 = cubic inches

Cubic cen meters = 16.3266 x cubic inches

Cubic meters x 35.3156 = cubic feet

Cubic meters = 0.02832 x cubic feet

Cubic meters x 1.308 = cubic yard

Con nued...

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Plumber-General

Cubic meters = 0.765 x cubic yard

Liters x 61.023 = cubic inches

Liters = 0.01639 x cubic inches

Liters x 0.26418 = U.S.gallons

Liters = 3.7854 x U.S.gallons

Grams x 15.4324 = grains

Grams = 0.0648 x grains

Grams x 0.03527 ounces, avoirdupois

Grams = 28.3495 x ounces, avoirdupois

Kilograms x 2.2046 = pounds

Kilograms = 0.4536 x pounds

Kilograms per sq.cm. x 14.2231 = lb. Per. sq.in.

Kilograms per sq.cm. = 0.0703 x lb.per.sq.in

Kilogram per cubic meter x 0.06243 = lb.per.cu. .

Kilogram per cubic meter = 16.01890 xlb.per.cu. .

Metric tons (1000 kilograms) x 1.1023 x tons(2000 lb.)

Metric tons (1000 kilograms) = 0.9072 x tons (2000 lb.)

Kilowa s x 1.3405 = horsepower

Kilowa s = 0.746 x horsepower

Calories x 3.9683 = B.t.u.

Calories = 0.2520 x B.t.u.

Francs x 0.193 = dollars

Francs = 5.18 x dollars

Table 2.7 Comprehensive Conversion Table

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Par cipant Handbook

Measurement Tips
Ÿ To find the circumference of a circle, mul ply the diameter by 3.1416.
Ÿ To find the diameter of a circle, mul ply the circumference by .31831.
Ÿ To find the area of a circle, mul ply the square of the diameter by .7854.
Ÿ The radius of a circle x6.283185 = the circumference.
Ÿ The square of the circumference of a circle x .07958 = the area.
Ÿ Half the circumference of a circle x half its diameter = the area.
Ÿ The circumference of a circle x .159155 = the radius.
Ÿ The square root of the area of a circle x .56419 = the radius.
Ÿ The square root of the area of a circle x 1.12838 = the diameter.
Ÿ To find the diameter of a circle equal in area to a given square, mul ply a side of the square by 12838.
Ÿ To find the side of a square equal in area to a given circle, mul ply the diameter by .8862.
Ÿ To find the side of a square inscribed in a circle, mul ply the diameter by .7071.
Ÿ To find the side of a hexagon inscribed in a circle, mul ply the diameter of a circle by .500.
Ÿ To find the diameter of a circle inscribed in a hexagon, mul ply a side of the hexagon by 1.7321.
Ÿ To find the side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle, mul ply the diameter of a circle by .866
Ÿ To find the diameter of a circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle, mul ply a side of the triangle by
.57735.
Ÿ To find the area of the surface of a ball (sphere), mul ply the square of the diameter by 3.1416.
Ÿ To find the volume of a ball (sphere), mul ply the cube of the diameter by .5236.
Ÿ Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four mes.
Ÿ To find the pressure in pounds per square inch at the base of a column of water, mul ply the height
of the column in feet by .433.
Ÿ A gallon of water (U.S. standard) weighs 8.336 pounds and contains 231 cube inches. A cubic foot of
water contains 7½ gallons, 1728

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Plumber-General

Unit 2.2 - Plumbing Materials

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. State the names, characteris cs and applica ons of different pipes, pipe fi ngs, fixtures supports
and materials used in plumbing
2. Discuss the uses and limita ons of various types of fixtures
3. List the types and grades of pipes, fi ngs, fastening hardware (such as anchors, studs, bolts, clamps
and nuts), supports, restraints, blocking and wall hangers and their proper es
4. Describe the installa on process of pipes and fi ngs for various plumbing applica ons

2.2.1 Pipe Materials

The plumbing system in a building distributes water for drinking, hea ng, and washing, as well as for the
removal of waterborne wastes. It consists of pipes, drain ﬁ ngs, valves, valve assemblies, and devices.
Pipe Materials
There are various types of materials that are used for manufacturing pipes include:

Cast Iron Carbon Steel

Low Temperature Service Stainless Steel (SS)

Carbon Steel (LTCS)

Non Ferrous Metals Non Metallic

(Inconel,Incoloy,Cupro-nickel) (ABS,GRE,PVC,HDPE,Tempered Glass)

Chrome-Molybdenum, Steel
(Alloy Steel)

Fig 2.4 Pipe Materials

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Par cipant Handbook

2.2.2 Types of Pipes

I. Cast Iron Pipe
Ÿ Cast Iron Pipe is used as a pressure pipe for transmission of water, gas, and sewage, and as a water
drainage pipe.
Ÿ These are available with flanged ends or one end with socket & other with a spigot.
II. Duc le Iron Pipe
Ÿ Duc le Iron Pipes are improved versions of Cast Iron pipes.
Ÿ It is commonly used for potable water transmission and distribu on.
III. Galvanized Pipe
Ÿ Galvanized Iron Pipe is mainly used in water supply distribu on.
Ÿ These pipes are made of different grades i.e. Light, Medium, and Heavy depending upon the
thickness of the pipe used. These are color-coded for iden fica on - light – yellow band, medium
– blue band, and heavy – red band
Ÿ Pipes with diameters in size from 15 mm to 150 mm are used in distribu on.
IV. CPVC Pipes
Ÿ Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) Pipe is primarily used for supplying hot and cold potable
water.
Ÿ It is also used in industrial liquid applica ons.
Ÿ Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride is a thermoplas c pipe material.

Fig 2.5 Cast Iron Pipe Fig 2.6 Duc le Iron Pipe
Source : h ps://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ Source : h ps://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/
cast-iron-pipes-1380828930.html duc le-iron-double-ﬂanged-pipe-16004615973.html

Fig 2.7 Galvanized Pipe Fig 2.8 CPVC Pipe

Source : h ps://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ Source : h ps://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/
galvanized-iron-pipe-18923021033.html cpvc-pipe-4355787688.html

32
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Plumber-General

V. PEX or XLPE Pipes

Ÿ PEX or XLPE is a form of polyethylene with cross-links, formed into tubing.
Ÿ PEX Pipe is primarily used in - building services, pipe work systems, domes c water piping, natural
gas and oﬀshore oil applica ons, chemical transporta on and transporta on of sewage and
slurries.
VI. Polypropylene Pipes
Ÿ These are made of polypropylene “random copolymer”.
Ÿ Polypropylene Pipe is primarily used for - inner hot water and cold-water supply conduits,
industrial pipelines.
VII. Stoneware Pipes
Ÿ Stoneware pipes are made of clay.
Ÿ They are s primarily used in - sewerage systems for underground drainage, industrial drainage,
irriga on, chemical industry for transpor ng the highly corrosive chemical etc.
VIII. Un-Plas cized Pipes
Ÿ Un-plas cized Polyvinyl (UPVC) Pipe is primarily used in - ven la on pipe work, rainwater
applica ons, soil and wastewater discharge system.

Fig 2.9 PEX Pipe Fig 2.10 Polypropylene Pipe

Source : h ps://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/pex-pipe.html Source : h ps://www.pvcpipelocators.com/pvc-vs-pp-pipe/

Fig 2.11 Stoneware Pipes Fig 2.12 Un-Plas cized Pipes

Source : h ps://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ Source : h ps://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/
stoneware-pipe-22698988248.html unplas cized-polyvinyl-chloride-pipes-6394822973.html

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Par cipant Handbook

IX. Copper Pipes

Ÿ Copper Pipe as the name suggests are made up of copper. It is most o en used in - supply of hot
and cold tap water, as refrigerant line in HVAC systems.
Ÿ Copper oﬀers a high level of resistance to corrosion however; it is becoming very costly.
X. Stainless Steel Pipes
Ÿ Stainless Steel Pipe is used in marine environments where salt water would erode another metal
pipe.
Ÿ These pipes are strong and highly resistant to corrosion.
Ÿ However, even more, expensive than copper pipes.

Fig 2.13 Copper Pipe Fig 2.14 Stainless Steel Pipe

Source : h ps://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ Source : h ps://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/
copper-pipes-17500110133.html stainless-steel-pipe-20989662455.html

2.2.3 Pipe Fi ngs

In pipe plumbing systems, fi ngs are used to join straight pipe or tubing pieces, to adapt to various sizes
or forms, as well as for addi onal uses like regula ng or metering fluid flow. Fi ngs are a small part of
the plumbing system. In a pipe plumbing system, fi ngs are used to join sec ons of straight pipe or
tubing, to adapt to various sizes or forms, and for addi onal uses, such as regula ng or metering fluid
flow. We can state that water supply fi ngs, such as elbows, tees, sockets, reducers, etc., are used to
distribute water from the main pipe to other pipes of equal or smaller size, change the direc on of flow,
etc. Different types of fi ngs are listed below:

Collar Elbow Gasket Couplings Union

Reducer Tee Nipple Valve Trap

Fig 2.15 Diﬀerent types of ﬁ ngs

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Plumber-General

I. Collar
Ÿ A pipe ﬁ ng in the form of a sleeve for join ng the spigot ends of two pipes in the same alignment
is known as a collar.

Fig 2.16 Collar

Source: Indiamart
II. Elbow
Ÿ An elbow is a pipe fi ng used to provide a change in direc on, o en a 90° or 45° angle,
between two lengths of pipe or tubing. The ends could be socketed, threaded (o en female),
bu -welded, etc. The fi ng is referred to as a reducing elbow or reducer elbow when the two
ends are of different sizes. Elbows are categorized based as below:
Ÿ Long Radius (LR) Elbows–radius is 1.5 mes the pipe diameter
Ÿ Short Radius (LR) Elbows–radius is 1.0 mes the pipe diameter.
Ÿ 90° Elbow–where change in direc on required is 90°
Ÿ 45° Elbow–where change in direc on required is 45°

Bend 45° Bend 90° YT Joint

Double YT Joint T Trap

Table 2.8 Joints

Source: Indiamart

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Par cipant Handbook

III. Gasket
Gaskets or Mechanical seals are used to seal flange joints. It comes in a variety of designs,
composi ons, and features. These are non-metallic, spiral-wound, and ring-jointed and are
frequently employed.
IV. Coupling
Couplings are used to connect two pipes to each other. If the pipe sizes are different, the fi ng may
be referred to as an adapter, a reducing coupling, or both. A piece of pipe with internal threads for
joining two pipes with screwed ends.
V. Union
A pipe fi ng is used to connect two ends of pipes that cannot be turned independently of one
another. A nut, a female end, and a male end make up the three components of a typical union pipe.
The nuts then apply the necessary pressure to seal the connec on a er the female and male ends
have been linked. Since the union's ma ng ends may be switched out, changing a valve or other
device can be done with the least amount of down me.
VI. Reducer
A redSource: ucer is used for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system.
VII. Tee
A tee is used to combine (or split) fluid flow. It is offered with a female-threaded side outlet,
opposing solvent-weld sockets, or female thread sockets. Tees can be used to shi a pipe run's
direc on or connect pipes of various diameters. They are used to move two-fluid combina ons and
come in a range of materials, sizes, and finishes. Tees can vary in size from equal to unequal, with
equal tees being the most popular.

Fig 2.17 Gasket Fig 2.18 Coupling Fig 2.19 Union

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

Fig 2.20 Reducer Fig 2.21 Tee

Source: h ps://www.enggcyclopedia.com/ Source: Indiamart
2019/04/piping-reducer/

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Plumber-General

VIII.Nipple
A nipple is a small sec on of pipe that joins two other fi ngs. It is
o en made of male-threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl
chloride (CPVC), or copper (some mes bare copper). A "close
nipple" is a nipple with uninterrupted threading. Plumbing and
hoses frequently employ nibbles. a tubular pipe for connec ng the
pipes that is smaller than 300 mm in length and has both ends
threaded. Fig 2.22 Nipple
Source: Indiamart
IX. Trap
A trap in plumbing is a P, U, S, or J-shaped pipe that is posi oned beneath or inside a plumbing
device. To stop sewer gases from entering the building, the bend is used. In addi on to smelling bad,
the gases might make you sick and possibly explode if they were allowed back inside the house.
X Cross
Four-way fi ngs, commonly referred to as cross branch lines, are a type of pipe fi ng that joins four
pipes. A cross o en has solvent-welded socket or female-threaded ends and has one inlet and three
outlets (or vice versa). Cross fi ngs, which are in the middle of four connec on sites, may cause
pipes to become stressed as temperatures fluctuate.

Fig 2.23 Trap Fig 2.24 Cross

Source: h ps://www.mepskills.com/2020/07/ Source: Indiamart
what-is-pipe-ﬁ ng-what-are-types-of.html

XI. Oﬀset
A combina on of elbows, which bring the pipe out of line but parallel with it.

Fig 2.25 Oﬀset

Source: Indiamart

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Par cipant Handbook

2.2.4 Pipe Joints

Joints are used to a ach pipes together. The assembling of pipes uses a variety of joints. Fi ng refers to
the process of joining two or more pipes together. Depending on the demand, several pipe joints are
u lized for various pipes. Major plumbing system components that connect many pipes together are
called pipe joints. The speciﬁed pipe junc on must bear the pressure of each pipe. Diﬀerent types of
pipe joints used in plumbing are listed below:

Welded joint (bu welded,

Threaded joint
socket welded)

Brazed joint Soldered joint

Grooved joint Flanged joint

Compression joint

Fig 2.26 Types of Joints

I. Threaded Joint
A threaded joint is one in which the pipes are screwed together using threads that are built into each
pipe. One pipe has threads on the inside, while the other has threads on the outside. There are
threaded cast iron, copper, PVC, and G.I. pipes available. There are threaded joints for pipes with a
diameter of 6 mm to 300 mm. For low-temperature and low-pressure ﬂows, they are preferred. The
joints may expand and leak in hot places as a result of thermal expansion. Threaded joints are simple
to install, but they need to be well-maintained.
II. Welded Joints (Bu -welded joints)
Bu -welding is the most common method of joining piping used in large commercial, ins tu onal,
and industrial piping systems. Material costs are low, but labour costs are moderate to high due to
the need for specialized welders and ﬁ ers. The interior surface of a bu -welded piping system is
smooth and con nuous which results in low pressure drop.

Fig 2.27 Threaded Joint Fig 2.28 Bu -welded joint

Source : h ps://www.amazon.com/Stainless- Source : h ps://www.enggcyclopedia.com/
Female-Degree-Threaded-Fi ng/dp/B01MR0N5IF 2011/08/bu -weld/

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III. Socket-Welded Joints

In situa ons when there is a substan al probability of joint leakage, socket welded joints are used.
As demonstrated above, pipes are joined by inser ng one into another and welding around the
connec on. Pipes with various diameters work well in this kind of junc on. Compared to other
mechanical joints, socket welded joints produce good results.
IV. Brazed Joints
Brazing is the process of joining pipes using molten filler material at temperatures above 840°C.
Copper or copper alloy pipes are brazed together to form connec ons. It is crucial to remember that
the pipe material's mel ng point should be higher than the filler materials. When temperatures are
moderate, brazed joints are recommended since they have less mechanical strength.
V. Soldered Joints
Brazing and soldering are similar processes. The filler material melts when soldering below 840oC.
Copper and copper alloy pipes are connected by soldering. Flux or another metal-joining agent is
used during soldering to stop metal from oxidizing owing to the flame. Soldered joints have low
mechanical strength and are ideal for low-temperature environments.
VI. Grooved Joints
Grooved joints are those where two pipes are connected by crea ng narrow incisions or
depressions at the ends of the pipes with the use of sockets or couplings. The labor cost is lower
since the grooved joints are simpler to assemble. For rou ne maintenance, it is simple to remove
and reinstall the piping system. Their primary purpose of them is fire protec on.

Fig 2.29 Socket-welded joints Fig 2.30 Brazed joint

Source : h ps:// pipelinesystems.co.uk/ Source : h ps://theconstructor.org/building/
pipe-joints/socket-weld-joint/ types-of-pipe-joints-in-plumbing/12559/

Fig 2.31 Solder joint Fig 2.32 Grooved joint

Source : h ps://www.familyhandyman.com/ Source : h ps://www.victaulic.com/grooved-technology/
project/how-to-solder-copper-pipe-joints/

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VII. Flanged Joints

Pipes in pumping sta ons, filter plants, hydraulic labs, boiler buildings, etc. are frequently joined
using this junc on. Although these connec ons are expensive, they are preferred because of how
simple it is to assemble and disassemble them. When necessary, these joints can be taken apart and
put back together. Flanged ends are present at both ends of a pipe. Pipes are linked at the proper
level and close to one another on both ends. Between the flanges is a strong rubber washer that is
fastened. In most cases, welding or threading is used to a ach flanges to the pipe. A flange-type
joint may also be referred to as a lap joint in some circumstances. It can also be produced using a
forging technique and pipe end machining.
VIII.Compression Joints
These are used to connect the pipe without any prior prepara on. These joints can be installed at a
very low price. Compression joints are used to link pipes with plain ends by moun ng fi ngs at the
ends of the pipes. Threaded couplings or fi ngs are used to a ach the ends of the pipes. Joints are
posi oned correctly to monitor the flow pressure because leakage could otherwise happen.
Different types of materials are used to make these fi ngs. The fi ngs are chosen based on the
needs.

Fig 2.33 Flanged Joint Fig 2.34 Compression Joint

Source : h ps:// pipelinesystems.co.uk/ Source : h ps://piping-info.blogspot.com/2009/08/
pipe-joints/socket-weld-joint/ types-of-piping-joints.html

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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2.2.5 Valves
The water supply mains use brass or iron valves to ensure good pipeline opera on. The flow of fluids
such as liquid, gas, condensate, etc. is stopped or controlled by valves. These are divided into categories
based on how they are used, such as isola on, thro ling, and non-return corrector. According to their
intended applica on and style of construc on, many types of valves are produced. Various type of
valves are available depending upon the type of construc on as follows:
I. Sluice Valve
It is posi oned at a crucial loca on, such as any pipe entry. It could be
the beginning of a brand-new pipe coming from a tank, one of the tank's
many branches, or the main header. When necessary, this valve isolates
the water supply. The nominal bore of the waterway serves as a
specifica on for the sluice valve. 50 mm, 65 mm, 80 mm, 100 mm, 150
mm, 200 mm, 250 mm, and 300 mm are the standard sizes. Class 1 and
Class 2 sluice valves are available.
Fig 2.35 Sluice Valve
Source: Indiamart

Class Test Pressure Max. working Pressure

2
kg/cm kg/cm2

Body Seat

Class 1 20 10 10

Class 2 30 15 15

Table 2.9 Test pressure in sluice valve

II. Air Valve

When the pipe is filled with water, it is configured to
automa cally release the air. Addi onally, when the
pipe is drained, this valve allows air to enter. This valve,
which is permanently a ached to the end of a
communica on line, regulates or interrupts the flow of
water. The standard bore (diameter) of the socket or
pipe outlet to which it is affixed serves as the
specifica on for this valve. 8 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20
mm, 25 mm, 32 mm, 40 mm, and 50 mm are the
standard sizes. Leaded n bronze or cast brass are used
to make the washer plate and body components. The
washers are constructed of nylon, rubber, leather, or
fibre. Both an internally threaded and an externally Fig 2.36 Air Valve
threaded version of this valve are available. Source: Indiamart

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III. Scour Valve

This valve is installed at a pipeline's lower level so that such sec ons can be fed with fluid and
emp ed for maintenance. Natural drains receive the water and disperse it there. It func ons
essen ally like a sluice valve, but the nomenclature is different because of how it is used.
IV. Gate Valve
It is used to start or stop the water flow. It can also be used to achieve minimum flow restric on for
fluid flowing in a straight line. These valves are typically either fully open or fully closed when in use.
These valves have a variety of liquid applica ons and create a secure seal when closed.
V. Parallel Side Gate Valve
It has two discs that glide between the two parallel body seats without using a spreading
mechanism. The internal and external screws on the spindle, which might be of the rising or non-
rising kind, ac vate the valve discs.
VI. Globe Valve
It is a kind of valve used to manage pipeline flow. A moving disc element and a sta onary ring seat
placed in a usually spherical body make up a valve component. The globe valve is u lized to regulate
flow.

Fig 2.37 Scour Valve Fig 2.38 Gate Valve

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

Fig 2.39 Parallel Side Valve Fig 2.40 Globe Valve

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

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VII. Angle Valve

It is used to control the passage of a fluid like liquids, gases, fluidized solids, or slurries by opening,
closing, or par ally obstruc ng mul ple channels. This kind of valve typically has a spherical body
with body ends that are fi ed at an angle to one another and a disc that rotates up and down. The
internal or exterior screw on the spindle turns the valve into ac on. The spindle could be of the rising
or non-rising type.
VIII.Check valve or non-return valve
It is a valve that allows (fluid) water to flow in one direc on while stopping all backflow. It is
controlled by the pressure from above and lacks any external controls.
IX. Ferrule
It is used for connec ng a service pipe to the water main. It is usually made of non-ferrous metal and
screwed to the main pipe.
X. Foot Valve
It is a valve that the pump uses. Since it ensures that the pump is prepared for opera on, it is also
known as a check valve. The foot valve ensures that there is enough fluid in the pump even when it is
turned off so that it may restart. The foot valve in a well will be situated between the pump and the
water's surface. The foot valve for a water intake system is located at the end of the water intake
pipe. A strainer on the outside of the foot valve prevents blockages as well.
XI. Float Valve
When the water tank or flush toilet is filled, it is used to stop the flow of water to prevent overflow.
The float rises along with the rising water level, and when it reaches a preset level, the lever is forced
to close the valve, stopping the flow of water. A fi ng called a float valve is used to fill water tanks
and flush toilets.

Fig 2.41 Angle Valve Fig 2.42 Non-Return Valve Fig 2.43 Ferrule Valve
Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

Fig 2.44 Foot Valve Fig 2.45 Float Valve

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

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2.2.6 Fixtures
A plumbing fixture is a component that connects to the building's plumbing system and transports
water. Showers, tubs, sinks, faucets, and bathtubs are the most popular plumbing fixtures. A fi ng is
something that can be hung by a hook, screw, or nail as opposed to a fixture, which can be installed into
walls or the floor. Commonly used sanitary fi ngs and fixtures are explained below:
I. Bathtub
It is installed in a bathroom and is made of marble, plas c, enameled iron, vitreous material, etc. Its
dimensions range from 1.7 to 1.85 meters in length, 70 to 75 cen meters in width, and 43 to 45
cen meters in depth to the outlet end. The tank may be filled with cold and hot water using the
provided faucets, and any extra water can be drained using the overflow line. Similar to the sink, the
drain has a rubber plug and a waste coupling with a waste seal trap.
II. Washbasin
It is used for cleaning hands, faces, etc. These are typically made of Vitreous China, glass, marble,
burned fireclay, ceramic, enamel over steel, etc. Washbasins come in a variety of colors, styles, and
shapes.
III. Water Closet
It is designed to take human waste. It is connected to the soil pipe, then to a municipal sewer or
sep c tank, through a suitable trap. Water from the cistern tank is used to flush the excreta. There
are two types of water closets:
1. Indian type
2. European type
IV. Faucet
Faucet is used to control the liquid flow, especially water, from a pipe. It is also known as water tap. It
is available in a bathroom, kitchen or sink, as per use.

Fig 2.46 Bathtub Fig 2.47 Washbasin Fig 2.48Indian type

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

Fig 2.49 European type Fig 2.50 Faucet

Source: Indiamart Source: h ps://www.ubuy.co.in/product/4W3A7JS-amazing-force-brushed
-nickel-kitchen-faucet-with-pull-down-sprayer-kitchen-sink-faucet-single-handle

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V. Sink
It is a rectangular, shallow, water ght tank constructed out of stainless steel, vitreous china, fireclay,
or concrete. It is used to clean utensils, clothes, and other items. There is a hole in the flow of a sink
where a waste coupler and waste pipe can be fixed.
VI. Flushing cistern
It is a small tank that stores water for flushing toilets and urinals. Cast iron, glazed earthenware,
glazed vitreous, or any other material can be used to make it. A cistern's water storage capacity
ranges from 5 to 10 to 15 litres, depending on its size. The most typical cistern size is 10 litres.
VII. Geyser
It is used to heat water. It is available in various capaci es as per the requirement.

Fig 2.51 Sink Fig 2.52 Flushing cistern Fig 2.53 Geyser
Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

2.2.7 Fastener
A fastener is any one of a large variety of mechanical tools or components that are used to rigidly a ach
two or more items to one another. Fasteners make it possible to separate or disassemble the parts
without causing damage. They can also be u lized as long-term joints, though. Diﬀerent types of
fasteners include screws, nuts, bolts, nails, washers, and more. Diﬀerent types of fasteners used in
industrial applica ons are listed below:
I. Nuts and Bolts II. Washers
III. Screws IV. Nails
V. Anchors VI. Rivets
VII. Pins VIII. Retaining Rings
IX. Inserts
I. Nuts and Bolts
One of the most popular types of industrial fasteners is the nut and bolt. They work together in
tandem and hold two or more components together. The nut is ghtened on one end of the bolt
a er it has been inserted through the bolt holes between the parts. There are various types of nuts
and bolts as men oned below:
a) Hex nuts b) Coupling nuts c) Lock nuts
d) Square nuts e) Flange nuts f) Wing nuts

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g) Slo ed nuts h) U-nuts i) Speed nuts

j) Push nuts k) Jam nuts l) Axle nuts
m) Castle nuts n) Rivet Nuts o) Weld Nuts
p) Barrel Nuts q) Shear Nuts r) Tri-Groove Nuts
s) Keps-K Lock Nuts t) Knurled Thumb Nuts u) Wheel Nuts

Hex Nut Lock Nut Jam Nut Push Nut

Coupling Nut Square Nut Speed Nut Tee Nut

Wing Nut U-Nut Axle Nut Castle Nut

Fig 2.54 Diﬀerent Types of Nuts

Source: h ps://wha spiping.com/types-of-fasteners/

Many diﬀerent types of bolts are available in the market. The most common types of bolts that are used
for industrial applica ons are:
a) Carriage bolts b) Hex bolts c) U-bolts
d) Eye bolts e) Leg bolts f) Flange bolts
g) Allen bolts h) Plow bolts i) Square head bolts
j) Shoulder bolts or Stripper bolts

Hex Head Bolt Lag Bolt U-Bolt Eye Bolt Carriage Bolt

Fig 2.55 Diﬀerent Types of Bolts

h ps://wha spiping.com/types-of-fasteners/

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I. Washers
In order to distribute the load of the fastener uniformly throughout the surface of the material,
washers are occasionally inserted in between nuts and bolts. A washer is a ﬂat, elongated disc with a
hole in the middle. Washers can be constructed from non-metals or from metals. Following are the
purpose of washers:
Ÿ Isola on of Components
Ÿ Reduc on of leakage
Ÿ Allevia on of fric on, and
Ÿ Preven on of loosening during vibra on
Some common types of washers are:
Ÿ Plain Washers: Plain washers are used for load distribu on and isola on purposes. Plain
washers can be of various types like:
Ÿ Round and thin Flat Washers for general use.
Ÿ Torque Washers for use in woodworking projects.
Ÿ Fender Washer used in car fenders.
Ÿ Finishing Washers used with countersank screws, and
Ÿ C-washers
Ÿ Spring Washers: These types of fasteners act like a spring as they develop axial ﬂexibility to make
the joint more elas c. This can avoid unintended loosening during vibra on. The main types of
Spring Washers are:
Ø Belleville Washer
Ø Crescent Washer
Ø Dome Spring Washers, and
Ø Wave Spring Washers
Ÿ Lock Washers: This type of washer uses various mechanisms to prevent nuts, screws, and bolts
from loosening. Lock washers are much be er than spring washers and can be of the following
types:

Plain Washers Spring Washers Locking Washers

Fig 2.56 Diﬀerent Types of Washers

Source : h ps://wha spiping.com/types-of-fasteners/

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Anchors Rivets Retaining Rings Deck Screws

Hex Leg Screws Wood Screws Self Drilling Screws Sheet Metal Scres

Fig 2.57 Diﬀerent Types of Screws

Source : h ps://wha spiping.com/types-of-fasteners/

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Unit 2.3 - Plumbing Tools and Equipment

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Iden fy various plumbing tools and equipment correctly
2. List the li ing/load shi ing equipment including ladders, height scaﬀolding, elevated work
pla orms, hand trolleys, hoists and jacks used at plumbing installa on sites

2.3.1 Diﬀerent Types of Plumbing Tools and Equipment

A plumber needs a variety of tools and equipment to complete repair work, fix a tap, or perform fi ng
work. These devices enable a plumber to do their job well. Tools for plumbers should be used
systema cally. In order to prevent damage, tools should be handled carefully. A er use, tools should be
stored correctly. Tools can be categorized based on the type of task they are used for, such as holding,
fi ng, cu ng, pipe threading, and bending tools, among others. The important tools used in plumbing
are classified as:

Holding Tools Fi ng Tools Cu ng Tools Pipe Bending Tools Other Tools

• Bench Vice • Wrenches • Pipe Cu er • Pipe Bending • Chisel

• Pipe Vice • Spanners • Hacksaw Machine • Hammer
• Pliers • Threading Dies • Rover Jumper
• Trowel
• Screw Driver
• File
• Caulking Tools
• Drill Machine
• Drill Bit
• Hangers
• Measuring
Tape

Fig 2.63 Plumbing Tools

1. Holding Tools
Holding tools are used for holding pipes, pipe fi ngs, and fixtures in plumbing opera ons. Some of
the commonly used holding tools are men oned below.
a) Bench Vice
A vice is a work-holding tool used for holding an item for various work like filing, chipping,
sawing, threading, bending of various jobs, fi ng, tapping, etc. The bench vice has two jaws,
one of which is fixed and the other is moveable. These jaws are fi ed with plates for gripping
the job. The vice size depends on the width of the jaw. Bench Vice is fixed through a bolt to a

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table or bench. Vice is opened and closed with the help of an a ached handle to a spindle. In
this way, the material is held ghtly. Bench vices hold the objects and allow the use of other
tools to complete a task.
b) Pipe Vice
A pipe vice is a tool used for holding a pipe for carrying out assembly, disassembly, threading,
cu ng, etc. The pipe vice is of two kinds:
I. Open side pipe vice
II. ﬁxed side pipe vice
The pipe's vice sizes are known by the opened size of the jaws. Standard sizes of vices are from
80mm, 105 mm, 130 mm, 170 mm, etc.

Fig 2.64 Bench Vice Fig 2.65 Pipe Vice

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart
4. Fi ng Tools
Tools that are used for carrying out various plumbing opera ons like cu ng, ghtening, fixing, and
other small tasks are called fi ng tools. Some of the commonly used fi ng tools are men oned
below.
a) Wrenches
Wrenches are used to ghten and loosen nuts and bolts. For
removing or reinstalling nuts and bolts, wrenches grasp ny
or slick ones. Adjustable and non-adjustable wrenches are
the two most common types u lized. These are par cularly
helpful when dealing with nuts and bolts of unusual sizes.
These devices allow you to screw or unscrew a pipe and
pipe fi ngs. This is a highly popular instrument,
par cularly for pipes with a small diameter up to 50 mm.
Adjustable wrenches are used to ghten or loosen nuts and
Fig 2.66 Adjustable Wrench
bolts of all irregular and standard sizes. It is employed to Source: Indiamart
ghten and loosen geysers, flexible pipes, cocks, and
valves. It works well for maintaining and repairing plumbing
components including valves, cocks, pumps, etc. It has a handle, a fixed flat jaw, and a square-
toothed screw. With the aid of a screw, the movable flat jaw slips into the fixed jaw's body. The
object that needs to be turned in order to screw or unscrew anything is held in the space
between the flat jaws.

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b) Water Pump Plier

Plumbers frequently use this type of plier to grip, ghten, and
loosen work while fixing something. The material u lized to
make water-pump pliers is steel. There is only one standard
size of them, measuring 250 mm in length. The two jaws can
be separated by a maximum of 40 mm.
Fig 2.67 Water Pump Plier
Source: Indiamart
c) Spanners
Spanners are used for ghtening and loosening nuts and bolts of standard size. Different types
of spanners are listed below:
I. Ring Spanners: At both ends of these spanners are en re, closed circles. It is challenging
to slip and hurt yourself. It is forged, and either has a burnished finish or is chrome-plated.
II. Open-ended Spanners: These kinds of spanners are used to ghten and loosen nuts and
bolts since they are open on both sides. The square or hexagonal-headed nut or bolt is
passed through by a spanner with open-ended jaws. A er that, the bolts or nuts are
rotated with the necessary force to screw or unscrew them. The two jaws are two sizes
that come a er one another, such as 6 mm and 7 mm or 1/4" and 5/16", etc.
III. Combina on Spanners: These spanners are open at one end and closed at the other.
IV Bi-hexagonal Ring Spanner: To handle a nut or bolt with a square or hexagonal bolt head,
it has bi-hexagonal shapes at both ends. The two ends' sizes are sequen al, such as 6 and
7 millimeters, 1/4 and 5/16 inches, etc.

Fig 2.68 Ring Spanners Fig 2.69 Open-ended Spanner

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

Fig 2.70 Combina on Spanner Fig 2.71 Bi-hexagonal Ring Spanner

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

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5. Cu ng Tools
Cu ng tools are used for cu ng pipes, ﬁxtures, and s, etc. Some of the commonly used cu ng tools
are listed below:
a) Pipe Cu er
When using a hacksaw frame is challenging, a pipe cu er is used to cut a pipe on the job site.
For cu ng a pipe, this tool has a pointed, round cu ng wheel that rotates in a to-and-fro
rotary mo on.
b) Hacksaw
Typically, both hands are used to use this tool. It can cut materials like steel rod, plas c pipe,
angle iron, sheets, and iron pipes. When nuts and bolts become stuck, it can also be used to cut
their heads. A hacksaw's grip, frame, blade, and adjus ng wing nut are all signiﬁcant
components. A power hacksaw is used in a workshop to quickly cut heavy pipes, whereas a
hand-operated hacksaw is used for site work.

Fig 2.72 Pipe Cu er Fig 2.73 Hacksaw

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

6. Pipe Bending Tools

In most plumbing opera ons, pipes are required to be bent at
different angles as per requirement, for which pipe bending tools are
used. Some of these tools are men oned below.
a) Pipe Bending Machine
Pipes can be bent or turned using a pipe bending machine. The
diameter of the pipe and the kind of pipe material to be bent
determine the machine's size and strength. For pipes with a
diameter of 3/8 to 1ʹʹ, mechanical or manually operated pipe Fig 2.74 Pipe Bending Machine
bending equipment is offered. Higher ranges, such as 1/2-2ʹʹ, Source: Indiamart
1/2- 3ʹʹ, 1/2- 4ʹʹ, and 2- 6ʹʹ, are covered by hydraulic hand-
operated equipment.
b) Threading Dies
Effec ve pipe and fixture connec on requires threading. To
create threads in a pipe where it will be connected to another
pipe or fixture, a threading die is used.

Fig 2.75 Threading Dies

Source: Indiamart

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7. Other Tools
Various other tools are also used in plumbing opera ons apart from the already men oned holding,
fi ng, cu ng, and bending tools. The other tools used for plumbing opera ons are listed below.
a) Chisel
It is made of hard metal and is mostly used for cu ng concrete surface and making grooves in
the walls with the help of a hammer.
b) Hammer
These are all-purpose workshop hand tools used for keyway inser on and fi ng by striking,
rive ng, rive ng, striking of nails, and straightening of sec ons. The hammer has a wooden
grip and a head made of strong, distorted steel. The opposing side of the head is referred to as
pein and has a flat, striking face. The peins are categorized according to their various shapes,
including ball, cross, and straight. Engineer's hammers are commonly used when working with
steel components and are made of hardened steel.
c) Chain Wrench
When it comes to huge-diameter pipes, the usual holding tools are not very helpful. Chain
wrenches are employed for these. A handle, a chain, and a toothed block make up a chain
wrench. The chain is held on the toothed end of the block and is circular with grooves. The
chain ghtens or loosens the pipe fi ng while holding onto it. The chain wrench comes in
lengths of 3", 4", 6", 8", and 12", measuring 475, 585, 834, 1100, and 1360 mm, respec vely.
These sizes are indicated by the largest pipe diameter that they can accommodate.
d) Screw Driver
Plumbers frequently use this tool to ghten the screws. The pointed p of a screwdriver may
easily fit into a variety of screws. For various screw kinds, various screwdriver types are used.
Plumbers employ a variety of screwdriver head types.

Fig 2.76 Chisels Fig 2.77 Hammers

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

Fig 2.78 Chain Wrench Fig 2.79 Screw Drivers

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

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e) Files
Files are used for a range of tasks, including the removal of sharp edges, the removal of metal,
the shaping of tasks, the smoothing out of surfaces, the finishing, the crea on of various
shapes, etc. Tang, heel, face, edge, and point or p make up the five components of a file.
Depending on the task, numerous types of files with various forms are employed, including
hand round, pillar, square, three square, half round, flat, knife edge, and needle files.
f) Pliers
Pliers are used to ghten or loosen various elements as well as grasp small objects. A plumber
uses a variety of pliers when working. Pliers can also be used to make cuts. Various sizes and
shapes of pliers are available in the market.
g) Caulking Tools
Caulking tools are used to seal any holes in the wall. This device aids in adding and removing
materials in the building.
h) Drill Machine
One of the common but crucial equipment used to drill a hole in a surface made of metal,
wood, or concrete. A cu ng instrument, such as a drill bit, is a ached to a drill machine. A key
is used to ghten the a achment.

Fig 2.80 Files Fig 2.81 Plier

Source: Indiamart

Fig 2.82 Caulking Tools Fig 2.83 Drill Machine

Source: Pinterest

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I) Hangers
Pipe hangers are used to hold or support a pipe or a group of pipes from a slab, beam, ceiling, or
other structural elements.
j) Measuring Tape
It is used to measure an object's length. Steel, fabric, and PVC are just a few of the materials
used to make measuring tapes. The available lengths include one meter, two meters, three
meters, five meters, 10 meters, fi een meters, etc.
k) Plumb Bob
This is a prac cal tool to use while building walls, columns, and wooden window and door
frames to ensure ver cality and uniformity. Addi onally, it aids in leveling the floor's surface. It
is made up of a holding pipe, thread, and a metal and wood plumb bob. The thread is used to
join the plumb bob to the holding pipe.
l) Spirit Level
It is used to check the horizontality or levelling of the floor, roof, door, window frame, etc.

Fig 2.84 Pipe Hanger Fig 2.85 Measuring Tape

Source: Indiamart

Fig 2.86 Plumb Bob Fig 2.87 Hammers

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

m) Trowel
It is used for mixing cement and sand for masonry work. It is
used for plastering the surface.

Fig 2.88 Trowel

Source: Indiamart

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n) Spade
A spade is used to mix cement, sand, and concrete as well as for digging purposes. It is
constructed up of a ﬂat steel form with a hole for the wooden handle. A spade's size is
determined by the length and width of the board.
o) Shovel
It is used for mixing concrete and also for carrying concrete to mortar pans. Shovels are made
of steel sheets. The size is designated by its length and width.
p) Pickaxe
It is made of steel and is used to excavate hard soil. One end of the pickaxe is ﬂat whereas, the
other end is sharp in design.
q) Mortar Pan
This is used to carry concrete, cement mortar, and other excavated materials. Never use it to
measure cement mortar that has been mixed, etc. For the construc on of mortar pans, mild
steel sheet is employed.

Fig 2.89 Spade Fig 2.90 Shovel

Source: Indiamart

Fig 2.91 Pickaxe Fig 2.92 Mortar Pan

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

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r) Mason's square
It is used to check if the internal and external corners are rectangular. It is built of sheet carbon
steel. Addi onally, the dimension is marked on both sides in either an inch or a cen meter.
s) Water level tube
Water level tubes are used to check and transfer water levels, among other things. When using
the tube, water is put inside of it. Polythene tubes with diameters ranging from 10 to 15 mm
and lengths varied according to the need.
t) Rover Jumper
It is used for making a gap in the wall so that plumbing ﬁxtures can be ﬁxed.

Fig 2.93 Mason's Square Fig 2.94 Water level tube Fig 2.95 Rover Jumper
Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

7. Lifting/Load shifting equipment

Following are the list of lifting /load shifting equipment used at plumbing installation sites:
a) Ladder
Ladders are required frequently in plumbing sites for having access to a platform (working for a
relatively short period of time).
b) Scaffoldings
These are relatively used for the same purpose as of ladder but generally laid where longer
duration of work is to be done. As for long duration, ladder founds to be unsuitable. To get
access to heights, these work to be the best option. Unsafe scaffolding can lead to major
injuries and even deaths too.
c) Hand Trolley
Hand trolleys is a small transporting device which is used to move heaving loads from one place
to another. This is one of very commonly used tools in different industries and sites.

Fig 2.89 Ladder Fig 2.90 Scaffolding Fig 2.95 Rover Jumper
Source: Indiamart Source: https://www.tradeindia.com/
products/metal-manual-hand-trolley-
6162119.html

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d) Hoists
This is a device used for li ing or lowering a load by means of a drum or li -wheel around which
rope or chain wraps. It can be operated manually, electrically or pneuma cally or one can use
a chain, ﬁber or wire rope as its li ing medium.
e) Jacks
Another tool that is used to li heavy loads is jacks. Such as in a hydraulic jack, hydraulic power
is used. Most commonly used is car jack, ﬂoor jack etc.

Fig 2.92 Hoist Fig 2.93 Jacks

Source: Indiamart Source: h ps://www.hawkcrawlspaceandfound
a onrepair.com/crawl-space-jack-installa on-in-
chesapeake-va

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Unit 2.4 - Proper es of Water

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Explain the proper es of water, including pressure and ﬂow rates. Describe processes such as
capillary ac on and thermal expansion in plumbing.

2.4.1 Various Proper es of Water

Water is a “Universal solvent” as it can dissolve a greater number of substances than any other
substance. It is the only common substance to exist as solid, liquid and gaseous form. Following are
proper es of water:

Water is Polar

Water is an excellent solvent

Water has high heat capacity

Water has high heat of vaporiza on

Water has cohesive and adhesive properties

Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid

Fig 2.94 Proper es of Water

1. Water is Polar
The structure of water molecules is twisted and polar, with par al posi ve charges on the hydrogens
and par al nega ve charges on the oxygen. This is because oxygen a racts electrons more
effec vely than hydrogen since it is more electronega ve.
2. Excellent Solvent
Many polar and ionic chemicals can be dissolved by water, which is a unique property of water. All
living creatures need to know this since the water cycle removes many cri cal nutrients from the
water as it moves through it.
3. High Heat Capacity
Water aids in controlling environmental temperature since it takes a lot of energy to raise the
temperature of a specific volume of water by one degree. This characteris c, for instance, enables
the temperature of water in a pond to largely remain consistent from day to night despite
fluctua ng ambient temperatures.

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4. High Heat of Vaporiza on

Humans and other swea ng animals use the high heat of vaporiza on of water to cool themselves.
When the temperature for vaporiza on is a ained, water changes from its liquid state to steam.
Because perspira on is primarily composed of water, as it evaporates, it collects extra body heat
that would otherwise be discharged into the atmosphere which is known as evapora ve cooling.
5. Cohesive and Adhesive
Water molecules can create hydrogen bonds with one another, since they have powerful adhesive
forces. Surface tension, or the propensity of a liquid's surface to resist rupture when subjected to
tension or stress, is caused by cohesive forces. Water may adhere to objects other than itself thanks
to its adhesive quali es as well. In many forms of life, these cohesive and adhesive quali es are
crucial for fluid transfer. For instance, they enable nutrients to be carried up a tree's trunk in
defiance of gravity.
6. Less dense as a solid than as a liquid
When water freezes, the molecules organise into a crystalline structure that spreads them farther
apart than when the water is liquid. As a result, ice floats because it is less thick than liquid water.
This characteris c is crucial because it prevents ponds, lakes, and oceans from freezing over
completely and enables life to persist beneath the cold surface.

2.4.2 Capillary ac on
It can be deﬁned as the “Ability of a liquid to move against gravity through the close gap between the two
surfaces”.
For example - If the plumber adds no sealant between the ﬂashings in ceilings while installing them, it
can damage a large amount in the ceiling too as due to capillary ac on will take place and water will
come out from above as well. Hence it must be taken care of.

2.4.3 Thermal Expansion

An increase in temperature leads to the expansion of water, this phenomenon is known as Thermal
expansion. It generally occurs in all plumbing systems having tank-type water heaters. It will lead to high
water pressure and so cause expensive problems. Hence previous to tank-type water heaters, plumbers
used to put an adjustable pressure relief valve in the system. For more safety, the expansion tank and
relief valve both must be installed at the same time.

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Summary
• Plumbing is defined as a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building used for supplying water
and removing the used water and waterborne wastes. Every home and building must have a
plumbing and sanitary system.
• A trained plumber does the installa on of the fi ngs and fixtures as per the drawing provided in the
assembly sheet of the plumbing fixture in the manufactures catalog. Iden fica on of the symbol
given in the drawing in the fixtures makes the installa on work easy for a plumber.
• Airgap is the distance between the lowest point of a water inlet or pipe to a tank and the overflowing
level of the tank
• A plumber needs to be proficient at measuring plumbing supplies with the aid of measuring
instruments and have no trouble handling unit conversions.
• The plumbing system in a building distributes water for drinking, hea ng, and washing, as well as for
the removal of waterborne wastes. It consists of pipes, drain fi ngs, valves, valve assemblies, and
devices.
• Cast Iron Pipe is used as a pressure pipe for transmission of water, gas and sewage, and as a water
drainage pipe.
• In pipe plumbing systems, fi ngs are used to join straight pipe or tubing pieces, to adapt to various
sizes or forms, as well as for addi onal uses like regula ng or metering fluid flow.
• A pipe fi ng in the form of a sleeve for join ng the spigot ends of two pipes in the same alignment is
known as a collar.
• An elbow is a pipe fi ng used to provide a change in direc on, o en a 90° or 45° angle, between two
lengths of pipe or tubing.
• Gaskets or Mechanical seals are used to seal flange joints. It comes in a variety of designs,
composi ons, and features.
• Couplings are used to connect two pipes to each other. If the pipe sizes are different, the fi ng may
be referred to as an adapter, a reducing coupling, or both.
• A reducer is used for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system.
• A tee is used to combine (or split) fluid flow. It is offered with a female-threaded side outlet,
opposing solvent-weld sockets, or female thread sockets.
• Joints are used to a ach pipes together. The assembling of pipes uses a variety of joints. Fi ng
refers to the process of joining two or more pipes together.
• The water supply mains use brass or iron valves to ensure good pipeline opera on. The flow of fluids
such as liquid, gas, condensate, etc. is stopped or controlled by valves.
• A plumbing fixture is a component that connects to the building's plumbing system and transports
water. Showers, tubs, sinks, faucets, and bathtubs are the most popular plumbing fixtures.
• A fastener is any one of a large variety of mechanical tools or components that are used to rigidly
a ach two or more items to one another.
• A plumber needs a variety of tools and equipment to complete repair work, fix a tap, or perform
fi ng work. Tools can be categorized based on the type of task they are used for, such as holding,
fi ng, cu ng, pipe threading, and bending tools, among others.

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Exercise
1. Match the following

S. No Symbol Symbol Name

1. Straight Tee

2. P-Trap

3. 90° Elbow

4. Gate Valve

5. Sanitary Tee

2. List any three materials used for manufacturing pipes.

3. List any three Plumbing ﬁxtures and their purpose.

4. List any three Plumbing ﬁxtures and their purpose.

5. List any three Plumbing tools and their purpose.

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Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

QR Code
Scan the QR Code to watch the related video

https://youtu.be/wpQD4XzjKDM https://youtu.be/1YQ9dpa6_lw
Process of Mains Supply of Pipe Materials
Water and Drainage

https://youtu.be/GfNUaVFmxaY https://youtu.be/q33WAVm0K5o
Different Types of Plumbing Various Pipe Fit-Off Processes
Tools and Equipment

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3. Prepara on for
plumbing
installa ons and
maintenance

Unit 3.1 - Plumbing Drawings

Unit 3.2 - Handling of Plumbing Materials

PSC/N0130
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Key Learning Outcomes

1. Perform the steps involved in planning and prepara on of plumbing work

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Unit 3.1 - Plumbing Drawings

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Explain the types and purpose of plumbing drawings
2. Discuss the purpose of work schedules, work plans, charts, work bulle ns, memos and the work-
related informa on that can be obtained from them
3. Describe the steps involved in collec on of plumbing materials as per type, size and quan es based
on speciﬁca ons from drawings and plans

3.1.1 Introduc on to Plumbing Drawings

A plumbing drawing is a specific kind of technical drawing that offers informa on and a visual depic on
of a plumbing system. It is u lized to communicate the engineering design to plumbers or other
employees who will use them to assist with the plumbing system installa on. A plumbing drawing is
used to clearly represent the loca ons of fixtures, sanitaryware, piping, valves, and other components,
as well as to demonstrate how wastewater is to be collected and how fresh water is to be provided to a
facility. The pipe runs are typically colored red and blue, respec vely, to show the dis nct hot and cold-
water supplies. The grade (slope) should be shown on drainage pipe illustra ons. A manhole schedule
should include informa on about the name, invert level, cover level, and depth of any manholes that
are present. A plumber has to read and understand the plumbing drawing before star ng the work.

WM&TD Boiler
Utility HWSC
room

Dr1 Dr2

Dr0 Bedroom Bedroom

Kitchen
Hall
Ch2
Batch
Ch1
Ch3

Lounge Dining Room Bedroom

Insulated Primary Vent pipe Vertical pipes F&E Feed & Expansion Tank
Insulated HWSC Vent pipe Service Valve
CWSC Cold Water Storage Cistern
Insulated Cold Water pipe Circulating Pump
22mm Primary Flow pipe
2xPort Zone valve HWSC Hot Water Storage Cylinder
15mm Primary Flow pipe
Radiator
22mm Primary Return pipe Boiler Condensing Boiler
Chasing concrete floor
15mm Primary Return pipe Wrapping pipes
WM&TD Washing Machine and
Drilling holes Tumble Dryer on the top
Sleeving pipes

Fig 3.1 Typical Plumbing Drawing

Source : https://www.conceptdraw.com/examples/residential-plumbing-plan-drawings

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Purpose of Plumbing Drawing

Ÿ A plumbing drawing helps the plumber to understand clearly the loca on of fixtures, sanitaryware,
pipework, valves, and so on, and it illustrates how fresh water is to be supplied into a building and
wastewater removed.
Ÿ It helps in quan ty calcula on, planning, execu on, checking of wastages, and maintenance of
plumbing works.
Ÿ A plumber may visualize any prac cal difficul es in carrying out the work as shown in the plumbing
drawing and make the necessary changes, during the ini al planning stage.
Ÿ With the help of these drawings, the plumber understands the work to be carried out for a building
project.
Different types of plumbing drawings are:

Water Supply System Drawings

Drainage System Drawings

Storm- Water System Drawings

Irriga on System Drawings

Fig 3.2 Types of Plumbing Drawings

1. Water Supply System Drawings

Ÿ In the water supply system drawings, the respective pump capacity and the number of pumps
used must be stated in the drawing file. The water supply system drawings include the following:
I. Hot water piping
II. Cold Water Piping
III. Hot water return piping system
2. Drainage System Drawings
In drainage drawings, the manhole schedule must be shown. A manhole schedule consists of the
manhole name, invert level, cover level, and depth, which are clearly specified in the drawing. The
drainage system drawings include:
I. Waste Piping
II. Soil Piping
III. Vent Piping
3. Storm-Water System Drawings
A stormwater system is a system that is built in order to manage the water coming from rainfall and
runoff.

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3. Storm-Water System Drawings

A stormwater system is a system that is built in order to manage the water coming from rainfall and
runoff.

HOUSEHOLD
WASTE WATER

SANITARY STORM
SEWER DRAIN CATCH
BASIN

TREATMENT WATERWAY
PLANT

Fig 3.3 Stormwater Drainage System

Source: h ps://www.deeptrekker.com/resources/storm-water

4. Irrigation System Drawings

An irrigation system is a method of artificially supplying water to conduct irrigation through canals,
dams etc.

By Pass Valve Pressure Gauge

Delivery Pipe
QRC Pump Connector
Pump Sprinkler (Metal Nozzle) or Sprinlder (Plastic Nozzle)

Water Source
Screen Filler QRC TEE Control Valve
Riser Pipe

QRC Bend

Fig 3.4 Irrigation System

Source : https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/sprinkler-irrigation-system-20573851433.html

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3.1.2 Work Schedules

For eﬀec ve and mely comple on of work, a work schedule is to be planned. The meaning of a work
schedule is to calculate the days and mes that a person is expected to do the work. A work schedule is a
plan by managers or contractors in which they clearly men on the number of days and hours to be
worked.
1. Work plan
Ÿ For carrying out the work eﬀec vely a work plan is to be prepared. A work plan is a wri en
document made to make a project run more smoothly. The goal is to produce a visual reference
for the mission, du es, objec ves, and team members in charge of each region. Every member
of the team is updated based on progress and current status. The team of plumbers will be
comple ng his work as per the work plan.
Ÿ A thorough work plan is key to the success of any project. This step-by-step guide will help you
create the perfect work plan for your team.
2. Chart
Ÿ It is necessary to use charts to be er communicate and show your achievements. With the help
of a chart, various performance parameters of employees are conveyed. Any employee can see
his/her performance through the chart. Charts are prepared for various ac vi es as men oned
below:

Show achievements

Demonstrate failure

Emphasize differences

Show how parts make a whole

Show gaps

Pinpoint changes over time

Track trends over time

Highlight similarities

Fig 3.5 Various Chart Parameters

3. Work Bulletin
The purpose of the work bulletin is to create a sense of community within the workplace and to keep
team members engaged. Team or staff bulletin boards are other names for office bulletin boards.
These boards help to enhance company culture and encourage employee engagement. In the work
bulletin, things like motivational quotes, employee birthdays, and pictures are shown on one side.
Other things like monthly event schedules, newsletters, and operations information and reminders
are shown on the other side.

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4. Memo
A memo or memorandum is a message used within a company to convey information. Memos can
be utilized to notify people of new policies, remind staff members of current guidelines, and
generally keep them informed. A memo can be used to communicate with people outside of an
organisation because it is less formal than a letter. Memos serve two purposes: they draw attention
to problems and they help to find solutions. They achieve their objectives by alerting the reader of
new information, such as price rises or changes in policy, or by convincing the reader to take a
specific action, such as attending a meeting or altering an existing production technique.
5. Work-Related Information
Before beginning the work, any plumber or employee who has been hired for a specific task is
provided with all the necessary information. The employee is notified of all work-related
information, such as job descriptions, pay scales, supervisors, and service policies. Employees must
adhere to the regulations correctly in order to foster a positive work environment. He could be
subject to disciplinary action if the regulations are not followed correctly.

3.1.3 Collec on of Plumbing Materials

A plumber should be able to read and understand the plumbing drawings and plan carefully. The
plumber should discuss the drawing details with his supervisor or contractor for more clarity. Steps
involved in the collec on of plumbing materials as per type, size, and quan es are explained below:

Read the plumbing drawings and plan

Identify the different types of plumbing material required

Make a list of plumbing material with number of items

Make a list of plumbing material with types and sizes

Make a list of selected plumbing material with quantity details

Submit the list to the contractor for its purchase or to make available

Check the quantity of received plumbing materials

Check the specification and quality of received plumbing materials

Fig 3.6 Steps involved in the collec on of plumbing materials

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Unit 3.2 - Handling of Plumbing Materials

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Explain the factors to be kept in mind for safe handling, storage and transport of various plumbing
materials
2. List measures to avoid air and water contamina on, erosion and sedimenta on
3. Discuss the risk and impact of not following deﬁned procedures/work instruc ons
4. Outline the process of repor ng and handling hazards at the workplace

3.2.1 Safe Handling of Hand Tools and Power Tools

As a plumber, it is necessary to use our plumbing tools, equipment, and plumbing material properly in a
workplace and storage unit. These materials should be kept in an organized way and in a safe and secure
loca on. This means that they should be away from any areas where they could be damaged or
contaminated. Second, one should ensure that the materials are easily accessible. Materials should be
kept on shelves. Similarly, shelves and racks should be sturdy and in good condi on. Stacking of all
materials should be done on a ﬂat base. heavier objects should be placed closer to the ﬂoor and
lighter/smaller objects at a higher level.
Plumbing tools and materials should be used safely so that no injury is made. Handling of tools and
materials should be done as per the standard procedure. All safety precau ons should be adopted in the
handling of tools. Plumbing materials should be properly packed and transported safely so that it does
not get damaged. A standard transport facility should be used for transpor ng the plumbing materials.

Fig 3.7 Box for Storage and Transporta on of Plumbing Tools

Source : h ps://gibadi.com/products/knipex-l-boxx%C2%AE-sanitar

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3.2.2 Safe use of Plumbing Tools

The following safety measures may be taken for the safe use of the plumbing tools:

Use the tools as per the instruc ons men oned in the manual

Use appropriate tools for speciﬁc tasks

Perform regualar maintenance of tools

Follow proper safety measures while using electrical wires

Wear appropriate Personal Protec ve Equipment

Use kerosine to remove dust from rusty nuts

Do not use damaged tools

Remove burrs or stuck material from the edges of tools

Lubricate the tools properly

Do not apply excessive pressure or force on tools

Fig 3.8 Safety Measures for Using Plumbing Tools

3.2.3 Safety Measures to Avoid Contamination

When a plumber comes in contact with polluted air and water during plumbing work, various types of
infection may take place. Different types of contamination in plumbing are explained below:
I. Air Contamination
The presence of pollutants in the atmosphere that is damaging to both human health and the health
of other living things is referred to as air pollution. The climate of the earth is negatively impacted by
air pollution, which frequently makes natural disasters like drought and flooding worse.
II. Water Contamination
The term "water pollution" refers to the contamination of water bodies, typically as a result of
human activity. In addition to groundwater and aquifers, affected water bodies might also include
lakes, rivers, and seas. It may have a deleterious effect on aquatic ecosystems, which may then have
an effect on people and other organisms that depend on the body of water. The major causes of
water contamination are listed below:
Ÿ The tap water's original source, which may have been a river, lake, groundwater, aquifer, or
seawater (desalinated), may have had nitrates, bacteria, microplastics, medicines, and
hundreds of other contaminants, depending on the source.

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Ÿ The facility or service that treats water using chemicals like chlorine or chloramine and
occasionally modifies its characteristics (softening, pH, sulfates, etc.) and where, in general, all
regulated substances have been lowered to "safe" levels. For example, Lead, copper, and zinc
flakes can come from pipelines, pipes in homes, connections, or faucets.
Ÿ From local water tanks or pipes, where water remains for a long time and may cause the growth
of germs.
Ÿ From water filters that have not been changed out on schedule (e.g., bacteria, contaminants
that get released, or filter elements that get released such as activated carbon)
III. Erosion
Pipe erosion and corrosion are rather typical. It occurs over time due to the materials of the pipe, the
acidity of the water, the temperature of the fluid passing through the pipe, as well as the velocity and
pressure of the fluid. Regular pipe evaluations and inspections can assist find signs of pipe erosion
before it leads to serious pipe failures. The major causes of pipe erosion are listed below:
Ÿ Material of the pipe
Ÿ Acidic water
Ÿ Water temperature
Ÿ Water pressure and velocity
Ÿ Failure to Install Dielectric Unions
The pipe erosion can be prevented by the following procedures:

Clean the pipes before it is installed

Adjust the pH or alkalinity of the water

Add chlorine to the water

Use phosphates

Fig 3.9 Preven on of Erosion

a) Cleaning Pre-Installation
Pre-installation cleaning of the piping before installation is one of the more efficient strategies
to stop water corrosion. By doing so, any debris is removed, and the pipe system's lifespan is
greatly extended. The lifetime of the piping is also increased by adding a cleaning agent.
Flushing the system until the water is clear helps with this process.
b) Adjusting the Alkalinity
Adjusting the pH or alkalinity of the water is one of the best strategies to stop water corrosion in
piping. Using an experienced business will enable you to do this safely. Acid rain and the
minerals in the local rocks may both contribute to the acidity of the water. Filtering and adding
safe chemicals to the water supply can modify the pH to stop corrosion. But it does make the
water in that location harder.

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c) Adding Chlorine to Water

The microbial pollution of the supply is one of the main issues causing water corrosion. An
efficient technique to maintain water safety and stop water corrosion, which causes further
issues in a municipal supply, is to add chlorine to the water supply. Chlorine is well known for its
ability to disinfect and is successful in eradicating bacterial issues. Professionals must perform
water treatments like chlorination because if done improperly, they can have negative
consequences like an increase in corrosion.
d) Using Phosphates
Sometimes phosphates are added to water supplies to stop corrosion. They serve as a corrosion
inhibitor to stop metals from copper and lead piping from leaching. Insoluble protective mineral
scale layer is created on the interior of service pipes and home water lines when inorganic
phosphates are supplied to the water supply. This prevents water corrosion in the pipelines.
When compared to the average adult diet, the amount of phosphate in water is incredibly low.
Phosphates and other chemical water treatments must be handled by experts who have the
knowledge to determine the kind of treatment that is best for a location.
IV. Sedimentation
Sedimentation is the process of separating tiny particles and sediments from water. When the water
is quiet, gravity will naturally cause the heavier sediments to fall to the bottom and form a sludge
layer. In the water treatment process, this activity can be artificially induced. To lower the
concentration of particles in the water, sedimentation is used. Sedimentation has the benefit of
reducing the necessity for coagulation and flocculation. Usually, chemicals are required for
flocculation and coagulation; however, with enhanced sedimentation, this requirement can be
reduced. Additionally, sedimentation can be applied following coagulation to improve the process'
continuous filtering.
Additionally, to avoid contamination, the following measures may be taken by the plumber:

Wear the mask on nose

Use the hand gloves

Wear the plumber helmet or cap during plumbing work

Use vacuum cleaner to clean the polluted water

Keep contaminated material in sealed container

Drill the wall or surface slowly

Collect the sedimented material in a container

Clean the surface after plumbing work

Clean the tools and equipment after its use

Place the plumbing tools and equipment safely after use

Fig 3.10 Safety Measures for Avoid Contamina on

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3.2.4 Consequences of not Following Work Instruc ons

Procedures are important because they ensure safety and efficiency. They also provide a framework for
accountability. Without them, things can go wrong very easily. This can cause problems. Similarly, work
instruc ons should be followed by technicians. Defined procedures/work instruc ons given by the
employer should be properly implemented by the plumber or technician. Non-following the procedure
will disturb the efficiency of the work to be done. When a person does not follow the defined procedure
at work, there is a chance of accident and risk. It is necessary to follow the standard procedure while
opera ng any tools or machinery. All safety precau ons must be taken while handling the tools or
machines. Work instruc ons are a detailed set of instruc ons given to any employee or technician to
carry out the assigned work including safety rules to be followed. These safety rules may be related to
the risk of fire, poisoning, or falling.
Depending on the circumstance, work instruc ons may also be referred to as work guides, Standard
Opera ng Procedures (SOPs), job aids, or user manuals. In any event, the aim of work instruc ons is to
precisely describe how a specific work assignment is carried out. They're like step-by-step instruc ons
for performing a specific task. Such as, when we learn to drive a car: check gear s ck is in neutral, start
igni on, press clutch, change to first gear, and so forth. The importance is that work instruc ons should
not be confused with processes or process maps.
Here given are work instruc ons that fit into our overall process documenta on levels:

A process hierarchy shows your overall process architecture and

Process Hierarchy
how it supports your business

Process A process is a chain of activities that transform inputs to outputs

A procedure outlines how to perform a process – sequence and

Procedure
who does what

A work instruction – or work guide, job aid or standard operating

Work Instruction procedure – describes in detail how an activity within a process
(or procedure) is performed.

Fig 3.11 Work Instruc ons

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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3.2.5 Repor ng and Handling Hazards at the Workplace

Any workplace hazards should be reported right once to management, the safety division, or a
supervisor. This is a standard prac ce that should exist in any workplace and every employee should be
made aware that this is the appropriate ac on to take should they encounter any hazard or poten al
hazard they discover. Designing, se ng up, and communica ng a Hazard Repor ng Program is a good
idea to help avoid this poten ally dangerous a tude. Implemen ng a Hazard Repor ng Program will
help ensure that your workplace is safer for the employees.
The workforce must be trained for hazard repor ng keeping the following points in mind -
I. What is an unsafe condi on and act that is to be reported?
II. When should a hazard is reported?
III. What should the workforce expect a er a hazard is reported?
The general process of repor ng hazards and their inves ga on at the workplace is given below -

Report the incident in writing, on official form

(hard copy or online), sign and date

Hazard Resolution suprevisor is assigned to investigate

After investigation, implement corrective and preventive

action as deemed necessary

Complete hazard reolution report and file

for future reference

Schedule a follow-up to review if preventive

actions are effective

Fig 3.12 Process of Repor ng Hazards

Following are some great ways to improve the quality of hazard reporting in your safety program-
1. Make reporting as easy as possible.
2. Ensure there is no negative stigma and no punishment attached to hazard reporting.
3. Give recognition to those who submit hazard reports.
4. Engage workers in the resolution of hazards to ensure the correction is satisfactory for all involved
and does not create additional hardships inadvertently.
5. Keep an open discussion about safety issues, perhaps following up on the specific hazard reported
at the next safety meeting.
6. Post signs or posters around the workplace that reinforces the message that unsafe conditions and
acts must be reported.

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Hazard in the Workplace

Workplace hazards are hazards that can cause harm, damage, or adverse health effects to the worker.
The best way to prevent injuries or illness in your workplace is to find the hazards that could cause injury
or illness, and fix them. Do this by following four simple steps:

Spot the Hazard

Assess the Risk

Fix the Problem

Evaluate Results

Fig 3.13 Risk Assessment Process

1. Spot the Hazard

A hazard is anything that has the potential to cause injury, illness, or damage to one's health.
Hazards at work may include manual tasks, working at heights, chemicals, noise, poor work design,
inadequate management systems (for example, no procedures for performing tasks safely or for
using personal protective equipment), etc.
The first step in ensuring a safe workplace is to identify hazards. There are a number of ways to find
hazards in the workplace:
Ÿ Ask workers and contractors in the workplace about any hazards they may have noticed.
Ÿ Checking the physical structure of the place itself such as stairs, doors, appliances such as fans,
coolers, etc.
Ÿ Check all machinery, appliances, and vehicles used for work.
Ÿ Reviewing all the injury records.
A checklist must be prepared to examine the work environment, the tasks workers do, and the
machinery/equipment used in the workplace.
2. Assess the risk
A risk is the likelihood of a hazard causing injury, illness, or damage to your health. The list of hazards
may be long, with some posing more safety risks than others. On the basis of priority, it must be
handled. The following aspects must be kept in mind for prioritization of the hazard:
I. Potential impact of the hazard
II. Is it can happen anytime or rarely?
III. How likely is the hazard to cause harm?

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3. Fix the problem

It must be ensured that the hazard is completely removed from the workplace. If this doesn't sound
possible then an alternative for it must be found. Some problems may be fixed easily and straight
away, while others will need more effort and planning. Concentrate on the most urgent hazards
without neglecting the simpler ones that could be easily and immediately fixed.
The following must be practiced for fixing the problem shown priority-wise:
I. Eliminate the hazard: Remove it completely from your workplace. For example- repair damaged
equipment; outsource processes involving hazardous chemicals or equipment to a company set
up to manage them safely.
II. Substitute the hazard: If elimination of a hazard is not possible then replace it with a safer
alternative.
III. Isolate the hazard: If the above is not possible then, keeping away the hazardous substance
from the workforce must be ensured.
IV. Using engineering tools: If isolation is not possible, adapt tools or equipment to reduce the risk.
V. Using administrative controls: If any of the above is not possible then one can switch to altering
administrative controls. Changing work practices and organization can be done. Like, training
staff in safe work procedures; carrying out routine maintenance of equipment, etc.
VI. Use personal protective equipment (PPE)
4. Evaluate results
After fixing the problem, find out whether the changes have been effective. Get feedback from
those affected by the changes and include them in any modifications to their workplace or work
routines. Make sure your solution does not introduce new hazards.
During each of these four steps, employers, managers, contractors, and workers need to
communicate with each other and work together. As Hazard management is not a one-off event —
it's an ongoing process.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Summary
• A plumbing drawing is a specific kind of technical drawing that offers informa on and a visual
depic on of a plumbing system.
• Plumbing drawing helps the plumber to understand clearly the loca on of fixtures, sanitaryware,
pipework, valves, and so on, and it illustrates how fresh water is to be supplied into a building and
wastewater removed.
• A plumber may visualize any prac cal difficul es in carrying out the work as shown in the plumbing
drawing and make the necessary changes, during the ini al planning stage.
• A stormwater system is a system that is built in order to manage the water coming from rainfall and
runoff.
• An irriga on system is a method of ar ficially supplying water to conduct irriga on through canals,
dams, etc.
• For effec ve and mely comple on of work, a work schedule is to be planned. The meaning of a
work schedule is to calculate the days and mes that a person is expected to do the work.
• The purpose of the work bulle n is to create a sense of community within the workplace and to keep
team members engaged.
• A memo or memorandum is a message used within a company to convey informa on. Memos can
be u lized to no fy people of new policies, remind staff members of current guidelines, and
generally keep them informed.
• As a plumber, it is necessary to use our plumbing tools, equipment, and plumbing material properly
in a workplace and storage unit.
• When a plumber comes in contact with polluted air and water during plumbing work, various types
of infec on may take place.
• Pipe erosion and corrosion are rather typical. It occurs over me due to the materials of the pipe, the
acidity of the water, the temperature of the fluid passing through the pipe, as well as the velocity and
pressure of the fluid.
• Adjus ng the pH or alkalinity of the water is one of the best strategies to stop water corrosion in
piping.
• Sedimenta on is the process of separa ng ny par cles and sediments from water. When the water
is quiet, gravity will naturally cause the heavier sediments to fall to the bo om and form a sludge
layer.
• Procedures are important because they ensure safety and efficiency. They also provide a framework
for accountability. Without them, things can go wrong very easily.
• Any workplace hazards should be reported right once to management, the safety division, or a
supervisor.
• Workplace hazards are hazards that can cause harm, damage, or adverse health effects to the
worker.
• A hazard is anything that has the poten al to cause injury, illness, or damage to one's health.
Hazards at work may include manual tasks, working at heights, chemicals, noise, poor work design,
inadequate management systems.

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Exercise
1. What is meant by plumbing drawing?

2. List diﬀerent types of plumbing drawings?

3. List the safety measures for the safe use of the plumbing tools.

4. What are the preven on measures to control pipe erosion?

QR Code
Scan the QR Code to watch the related video

https://youtu.be/AI9YIy-86v8
Safe use of Plumbing Tools

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4. Installa on of Water
Supply Systems

Unit 4.1 - Water Distribu on System

Unit 4.2 - Installa on Process
Unit 4.3 - Tes ng Procedures

PSC/N0131
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Key Learning Outcomes

1. Demonstrate the process of cu ng, bending and assembling various types of water supply pipes
2. Perform the installa on of the assembled pipes, ﬁ ngs and other water supply components
3. Perform post-installa on ac vi es

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UNIT 4.1 - Water Distribu on System

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Explain the process of water distribu on in municipal, residen al, and private setups
2. List the process and various components of a water supply and distribu on system
3. State the piping system layouts for various types of water supply systems

4.1.1 Introduc on to Water Distribu on System

A water distribu on system is a component of the water supply network that transports potable water
from a centralized treatment facility or wells to users to meet their needs for household use, business
use, industrial use, and ﬁreﬁgh ng.

Fig 4.1 Water Distribu on System

Source: Wikipedia

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4.1.2 Water Distribu on System in a Residen al Building

Water is transported from the street mains to the speciﬁc building, where it is then delivered to the taps
and other ﬁxtures. Through the home service connec on, the main line's supply is made available to the
individual. Water is conveyed from the municipal tanks to the main water supply lines to the residen al
building, where the house owner or any person stores the water in the water tank or other storage
material. Internal pipes in a building are used for water distribu on. Residen al structures are typically
one, two, or three stories tall. A service pipe connects each residence to the public water main. The
service main is joined by a water meter.

Fig 4.2 Residen al Building Water Distribu on System

Source: https://www.sedimentaryores.net/Pipe%20Scales/Service_lines.html

a) Water Distribution Systems in Residential Buildings

There are two types of water distribution systems used in residential buildings

In this system, water is available to the consumer

for all 24 hours of the day. There is no doubt this
Continuous System system is best because the water is available
whenever it is needed, but it also wastes the
water.

In this system, the user only receives water

during a limited number of predetermined hours
Intermittent System
of the day, such as from two to four in the
morning and two to four in the evening

Fig 4.3 Types of water distribution systems used in residential buildings

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b) Service Pipes
These pipes are the pipes that connect the home's plumbing system to the municipal water supply
distribution main.
For service pipes, the following materials are frequently used:
Ÿ Lead pipes: These pipes have highly resistant to corrosion. It also has a high hydraulic
coefficient of flow and flexibility.
Ÿ Copper pipe: Copper pipe is non-corrosive with the most water. It is widely used in better-
quality homes and areas where groundwater is extremely corrosive to steel pipes.
Ÿ Galvanized iron pipe: These are used where water is suitable. These are widely utilized in India
since they are less expensive than copper tubes.
Ÿ Polythene pipe: Solely for cold water service pipes, these are being used more frequently on
both inside and external surfaces. It is less expensive. Non-corrosive and heavy.
c) Services connection
A service connection primarily connects the consumer to the distribution network. A consumer
could be a single residence, an apartment building, a master-planned neighborhood, or a water
district purchasing water in bulk.
Ÿ Brass or bronze: A ferrule is placed into the main, typically under pressure, to provide a
standard service connection to the home. This connection can be installed without having to
turn off the main.
Ÿ Gooseneck: This consists of a flexible, curved length of pipe that is 40 to 50 cm long and is
constructed of brass, copper, or lead. The gooseneck depicts the breaking of the service pipes
due to movement between the service pipe and the water main.
Ÿ Main service pipe: It could be made of different materials depending on the system. Its
diameter can range from 12 to 40 millimeters.
Ÿ Water meter: It is set up in a suitable chamber that has a cover. It calculates the amount of water
the consumer uses.
Ÿ Stop cock: It is set up in a suitable chamber and covered to cut off the supply while the plumbing
system is being repaired.

4.1.3 Municipal Water System

This water system is a public water supply system that includes a municipal water treatment facility,
storage buildings such as water tanks, towers, and reservoirs, and piping infrastructure for distribu ng
treated water to residen al and commercial customers. Municipali es require reliable sources of clean
water.
Municipal water supply systems comprise infrastructure for distribu on, puriﬁca on, transmission, and
storage. The layout of these facili es is determined by the water's quality, the user's or consumer's
speciﬁc requirements, and the volume of water that needs to be processed.

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4.1.4 Fundamentals of Water Supply and Distribu on

System
The fundamentals of the Water Supply and Distribu on System are listed below:
Ÿ In the distribu on pipelines, the quality of the water should not degrade.
Ÿ The supply system should be able to deliver water with sufficient pressure heads to all intended
sites.
Ÿ This system should be capable of supplying the needful amount of water during fire-figh ng.
Ÿ According to the pipe arrangement, no consumer should be without water while any por on of the
system is being repaired.
Ÿ Preferably, all of the distribu on system's pipes should be installed one meter away from or above
the sewer lines.
Ÿ To minimize losses caused by leakage, the pipe system should be reasonably water- ght.

4.1.5 Types of Water Distribution System

Following are the four major types of a water distribution systems:

Dead-end or Tree Distribu on System

Gridiron Distribu on System

Circular or ring Distribu on System

Radial Distribu on System

Fig 4.4 Types of Water Distribu on System

1. Dead-end or Tree Distribution System: In this type of water distribution system, the main pipeline
runs through the middle of the building, and the sub-mains branch off on both sides. The sub-main
lines are then separated into various branch lines, from which service connections for specific
houses are given.

Fig. 4.5 Dead-end or Tree Distribution system

Source: https://civiconcepts.com/blog/types-of-water-distribution-system

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2. Grid Iron Distributing System:

In this system, the building's main supply lines pass
through its center, with sub-mains branching off in
opposite directions. The branch links the sub-
mains together. This system is unique in that all
pipe types are connected and have no dead ends.
Water can enter the system from any direction and
reach the prescribed point of withdrawal,
providing for more flexible operation, especially
when repairs are required. Fig. 4.6 Grid Iron- Water Distribution System
Source: https://civiconcepts.com/blog/
types-of-water-distribution-system

3. Ring or Circular Distribution System:

The supply mains form a ring around the area in
this type of water distribution system. Crosswise
connections are made between the branch pipes,
the main pipes, and one another. The most stable
places for this system are planned locations with
multiple buildings nearby.

Fig. 4.7 Ring Water Distribution System

Source: https://civiconcepts.com/blog/
types-of-water-distribution-system

4. Radial Distribution System: The entire structure is separated into various distribution sections in
this form of the water distribution system. There is an elevated reservoir in the center of each
building from which distribution pipes radiate outward to the distribution zones. This method
provides prompt service with minimal head loss. The pipe laying method has a considerably more
straightforward design.

Fig 4.8 Radial Distribution System

Source: https://civiconcepts.com/blog/types-of-water-distribution-system

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4.1.6 Various Components Water supply and Distribu on

System
Water distribu on systems deliver drinking water to users' taps from a centralized treatment plant or
well supply. These systems are made up of pipes, pumps, valves, reservoirs, tanks, water meters,
ﬁ ngs, and addi onal hydraulic accessories. Diﬀerent components of water supply and distribu on
system are listed below:

Pipes

Pumps

Valves

Reservoir

Water Tank

Water Meter

Fittings

Fig 4.9 Various components of water supply and distribu on system

a) Pipes
Pipes are used to transporting water from one place to another place. Different types of pipes and
their applications are explained in Module 2-Unit 2.2.2 Types of Pipes.
b) Pumps
A pump is a mechanical tool used to move liquids from a low-pressure or lower level to a high-
pressure or higher level. It is a large piece of machinery with a weak suction and a strong discharge
pressure. This makes it simpler to push fluid up to the desired height from a specific depth. There are
many different kinds of pumps on the market, and they may be categorized according to their use,
size, construction, and orientation, etc. The two categories of pumps are:
I. Rotodynamic pumps
II. Positive displacement pumps
I. Rotodynamic pumps
The water inside a casing is rotated by a wheel or other spinning component in a rotodynamic
pump. An impeller is a revolving component that assists in giving water energy. The impeller's
design should force the water outward at a right angle to its axis, or it should provide the water
with both axial and radial velocities, or it should only force the water in one direction.
Rotodynamic pumps can be further divided into centrifugal or axial-flow pumps depending on
the type of force applied:

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Centrifugal Pump: Centrifugal pumps move fluids by converting the kinetic energy of rotation
into the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. An engine or electric motor is normally where
the rotational energy comes from. In industrial, agricultural, and home applications, centrifugal
pumps are frequently used to pump water, solvents, organics, oils, acids, bases, and any "thin"
liquids. In reality, there is a centrifugal pump design that may be used in almost any situation
where low viscosity fluids are present.
Axial-Flow Pump: Axial-flow pumps are another name for axial-flow machines. The fluid is
circulated in these pumps in a direction parallel to the shaft.

Fig 4.10 Centrifugal Pump Fig 4.11 Axial Flow Pump

Source : https://www.gardnerdenver.com/en-hk/ Source: Indiamart
robuschi/centrifugal-pumps/centrifugal-pump-for-water

II. Positive Displacement Pump:

This pump operates on the idea of creating a vacuum in a chamber mechanically. In accordance
with this theory, the pump takes in water that is mechanically moved and then driven out of the
chamber. Positive-displacement pumps come in two different varieties: Rotary pumps and
Reciprocating pumps.
Rotary Pump: The rotary motion in this pump is produced by a pair of cams or gears that mesh
together and rotate counterclockwise.
Reciprocating pump: By applying pressure, the reciprocating pumps assist in the transfer of a
specific amount of liquid. One of the most often used reciprocating pumps is the hand pump,
however, it is an antiquated design.

Fig 4.12 Rotary Pump Fig 4.13 Reciprocating Pump

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

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c) Valves
A valve that regulates, directs, or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, etc.) by opening, closing,
or partially obstructing different passages. Following are the different types of valves used in the
water distribution system:
I. Gate Valve
A gate valve also known as a sluice valve, opens by raising a barrier (gate) out of the flow of
fluid's passage. In most cases, a gate valve is used to totally stop the fluid flow or, when fully
opened, to allow full flow in a pipeline. As a result, it can be used either totally closed or fully
open. A gate valve's components include the valve body, seat, and disc, as well as the spindle,
gland, and wheel that controls the valve.
II. Pressure Relief Valve
This valve is also known as a pressure lowering valve and is used to lower water pressure in
plumbing systems, frequently to a set level. This kind of pressure regulator may be required in
homes that receive high-pressure water from a municipal source to protect the pipes and
appliances.

Fig 4.14 Gate Valve Fig 4.15 Pressure Relief Valve

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart
III. Globe Valve
Globe valves are alternately called stop valves and contain a stem that controls a disc inside the
mechanism. Although the valve body often has a bulging shape, many globe valves no longer
feature a spherical design, despite the name “globe” remaining in common usage. They are
easy to maintain, have effective throttling and shutoff abilities, and are frequently used in
outdoor residential faucets as well as boiler and cooling water systems.

Fig 4.14 Gate Valve

Source: Indiamart

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IV. Ball Valve

In new homes, ball valves are frequently found. They move a hollow, perforated sphere inside
the device by turning a handle. The hole instantly opens or closes the water flow when the
handle is turned.
V. Faucet Valve
In order to specifically manage the water flow from kitchen and bathroom faucets, faucet valves
are employed. Water valves of various forms, such as ball valves, cartridges, ceramic disc valves,
and compression valves, are available for this use.

Fig 4.16 Ball Valve Fig 4.17 Faucet Valve

Source: Indiamart Source: https://tameson.com/valves/ball-valve/
manual/2-way/brass/faucet-and-boiler/g-3-8-inch-
brass-2-way-faucet-ball-valve.html
VI. Supply Stop Valve
Shut-off valves, also known as supply stop valves, are made to stop the flow of a water supply.

Fig 4.18 Supply Stop Valve

Source: https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/
Valve-Made-In-China-Hot-selling_1600109599857.html

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d) Reservoir
A large natural or man-made (artificial) lake is used as a water supply.
e) Water Tank
This is used to store the water from the water supply system, whenever water is required for use.
f) Water Meter
Water metering is the process of measuring water use. The purpose of a meter is to measure the
quantity of water consumed by a building. There are different types of meters to measure different
quantities of water.

Fig 4.19 Water Tank Fig 4.20 Water Meter

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

g) Fittings
Fittings are fixed in the plumbing system to join straight pipes or any section of tubes. We can say
that the water-supply fittings like elbow, tee, socket, reducer, etc., are fitted to change the direction
of flow, distribute the water supply from the main pipe to other pipes of equal size or lower size, etc.
h) Additional hydraulic accessories
Following are the different hydraulic accessories used in plumbing:
Ÿ Hydraulic hoses and fittings.
Ÿ Pneumatic hoses and fittings Adapters, nipples, plugs.
Ÿ Ball valves.
Ÿ Clamps.
Ÿ Quick couplings, pressure gauges.
Ÿ Low-pressure fittings in cast iron, brass, galvanized, and stainless steel.

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4.1.7 Piping System Layouts

The piping layout is the process of defining the equipment, the maintenance areas, and the necessary
electrical requirements. The piping is then routed to complete the equipment's process func on, and
the space needed for opera on is added. Various steps involved in piping system layout are listed below:
1. Contoured Plan, Map Survey, and Prepara on: The land between the treatment plant
(waterworks) and the distribu on area is surveyed to obtain levels for determining the alignment of
the main pipeline that will transport treated water to the distribu on area. The distribu on area
(city or town) is also thoroughly surveyed, and a contoured map of the area is developed to locate
the distribu on zones, distribu on or service reservoirs, pumping sta ons, and so on.
2. Tenta ve Layout: The en re distribu on area (city or town) is divided into numerous distribu on
zones, which are marked on the distribu on area's detailed map. The popula on density (i.e., the
average number of people per hectare area) for each zone is also indicated. The layout scheme to be
used has been determined, and the tenta ve alignment of all mains, sub-mains, and branches, as
well as the posi ons of distribu on or service reservoirs, valves, hydrants, and other
appurtenances, has been marked.
3. Discharge in Pipe Lines: The discharge required by each pipeline is calculated based on popula on
density, distribu on zone type (i.e., residen al, commercial, etc.), and fire demand. The distribu on
pipes are fixed in size so that minimal residual pressure is maintained at all points.
4. Pipe Diameter Calcula on: For the known design discharge, pipe diameters are es mated to range
from 0.6 to 3 m/s. For smaller diameter pipes, a lower velocity is assumed, whereas a higher velocity
is assumed for bigger diameter pipes. The loss of head in the pipes is then computed using the
Hazen-Williams formula, the Darcy-Weisbach formula, or Manning's formula. There are four
variables:
a) Discharge Q in m3/s or litres/s second;
b) Diameter of pipe in mm,
c) Loss of head in meters per 1000 m length of pipe, and
d) Velocity of flow in m/s.
5. Computa on of Available Residual Pressure Heads: Star ng with a distribu on or service reservoir
or a pumping sta on where the total pressure head is known, the pressure head available at the end
of any pipeline can be calculated by allowing for fric onal head loss and any rise or fall due to
pipeline slope and ground levels. The an cipated pipe size should be updated if the available
residual pressure head is less than the required minimum residual pressure head.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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UNIT 4.2 - Installa on Process

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Outline the installa on process of pipes and fi ngs for various plumbing applica ons
2. Describe the various techniques of installing the water piping system in a building such as over
ground piping, underground piping, piping embedded in concrete, concealed piping, wall mounted
piping.
3. Explain the proper es of the different types of supports, hangers and restraints used in water supply
plumbing systems
4. List the characteris cs of metal used in various plumbing materials and the fabrica on methods
compa ble with them
5. Explain the process of electrolysis and problems associated with the use of dissimilar metals
6. State the impact of accurate marking on the fabrica on process work me and finished work quality
7. Describe the measuring and marking out processes for fabrica on of pipe
8. List standard measuring procedures such as center-to-center, end-to-center, and end-to-end
9. State the allowances to be considered in measurements and markings during the fabrica on of
pipes
10. List the types, characteris cs and the applica on of different pipe fi ngs and fixture supports
11. Discuss the various fixing and join ng techniques for water supply piping installa ons
12. Explain the principles underlying various fit-off processes
13. State the importance of ensuring alignment and balance in piping installa ons

4.2.1 Installa on Process of Pipes and Fi ngs

A plumber should be aware of the following points while installing pipes and fi ngs:
1. Familiar with all plumbing codes.
2. Prepare the site for plumbing works.
3. Proper installa on of drain and vent lines.
4. Proper installa on of copper supply lines.
5. Installa on of sanitary fi ngs (like tub, shower, or sink).
6. Installing a wet wall or les.
1. Familiar with all plumbing codes: The person should well know about all plumbing codes used
during plumbing work. These codes ensure that your new building plumbing is installed safely.
While certain codes differ from state to state, others are essen ally common.
2. Prepare the site for plumbing works: First frame the space for plumbing works where the fi ngs
and fixtures are installed. Before installa on check the power line. Make sure you have a tape
measure for careful measuring.

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3. Proper installa on of drain and vent lines: Mark and select the right place for drain and vent lines
and make sure to install them before the supply lines. If you don't get to the right place, you should
re-do your work completely to install the fixtures.
When you begin installing the drain pipes, they may not lay exactly as you expected. You can begin
construc ng the components and then fit them together. Your plans might be changed as you go.
You may wish to slant the vent pipes when installing the vents. Some inspectors may insist on this,
but not all.
4. Proper installa on of copper supply lines: The ease with which copper tubing may be placed gives
it a significant advantage over brass or galvanized iron tubing. Tubing is available in 100-foot-long
rolls. The tubing is sturdy enough to endure handling, but it is also supple enough to bend around
obstacles, saving me and money on numerous fi ngs.
5. Installa on of sanitary fi ngs (like tub, shower, or sink): If you're installing a tub or shower faucet,
use 3/4-inch supply pipes to ensure adequate water pressure. Tap into the cold/hot water pipes as
close to the water heater as possible to ensure that the water is as warm as feasible.
If you haven't previously, you should install shutdown valves in the lines. When installing the faucet,
make sure you follow the manufacturer's instruc ons. Each faucet is somewhat unique. A bathroom
sink vanity is less difficult to install than a porcelain sink that stands alone.
6. Installing a wet wall or les: A er you've installed the tub or shower and the piping, it's me to add
a wet wall or le to the shower/tub wall.
Before installing your wet wall, make sure to wipe all surfaces. If you're pu ng it over plaster, make
sure to seal it before pu ng up the wet wall. Leave a few millimeters between the tub and the panel
when installing your wet wall. The gap can be filled with grout or a sealant.

4.2.2 Various Techniques of Installing the Water Piping

Following are the various techniques for installing the water piping system:

Over Ground Piping

Underground Piping

Piping Embedded in Concrete

Concealed Piping

Fig 4.21 Various techniques for installing the water piping system

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1. Over-ground piping: This is also known as above-ground water systems. In this pipe is laying above
the ground surface.
2. Under-ground piping: In this pipeline laying under the ground surface. Buried or underground
piping is piping that comes into contact with dirt or runs below grade level. Buried pipework is
commonly used in the oil and gas industries. All underground pipes are buried with a minimum
depth of cover of 500-1000 mm on top of the pipe.

Fig 4.22 Overground Piping Fig 4.23 Underground Piping

Source: Wikipedia Source: https://www.tuv.com/india/en/
sewers-and-underground-piping.html

Underground Piping Materials

Different underground piping materials that are widely popular in the buried piping industry are:

Material Uses in Underground Piping

Carbon Steel closed-drain systems, cooling water, and firewater

Stainless steel closed drains—chemical and corrosive service

Concrete pipe surface drainage, and for 15ʺ and larger pipes

Glass Pipe floor drains in process plants, mainly acid service

Fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe corrosive service, low-temperature and -pressure systems

PVC corrosive service

Cast iron stormwater and oily water drains (hub and spigot fittings)

Vitrified clay pipe gravity drain systems

Ductile iron Process water

Table 4.1 Underground Piping Materials

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3. Piping embedded in concrete

Embedments are many things, such as pipes, ducts, sleeves, and conduits, that are embedded in
concrete elements for various purposes. Embedments are widely made from a variety of materials.
They are typically used for services like ven la on and cable passing.

Fig 4.24 Pipe Embedded in Concrete

Source: https://theconstructor.org/concrete/embedments-reinforced-concrete/21700/

4. Concealed Piping
To gain access to piping, it is frequently necessary to remove permanent construction. Concealing
pipes in the wall provide them with some security. This implies they will not be damaged until there
is a significant impact on the wall itself. Exposed pipework, on the other hand, can be bumped and
release a leak if it is hit hard enough to cause damage.

Fig 4.25 Concealed Piping

Source: https://www.zameen.com/blog/concealed-exposed-plumbing-home.html

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4.2.3 Diﬀerent Types of Supports, Hangers, and Restraints

1. Pipe Support
Pipe support is designed to carry the pipe weight while simultaneously permi ng deflec on in
ver cal and/or horizontal direc ons. Support providing s ffness in at least one direc on. Primary
and secondary support are the two main types of pipe support structures. Primary supports
connect the pipeline directly. On other hand, secondary pipe supports are a ached to the structure
that supports the pipe.
2. Pipe Hanger
A support by which piping is suspended from a structure that func ons by carrying the piping load in
tension. Pipe hangers and supports are devices that transfer loads from the pipe or structural
a achment to the suppor ng structure or equipment. The following are the types of hangers used
in pipe work: Rod hangers, spring hangers, clevis hangers, brackets, clamps, clips, or loops used to
suspend pipes (as from ceilings, and overhead beams).
3. Pipe Restraint
A pipe restraint is intended to control movement while also extending the life of your process
system. Unchecked movement in piping systems creates fric on, which wears out pipes, increases
vibra ons, and leads to breakage. It can result in ruptured pipes or more extensive damage to the
en re system. Piping restraints play an essen al role in ensuring safe water and wastewater system
opera ons. To iden fy the most appropriate constraint to u lize, consider parameters such as local
soil condi ons, materials, exis ng infrastructure, deflec on, seismic ac vity, and cost.

4.2.4 Metal Used in Various Plumbing Materials

In plumbing work, it is very important that the quality of the material should be as per recommended
criteria. The metal used in various plumbing works must have the following characteristics such as
strength, hardness, malleability, ductility, thermal expansion, and good conductivity.
Pipe fabrication is the process of welding piping components such as pipes, elbows, tees, and flanges
into engineered piping systems that meet our clients' design specifications. Following are the two
different types of pipe fabrication:
I. Shop Pipe Fabrication
II. Field Pipe Fabrication
There are several elements that influence whether pipes are shop-produced, field fabricated, or both. In
most cases, both shop and field pipe fabrication is employed. Profitability, project type and size, piping
material and size, post-fabrication surface treatment, environmental condition, accessibility of
equipment, experienced staff availability, time requirement and availability, and so on are the primary
decision criteria.

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4.2.5 Electrolysis Process

It is the process by which ionic substances are
decomposed into simpler substances when a
current is passed through them. Electrolysis is
the process of passing an electric current
through a substance to cause a chemical change.
A chemical change occurs when a material loses
or acquires an electron (oxida on or reduc on).
The procedure is carried out in an electroly c
cell, which is a device comprised of posi ve and
nega ve electrodes held apart and immersed in
a solu on containing posi vely and nega vely
charged ions. The substance to be converted
might be the electrode, the solu on, or it could
be dissolved in the solu on. Electric current (i.e.,
Fig 4.26 Electrolysis
electrons) enters the system through the
Source: https://byjus.com/jee/electrolysis/
nega vely charged electrode (cathode); solu on
components move to this electrode, mix with the
electrons, and are converted (reduced). The end result could be neutral elements or new compounds.
Corrosion can also occur when diﬀerent metals are not physically in contact but are electrically coupled
by stray electrical currents conveyed through a conduc ve medium, such as tainted water. This process
is known as electrolysis when a conduc ve solu on is involved.

4.2.6 Impact of Accurate Marking on the Fabrication Process

During pipe fabrication work marking is a very important step to perform the correct process. The
process of transferring a design or pattern to a workpiece as the first step in the manufacturing process
is referred to as marking out or layout. Accurate labelling and measurement are essential for ensuring
components fit together properly.

Fig 4.27 Pipe Fabrication

Source: https://www.pipingengineer.org/pipeline-fabrication/

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4.2.7 Measuring and Marking out Processes

Measuring is the process to measure any object with dimension (length, width, and height). The process
of measuring and marking lines on the surface of materials that will be u lized for manufacturing is
referred to as marking out.
Measuring and marking tools help ensure precise measurements and even placement throughout your
next home improvement job. View more images of hand tools. Almost every home improvement job
necessitates precise measurements. That is why having a collec on of measuring and marking
instruments is essen al.
Name Measuring Instrument Description

Vernier caliper is used to measure the

Vernier caliper thickness between two surfaces of an
object

Micrometer is used to measure linear

Micrometer measurements such as diameter, length
and thickness of solid bodies

Inside and Outside It is used to determine the shorter

Caliper lengths between two sides of an item

Feeler gauge is also called thickness

gauge. It consists a number of blades of
thin flexible steel strips, which are ground
Feeler Gauge
to a thickness ranging from 0.03 to 1mm.
The purpose of this gauge is to check
clearance between two surfaces

Pressure Gauge It is used to measure the pressure of fluid

Steel ruler It is used to measure short lengths and

making dimensions on the workpiece

Measuring tape It is used to measure lengthy dimensions

and curves or corners of the components

Table 4.2 Measuring Instruments

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4.2.8 Standard Measuring Procedures

Following are the standard measuring procedures used in plumbing:

Center to Center

End to Center

End to End

Fig 4.28 Standard Measuring Procedures

I. Center-to-Center: To determine the center-to-center measurement, remove your present pulls

with a screwdriver, then take a ruler or measuring tape and measure from the center of one screw
hole to the center of the other screw hole. Simply lay your tape measure or ruler in the center of one
hole and measure to the center of the other. The end of a ruler can wear away and the edge of a tape
measure can bend. Place the 1-inch mark in the center of the first hole for the most accurate
measurement.
II. End-to-Center: Taking an End-to-Centre Measurement Correct technique involves hooking the tape
measure over the end of a pipe, aligning the tape to be parallel with the pipe, and measuring to the
nearest ⅛". Fitting allowance is an important concept for young people investigating trades to
understand. An end-to-center measurement is used when there is a fitting on only one end of a
pipe. The end-to-center measurement is the distance from the point on a fitting where the two
center lines meet to the end of a pipe. A center-to-center measurement is used when both ends of a
pipe have a fitting.

End-to-Center Fitting dimension

Pipe engagement

Fig. 4.29 Center to Center Fig. 4.30 End to Center

Source : https://www.mockett.com/blog/ Source: https://waybuilder.net/sweethaven/
blog-2018-cabinet-hardware-center-to-center.html BldgConst/Plumbing01/lessonmain.asp?iNum=fra0202

III. End-to-end: Correct technique involves hooking the tape measure over the end of a pipe, aligning
the tape to be parallel with the pipe, and measuring to the nearest ⅛". Fitting allowance is an
important concept for young people investigating trades to understand.

END TO END MEASURE

Fig. 4.31 End to End

Source: https://armyordnance.tpub.com/Od16218/Od162180169.htm

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4.2.9 Measurement Allowance

The right amount of allowances is given for pipe fabrica on works because it is a very diﬃcult task to
perform. During fabrica on work, workers should be very a ainable of the task and follow all safety
precau ons.

4.2.10 Different Types of Pipe Fittings

Different types of pipe fittings used in plumbing system are explained in Module 2: Unit 2.2.3 Pipe
Fittings.

4.2.11 Different Types of Pipe Joints

Different types of pipe joints used in plumbing system are explained in Module 2: Unit 2.2.4 Pipe Joints.

4.2.12 Importance of Alignment and Balance

Piping difficulties have a direct impact on the life and operation of a pump. It is difficult to bring the
pump to the pipe in one action and expect a good pump flange or vessel fit. When bringing the pipe to
the pump, always leave the last spool (suction and discharge sides, respectively) until the pump has
been leveled and roughly aligned. The ultimate alignment will be a free bolt condition with no come-
along, which may surprise some readers. Pumps will endure longer with fewer failures of seals, shafts,
bearings, and couplings if an early, common-sense investment and proper attention to details are
made. More equipment uptime and less production downtime will result in significant cost savings and
fewer.
Misalignment Issues:
I. Heavy Equipment Settling – Operators must check the soil
conditions that cause equipment to shift or sink over time.
II. Construction "Tolerance" - It is extremely difficult to
achieve exact alignment in construction with greater
diameter piping.
III. Piping Damage - Any damage that happens over time and
causes even minor distortion of the piping can generate
possible alignment concerns.
The problem with piping misalignment is that it exerts strain on
flange connections, causing maintenance problems with
expensive equipment. Properly recognizing the problem is
difficult to resolve piping alignment difficulties. Both the types
of misalignments and the predicted change over time should
be included. For example, settling is likely to worsen over time, Fig 4.32 Pipe Misalignment
thus a fixed solution will be less successful than one that allows Source : https://www.techtransfer.com
for change. /blog/shaft-alignment/

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UNIT 4.3 - Tes ng Procedures

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Describe the test procedures to check proper func oning of the pipework installed
2. Describe the checks and procedures to be conducted before commissioning
3. Explain the importance of repor ng any diﬃcul es as soon as they arise

4.3.1 Tes ng of Pipeline

Following are the types of tests to be conducted to check the proper func oning of the pipeline.
I. Ultrasonic Tests (UT)
Ultrasonic tes ng is the process of delivering a high-frequency sound wave into one exterior side of
a material and reﬂec ng the sound wave from its interior surface to provide an accurate
measurement of wall thickness. Corrosion and other forms of degrada on can cause walls to shrink
and lose strength over me.
II. Hydrosta c Tests
A hydrosta c test is a pressure test that is used to examine the integrity of a pipe or other
component. This test is used to assess the structural integrity of pipelines and other pressure-
carrying infrastructure. Hydrosta c tes ng is isola ng the pipeline sec on being tested, ﬁlling it
with water, and then pressurizing the line to a predetermined pressure to check for leaks.

Fig 4.33 Ultrasonic Pipeline Testing Fig 4.34 Hydrostatic Test

Source: Wikipedia Source: Wikipedia

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III. Magne c Flux Tests

Magne c flux leakage (MFL) is a non-destruc ve magne c tes ng method used to iden fy
corrosion, pi ng, and wall loss in steel buildings. Magne c flux leakage (MFL) is a technique
extensively used in the petrochemical sector to inspect tank floors.

Fig 4.35 Magnetic Flux Test

Source: https://www.foerstergroup.com/en/usa/technology/flux-leakage-testing/

4.3.2 Pipe Inspec on, Tes ng & Marking

During the manufacturing process, pipe inspec on is a con nual procedure. A pipe is subjected to many
forms of inspec on and tes ng to assure its quality. Refer to the list below for the many types of pipe
inspec ons Metallurgical, Destruc ve, Hydro Test, NDT, Visual, Dimension, and Marking.
1. Metallurgical Tests: Metallurgical tests demonstrate that the pipe's chemical requirements meet
the material standard. It is generally known as micro and macro pipe inspec on & tes ng. In micro-
analysis (Chemical Analysis) the following parameter should be checked or tested.
Ÿ Raw material
Ÿ Product
Ÿ Weld ensures that all the alloying elements are within the range speciﬁed in the material
standard
Ÿ In macro analysis check the proper fusion of weld material with pipe material
When the material is going to be used in hos le condi ons, it is subjected to several par cular pipe
inspec on tests. These tes ng will guarantee that the pipe material can likewise endure such harsh
situa ons. Some of the tests are as follows:
Ÿ Grain size (AS & SS)
Ÿ IGC- Intergranular Corrosion Test (SS)
Ÿ Ferrite (SS)
Ÿ HIC- Hydrogen-induced Cracking
Ÿ SSC- Sulﬁde Stress Corrosion Cracking

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2. Destruc ve Tests:
• The tensile test is used to determine the yield and ul mate tensile strength of the pipe.
Standard high and low-temperature tensile tes ng is also done if desired by the purchaser.
• Bend test / Guided bend test is performed to assess the weld joint's integrity.
• The ﬂa ening test evaluates a pipe's capacity to deform plas cally.
• Impact test / Charpy V-Notch Test, used to determine a material's capacity to endure low-
temperature circumstances.
Ÿ A creep test is performed to evaluate the long-term impact of temperature under a steady load.

Fig 4.36 Destructive Test

Source: https://specialpipingmaterials.com/destructive-testing/

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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4.3.3 Pipeline Pre-Commissioning Procedures Checklist

The process of demonstra ng a pipeline's and piping system's ability to contain substance without
leaking is known as pipeline pre-commissioning. This substance could be water, steam, CO2, N2,
gasoline, avia on fuel, or mul phase hydrocarbons. Following are the steps involved in pre-
commissioning:

Pig the line

Measure the internal diameter

Test the integrity of pipeline

Fill and stabilize the pipeline

Dry the pipeline

Fig 4.37 Pre-Commissioning Procedures

I. Pig the line: The first step in pre-commissioning operations is to wipe out the pipeline. This is usually
accomplished by pigging the pipeline. To ensure that all construction debris is eliminated, a pipeline
must be pigged before proceeding. This improves the accuracy of any tests conducted in the
pipeline.
II. Measure the internal diameter with a caliper: The interior diameter of the pipeline is measured
after it has been cleared of any debris or buildup. A caliper pig tool is a one-of-a-kind pig with
mechanical sensors or limbs on its body. When these artificial fingers or arms are run through the
pipe, they help record the interior structure of the pipeline. When this is finished, the pipe is ready
for testing.
III. Integrity test of pipeline: Pipeline integrity testing is a proactive measure used to discover leaks and
pipeline irregularities before they worsen. By testing your pipeline before launching it, you may
address any potential concerns without risking downtime.
IV. Fill and stabilize the pipeline: A "fill pig" is a specialized instrument used to fill a pipeline. The fill pig
is propelled through the pipeline by a column of test water. The pig eliminates any air in the pipeline
as it travels through it. This air must be removed because it can lead to a failed pipeline integrity test
later on. After the pipeline has been full, the next stage is to stabilize it. A pipeline is first mildly
compressed (about 200psi) and then left for a predetermined period of hours. When the
temperature and pressure of a pipeline have equalized, it is considered stable and ready for testing.
v Dry the pipeline: If you undertake a hydrostatic test, the final steps in the pre-commissioning
procedure include dewatering and drying your pipeline after you've done your pipeline testing. The
same pig that was used to fill the pipeline before hydrostatic testing is returned through it. This time,
though, the pig is propelled back to the launch site by compressed air. The drying process can begin
once the dewatering procedure is complete. The pipeline is then filled with more cleaning pigs and
soft foam swabs. This is repeated until all standing water in the pipeline has been eliminated. Finally,
using oil-free compressors and desiccant dryers, the pipeline is dried to the desired dew point. A -
40° dew point is typically specified for pipeline drying.

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4.3.4 Importance of Repor ng

Repor ng is vital for tracking performance over me. It enables you to make be er decisions, forecast
future outcomes, and drive con nuous improvement. Every worker must know about safety
precau ons.
A successful occupa onal health and safety program includes the repor ng of incidents. It helps in the
iden ﬁca on of workplace health and safety hazards, risks, and dangers. The goal is to determine the
reasons for occurrences. Appropriate controls can then be implemented to prevent similar incidents in
the future.
An employee who understands why he or she is performing a certain ac vity is more likely to be not only
more driven to ﬁnish the assignment but also more useful to the organiza on.
Repor ng injuries as soon as possible allows the organiza on to provide choices for medical treatment
in a mely way. Failure to follow the repor ng process may result in someone missing out on early
treatment and may be a viola on of business policies and regula ons. Informa on about accidents,
incidents, and illnesses can be u lized to enhance risk assessment, assis ng in the development of
solu ons to prospec ve problems. Records also aid in the preven on of injuries and illness, as well as
the control of expenses associated with uninten onal loss.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Summary
• A water distribu on system is a component of the water supply network that transports potable
water from a centralized treatment facility or wells to users to meet their needs for household use,
business use, industrial use, and firefigh ng.
• Water is transported from the street mains to the specific building, where it is then delivered to the
taps and other fixtures.
• Copper pipe is non-corrosive with the most water. It is widely used in be er-quality homes and areas
where groundwater is extremely corrosive to steel pipes
• A service connec on primarily connects the consumer to the distribu on network.
• Municipal water system is a public water supply system that includes a municipal water treatment
facility, storage buildings such as water tanks, towers, and reservoirs, and piping infrastructure for
distribu ng treated water to residen al and commercial customers.
• In Dead-end or Tree Distribu on System, the main pipeline runs through the middle of the building,
and the sub-mains branch off on both sides.
• Water distribu on systems deliver drinking water to users' taps from a centralized treatment plant
or well supply.
• A pump is a mechanical tool used to move liquids from a low-pressure or lower level to a high-
pressure or higher level.
• Centrifugal pumps move fluids by conver ng the kine c energy of rota on into the hydrodynamic
energy of the fluid flow.
• A valve that regulates, directs, or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, etc.) by opening, closing,
or par ally obstruc ng different passages.
• The piping layout is the process of defining the equipment, the maintenance areas, and the
necessary electrical requirements.
• Electrolysis is the process by which ionic substances are decomposed into simpler substances when
a current is passed through them.
• Ultrasonic tes ng is the process of delivering a high-frequency sound wave into one exterior side of
a material and reflec ng the sound wave from its interior surface to provide an accurate
measurement of wall thickness.
• During the manufacturing process, pipe inspec on is a con nual procedure. A pipe is subjected to
many forms of inspec on and tes ng to assure its quality.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise
1. Explain the process of the water distribu on system a house or any building?

2. List the various components of the water distribu on system

3. Write the installa on process of pipe and ﬁ ngs in plumbing.

4. Describe the measuring and marking out processes for the fabrica on of pipe.

5. Describe the checks and procedures to be conducted before commissioning.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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5. Installa on of the
Drainage Systems

Unit 5.1 - Drainage System

PSC/N0132
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Key Learning Outcomes

1. Demonstrate the cu ng, bending and assembling of various types of drainage pipes
2. Perform installa on of drainage systems
3. Perform the various post-installa on ac vi es

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UNIT 5.1 - Drainage System

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Discuss the process of wastewater drainage — from a fixture to the drain and then to the
environment — across various residen al and commercial setups
2. Describe the func ons of the components of drainage systems
3. Describe the various types of drainage piping systems and the pipes and fi ngs used in them
4. Discuss the type of drainage piping systems and its components used in various types of building
5. Explain the characteris cs and the applica on of different pipe fi ngs, fixture supports and
fastening hardware
6. Discuss the fit off, fixing and join ng techniques applicable for drainage pipes
7. Explain the allowances to be made for spring-back, distor on and assembly during marking for
fabrica on of pipes
8. Explain the procedure of installing various types of drainage systems such as sewage, sullage,
stormwater, sub-soil drainage system, drainage for fixtures, etc
9. Iden fy the trap to be installed as per the type of drainage system
10. List different types of pumps used in sanitary and drainage systems and their applica ons
11. Discuss the characteris cs of the flooring using for installa on and levelling of drainage system
12. Explain the importance of conduc ng post-installa on and pre-commissioning tests and checks
13. Describe the various post installa on and pre-commissioning tests and checks
14. List the signages to be put up at the site a er the plumbing task has been completed

5.1.1 Introduc on to Drainage System

The drainage system is a
well-organized network of
d ra i n a ge p i p e s t h at i s
u lized to dispose of human
waste. Copper, CPVC, and
HDPE pipes are commonly
u lized in drainage systems.
Because they are composed
of plas c, they are rust-free
and lightweight. They
require li le upkeep and are
simple to install. These pipes
are inexpensive and
Fig 5.1 Drainage System in Building
prac cal.
Source: https://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement
/plumbing/plumbing-basics-ga.htm

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An efficient drainage system aims to keep excess water from damming up on the ground or
underground. Without a good drainage system, excess water, par cularly rainwater, can quickly
accumulate.
Building drainage encompasses all necessary drainage methods used to protect buildings from harm
caused by humidity or moisture from the surrounding soil. Importance. Building drainage is extremely
important economically! Proper drainage can avoid 90% of all structural damage to basement spaces.
Gravity is used by the home's drainage system to draw water through the house and outdoors to drain.
Waste and unclean water are routed through a "Soil Stack," which then transports the waste to a major
drain, which is usually placed beneath the house.
Pressure is not a factor in drainage systems, as it is in supply systems. Instead, waste leaves your home
since the drainage pipes all dip downhill towards the sewer. Gravity drags the waste forward. This
downward flow is con nued by the sewer line to a sewage treatment plant or a sep c tank.
This is the most significant use of a proper drainage system; it allows water to flow freely and, in most
circumstances, prevents accumula on that might lead to flooding. Drainage systems help prevent
stagnant water from accumula ng, which can enhance mosquito breeding.

5.1.2 Diﬀerent Types of Drainage Systems

Diﬀerent types of drainage systems used in a building are listed below:

Surface Drainage System

Subsurface Drainage System

Slope Drainage System

Downspout & Gutter Drainage System

Fig 5.2 Types of Drainage Systems

1. Surface Drainage System

This technique eliminates excess water from the land's surface. This is necessary for the drainage of
excess water from the ground's surface, which is accomplished through the use of enhanced natural
channels or artificial drains. A surface drainage system boosts production on land where a high
water table or moist soil conditions prohibit water from moving from the root zone. Surface systems
are further subdivided into Regular Surface systems and Controlled Surface systems, with more
information provided below:
Ÿ When there is excessive rainfall or irrigation that is run totally by gravity, a regular surface
drainage system begins to function.
Ÿ A controlled surface drainage system is made up of check gates positioned around flat basins,
such as those found in flatlands.

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2. Subsurface Drainage System

This method serves to lower the water table and remove excess water through open ditches. During
wet periods, the water table drops to keep the root zone unsaturated. This system is further divided
into two types: relief drains and interceptor drains. Relief drains are used to lower the water table in
order to serve vegetation and improve surface water.

Fig 5.3 Surface Drainage System Fig 5.4 Subsurface Drainage System
Source : https://abtdrains.com/the-different- Source : https://cementconcrete.org/transportation/
types-of-surface-drainage-systems/ subsurface-drainage-system/2934/

3. Slope Drainage System

It is designed in such a way that water can flow downward through it. This is accomplished by using
high-quality pipes in a downward orientation. The downward movement of the pipe allows the
water to flow quickly without being clogged. The optimum slope system solution is to slope the
finish grade away from the home or building so that surface water can drain. A minimum slope of 1%
is required for water to run down. The floor must slope to the drain with a tolerance of 1% - 2%.
Polymer concrete underlayment will be a cost-effective option on a good slope system.

Fig 5.5 Slope Drainage System

Source : https://www.can.ltd.uk/technical-information/slope-drainage

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4. Downspout & Gutter Drainage System

The Gutter downspout is a vertical pipe that is attached and helps the water travel out of the gutters
away from the building, ensuring that all waste is safely separated through the system. The
downspout also redirects water and safely sends it away from the building toward the specified
drainage location. They will protect the building's foundation from water damage if they are clean of
obstructions and properly installed. When it rains, downspouts are frequently directed onto
surfaces such as driveways, directing water directly into the streets. Downspouts are also attached
to a pipe that links either directly to the sanitary sewer or storms into the drain system. A downspout
is required every 30-40 feet on average in a gutter.

Fig 5.6 Gutter Downspout Drainage System

Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/search/gutter-pipe

The gutter system consists of two parts:

Ÿ Gutter channels that run horizontally along the roof edge
Ÿ A downspout that transports the gathered water to grade level

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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5.1.3 Beneﬁts of Drainage System

A drainage system keeps water from accumula ng and causing flooding. It helps to move water away
from the building and prevents water collec on, which might s mulate mosquito breeding. A good
building system aids in the removal of access water in any loca on affected by floodwater or rains. Its
objec ve is to effec vely remove wastewater; this system is known as a sewer system. The benefit of a
drainage system is visible when stored water is drained out along with garbage in a systema c order and
a strong network that aids in the removal of undesired clogs, resul ng in the maintenance of a healthy
state in a structure. Provides a be er environment for plant growth. The benefits of a drainage system
are listed below:

Facilitates microbial breakdown

Improves the soil's physical proper es

Keeps the soil temperature stable

Promotes a stronger root system

Helps in the clearance of harmful chemicals

Aids in the prevention of water-borne illnesses

Extends the life of the structure

Fig 5.7 Benefits of drainage system

5.1.4 Drainage System Components

Following are the components of a drainage system:

Drainage Pipes

Trap

Drain Line

Sanitary Fittings

Fig 5.8 Components of drainage system

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1. Drainage Pipes
A pipe is a tubular sec on or hollow cylinder,
usually but not always with a circular cross-
sec on, that is used to transport ﬂowable
substances such as liquids and gases (ﬂuids),
slurries, powders, and masses of ny solids.
The following types of pipes are used in the
drain-
I. Corrugated drain pipes
II. PVC drainage lines
III. Cast iron pipes
IV. Copper pipes
Fig 5.9 Drainage Pipes
V. Galvanized pipes Source: Indiamart

VI. Concrete or clay drainage pipes

2. Trap
A trap is a depressed or bent ﬁ ng that, when given, constantly remains full of water, preserving
the water seal. It prevents bad gases from passing through.
3. Drain Line
Drain lines are pipes that run through your home and connect to plumbing ﬁxtures such as toilets,
sinks, and showers.

Fig 5.10 Drain Trap Fig 5.11 Drain Line

Source: Indiamart Source: https://lakecookplumbing.com/ten-warning
-signs-that-your-main-sewer-line-needs-help/

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4. Sanitary Fi ngs
The following types of sanitary ﬁ ngs are used in any building:
I. Washbasin
This ﬁ ng is used for cleaning utensils, brushing, etc to dispose of the wastewater a er use.
II. Water closet
A toilet is a piece of sanitary hardware that collects human urine and excrement, as well as
occasionally toilet paper, for disposal.

Fig 5.12 Washbasin Fig 5.13 Water closet

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

III. Urinal
A urinal is a sanitary plumbing item that is only used for urina on (peeing).
IV. Bathtub
A bathtub, o en known as a bath or tub, is a water-holding container in which a person or
animal can bathe.

Fig 5.14 Urinal Fig 5.15 Bathtub

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

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5.1.5 Various Types of Drainage Piping Systems

A drainage system is made up of pipes that transport sewage, rainwater, or other liquid waste to a site of
disposal, which could be the sewer system or a sep c tank. Its primary goal is to collect and eliminate
wastewater while keeping sewer gases out of the structure. There are four types of drainage pipe
systems such as - Surface drain system, Subsurface drainage system, Slope drainage system, and
Downspouts and Gu er Systems. In any building, house, or commercial building various types of pipes
are used in the drainage pipe.
Diﬀerent types of pipes used in drainage system are explained below:
Ÿ PVC pipes are the most commonly used pipes for any drainage project.
Ÿ Concrete pipe is a rigid pipe that provides both structure and conduit when it arrives on site.
Ÿ Polyethylene pipe is o en used as the pipe of choice for municipal engineering, mainly used in
urban water supply, and sewage treatment industry.

Fig 5.16 PVC Drainage Pipes Fig 5.17 Concrete Drainage Pipes Fig 5.18 Polyethylene Drainage Pipes
Source: https://www.istockphoto.com/ Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart
photos/pvc-pipe-in-drainage-trench

5.1.6 Different Pipe Fittings

Different pipe fittings and their functions are explained in Module 2- Unit 2.2.3 Pipe Fittings.

5.1.7 Types of Drainage Piping Systems and their Components

House Drainage or Building Drainage refers to the mechanism established in a house or building for
collecting and transferring wastewater through drain pipes by gravity to either a public sewer or a
domestic septic tank. House drainage is provided to:
Ÿ Maintain healthy building conditions.
Ÿ Dispose of wastewater as soon as feasible.
Ÿ Avoid the entry of foul gases from the sewer.
Ÿ Promote speedy removal of foul matter.
Ÿ Collect and eliminate waste items systematically.

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5.1.8 Principle of Drainage System

For an efficient house drainage system, the following principles are followed:
Ÿ Drainage pipe should be installed along the side of the structure rather than beneath it.
Ÿ All drains should be straightly oriented between inspection chambers. As a result, sudden turns and
junctions should be avoided when passing through chambers.
Ÿ The drain slope should be sufficient to create self-cleaning velocity.
Ÿ All connections must be watertight.
Ÿ The drainage system should have an adequate number of traps in strategic areas.
Ÿ The drain size should be sufficient to prevent flooding when managing the maximum flow.
Ÿ Air lock formation, siphon-age, under deposits, and so on should be avoided.
Ÿ The lavatory bricks should be placed so that the drainage line is as short as possible.

5.1.9 Drainage System Components Used in Various

Houses/Buildings
1. Pipes
Depending on the role of a pipe in a house drainage system, it may be designated as follows:
I. Soil pipe: A soil pipe is a pipe that transports human excreta. The size of the soil pipe is 100 mm.
II. Waste pipe: This is a pipe that only transports liquid waste. It does not transport human waste.
In this horizontal laying pipe size is 30 to 50 mm and the vertical laying pipe size is 75 mm.
III. Vent pipe: This is a pipe that is provided for the system's ventilation. A vent pipe is open at the
top and bottom to allow filthy gases to escape. It is 1 meter higher than the roof. The size of the
soil pipe is 50 mm.
IV. Rainwater pipe: This is a pipe that only conveys rainwater. The size of the soil pipe is 75 mm.
V. Anti-siphonage pipe: This is a pipe inserted in the house drainage to keep the water seal of
traps intact. There are two types of pipe laying- connecting soil pipe is 50 mm and Connecting
waste pipe is 40 mm.
2. Trap
A trap is a depressed or bent fitting that, when given, constantly remains full of water, preserving the
water seal. It prevents bad gases from passing through.
Characteristics of trap
Ÿ It must be self-cleaning.
Ÿ It must be made of a non-absorbent material.
Ÿ Its internal and external surfaces should be smooth to prevent debris from adhering to them.
Ÿ It should be free of any internal projections so that the flow is neither impeded or slowed.
Ÿ It should be inexpensive and widely available.

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Classification of trap

Ÿ P-Trap
According to Shape Ÿ S-Trap
Ÿ Q-Trap

Ÿ Nahani or Floor Trap

According to Use Ÿ Gully Trap
Ÿ Intercepting Trap

Fig 5.19 Classification of trap

a) According to shape
Ÿ P-Trap: This is similar to the shape of the letter P, with the legs at right angles to each other.
Ÿ S-Trap: This is similar to the shape of the letter S, with both legs parallel to each other and
discharging in the same direction.
Ÿ Q-Trap: Half-S-trap is another name for it. This is similar to the shape of the letter Q, with
two legs meeting at an angle different than a straight angle.

Fig. 5.20 P, S, and Q Traps

Source : http://www.pelagan.com/hyzx.php

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b) According to use
Ÿ Nahani or Floor Trap: It collects wash water from floors, kitchens, and bathrooms. It is built
of cast iron and has gravity at the top to keep large solid materials out. The cover can be
removed to clean the traps on a regular basis. It features a little water seal.
Ÿ Gully Trap: This trap separates sullage drain (collected from bathtubs, kitchens, and other
areas) from the main drainage system. It's constructed of stoneware and cast iron. The
stoneware trap is square, whereas the cast iron trap is circular. It could have a P-Trap or an S-
Trap. Gully traps are installed on the outside of a wall and service two or three connections
from nahani traps.

Fig. 5.21Nahani or Floor Trap Fig. 5.22 Gully Trap

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

Ÿ Intercepting Trap: An intercepting trap is a type of trap that is installed at the intersection of
a house drain and a public sewer. It has a 100 mm deep water seal, which prevents foul
gases from entering the house drains from the public sewer line. It has a cleaning
eye/rodding arm hole at the top for periodic cleaning.
3. Sanitary Fittings in House Drainage
Different types of sanitary fittings are explained in Module 2-Unit 2.2.6 Fixtures.

Fig. 5.21Nahani or Floor Trap

Source: Indiamart

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5.1.10 Characteristics and the Application of Different

Pipe Fittings, Fixture Supports and Fastening
Hardware
I. Pipe Fittings
In the manufacturing industries, a fixture is a work-holding or support device. Fixtures are used to
securely place (position in a certain location or orientation) and support operations, guaranteeing
that all parts produced using the fixture are conformant and interchangeable. In house or in any
building following types of pipes fittings and fixtures are used.
Types of pipe fittings and their purposes:
Ÿ Elbows: To alter the angle or direction of a pipe run. 900 and 450 turns are the most prevalent.
The fitting's sweep specifies how quickly a transition or change in direction occurs.
Ÿ Street Elbows: The pipe fitting has male threads on one end and female threads on the other.
These are frequently found in galvanized steel and copper pipe. They are convenient because
they eliminate the need for a nipple and perform well in small spaces.
Ÿ Tee Fittings: These are shaped like the letter T. Branch lines are possible.
Ÿ Couplings: Used to connect two straight sections of the same diameter pipe.
Ÿ Reducers: Used to connect pipes of varying diameters. Changes in diameter gradually.
Ÿ Bushings: Used to reduce the diameter of a pipe fitting. They vary from reducers in that they
make a sharp shift in diameter while taking up little space.
Ÿ Unions: Used to link pieces of pipe when pipes cannot be twisted or when equipment must be
withdrawn for maintenance or replacement.
Ÿ Adaptor Fittings: Used to convert a non-threaded pipe's end to male or female threads as
needed. The most prevalent application is in copper and plastic plumbing jobs.
Ÿ Caps: These are used to seal the termination of a dead-end pipe.
Ÿ Plugs: Utilized to shut a pipe fitting end that is generally used for inspection or cleaning.
Ÿ Nipples are short sections of tubing that are threaded on both ends.
Ÿ Wyes: These are typically used to obtain access to DWV (drain-waste-vent) systems from the
inside.
Ÿ Valves: These are devices that regulate the flow of liquid or gas through or out of a pipe. (For
example, compression valves, ball valves, sleeve-cartridge valves, ceramic disc valves, and so
on.)
Ÿ PVC Fittings: Available in a number of configurations and can be glued (S) or threaded (T) (T).
Ÿ Copper Tubing Fittings: Compression fittings should be used. Couplings, ells, and tees are
common fittings
I. Fixtures
A fastener, often known as a fastening, is a piece of hardware that mechanically attaches or affixes
two or more items together. Fasteners are typically used to construct non-permanent couplings or
joints that can be removed or dismantled without causing damage to the joining components.
Welding is one method of making permanent joints.

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II. Fixtures
A fastener, often known as a fastening, is a piece of
hardware that mechanically attaches or affixes two
or more items together. Fasteners are typically
used to construct non-permanent couplings or
joints that can be removed or dismantled without
causing damage to the joining components.
Welding is one method of making permanent
joints.
Tools used for Fastening
Following are the tools used for fastening:
Ÿ Screwdrivers
Fig. 5.24 Tools used for Fastening
Ÿ Spanners
Ÿ Sockets and keys
Ÿ Ratcheting, air-powered, or electrical tools can also be used.
Ÿ Many fasteners, such as bolts and rivets, require holes to be drilled before they can be installed.

5.1.11 Jointing Techniques

Adhesive bonding, brazing, CSST, flanged, grooved, heat-fusion weld, hubless coupling, mechanical,
PEX, press, quick connect, solder, solvent weld, SV gasket, threaded, and welding are all common joining
methods.
The most common method of joining pipes:
Butt Welding: The most common type of pipe joining welding method is a butt weld. This procedure is
used by workers to connect two pipes of the same diameter. These couplings are particularly common in
commercial or industrial pipe systems.

Fig. 5.25: Jointing of pipe Fig. 5.26: But weld

Source : https://www.shutterstock.com/search/
butt-welded

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Fixing of drainage pipe: The fixing of drainage pipes is an important stage in the installation of general
utilities. In addition to experience, you must be familiar with standard engineering documentation in
order to establish the pipeline in accordance with all standards.

Fig. 5.27: Fixing of pipe

Source: Indiamart

The installation drainage system can be concealed (concealed mounting) and open (fixing pipes to the
wall).

Fig. 5.28 Concealed Mounting (Left), Open Mounting (Right)

Source : https://www.zameen.com/blog/concealed-exposed-plumbing-home.html

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The advantages of concealed mounting are listed below:

Ÿ Increased usable space
Ÿ Aesthetic appeal
Ÿ Low chance of harm
The advantages of open mounting are listed below:
Ÿ Simple installation
Ÿ Simple repair
Ÿ Versatility
Fixing drainage pipes
The installation process begins with the selection of pipes and fittings. Plastic pipe fasteners and cast-
iron pipe fasteners must endure operating pressure and rising pressure.

Fig. 5.29: Fixing of drainage pipe

Proper fasteners for drainage pipes ensure the proper operation of the pipeline system, thus familiarize
yourself with current standards before installing the pipeline. Proper fasteners for drainage pipes
ensure the correct operation of the pipeline system, so before the installation pipeline, you should
familiarize with. For reliable fixation of the drainage pipeline mounting clamps are most commonly
used, which perform several functions:
Ÿ Do not allow the structure to deform under load.
Ÿ They account for the thermal expansion of plastic pipes.
Ÿ Noise absorption
Ÿ Adjust the pipe's distance from the wall or, if the pipes are mounted to the ceiling, the pipe's
mounting height.

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Fig. 5.30: Pipe's mounting height

As a result, the internal drainage system installation is separated into the following stages:
I. Choosing the pipe material and installation type;
II. Calculating the deviation;
III. Choosing a fastening step;
IV. Choosing appropriate mounting clamps;
V. Pipeline scheme and marking preparation.
This preliminary stage has been finished. The fasteners must be chosen next because they are critical to
the system's proper operation.
Fasteners for drainage pipe installation: Drainage pipes are secured to the wall or ceiling using special
clamps. For rigid fixation, the clamp is selected with pipe diameter, and if you need to keep the axial
direction of the system, choose a clamp with bigger diameter, which can compensate for thermal
expansion of plastic pipes. The distance between drainage pipe clamps is determined by technical
criteria (diameter, flow volume etc.). There are different types of brackets for mounting of drainage
pipes which are characterized by optimal low index of thermal expansion and resistance to fire.

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5.1.12 Allowances for Fabrication of Pipes

Spring back: The elastic recovery of the sheet after unloading is referred to as spring back in bending.
This indicates that after the sheet is bent to a bend angle (qBi) and the punch is removed, the sheet's
final bend angle is increased to qBf.

Before Unloading

qb1
qb2

After Unloading

Bending Angle Before Springback

qb1 and Unloading
Bending Angle After Springback
qb2 and Unloading

Fig. 5.31: Spring-back

Source : https://www.thefabricator.com/stampingjournal/article/bending/
bend-allowance-and-springback-in-air-bending

Spring back in fabrication: Spring back is the geometric

change made to a part after it has been released from the
forces of the forming tool at the end of the forming process.
Deep-drawn and stretch-drawn parts bounce back during
sheet metal forming, affecting the dimensional accuracy of a
completed part.
Remedies of spring-back: Spring-back can be easily
overcome by repeatedly bending the material. However,
doing so might cause metal fatigue, a condition in which the
material is weakened or damaged at the point of bending.
Increased forming force: To overcome spring-back, the force
put on the material during bending can be increased.
Compensate for spring-back effect in bending: Spring-back
happens when a substance seeks to return to its original
shape after being bent angularly. To compensate for spring-
back, an operator will overbend to the bending angle, which
is angularly past the needed bent angle, when fabricating on Fig. 5.32: Bend Allowance
the press brake. Source
https://www.thefabricator.com/stampingjournal/
Bend allowance: The bend allowance is defined as the arc article/bending/bend-allowance-and
length of the bend measured along the material's neutral -springback-in-air-bending
axis. The bend deduction is defined as the difference
between the bend allowance and twice the outer setback.

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Fabrication Tolerances: In practice, assuming that the weld preparations can be made exactly as
necessary is unrealistic, and dimensional limitations must be tolerated, as with other engineering tasks.
Tolerances are required due to the following sources of dimensional variation:
Ÿ Thickness, straightness, and flatness of the material.
Ÿ Tolerances for material cutting.
Ÿ Subassembly fabrication tolerances.
Ÿ During welding, thermal expansion occurs.
Ÿ Errors that accumulate during erection.

5.1.13 Installation Procedure of Various Types of Drainage

Systems
Drainage systems encompass all plumbing on private or public property that transports sewage,
rainwater, and other liquid waste to a place of disposal. The primary goal of a drainage system is to
collect and eliminate waste matter in a systematic manner in order to maintain healthy conditions in a
structure.
A sanitary sewer is an underground pipe or tunnel system that transports sewage (but not stormwater)
from dwellings and commercial buildings to a sewage treatment plant or disposal. The following
procedures are involved in the designing and construction of sewage lines:

Setting out

Alignment and Gradient

Trench excavation, timbering, and dewatering

Laying and Jointing

Testing

Backfilling

Fig. 5.33: Procedures of designing and construction of sewage lines

Design of sewer line

Sewer line design entails estimating runoff from a sewer and other hydraulic structures in the drainage
system. The flow of design that can safely pass through a specific structure is referred to as design flow.
The possibility of occurrence has been fixed in determining this design flow.

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Ÿ Sanitary Sewer Design: The majority of sewer systems are built to take advantage of gravity
flow. As a result, their layout is highly influenced by topography, with sewage lines sloping
downward toward a wastewater treatment plant located at a lower elevation than the tributary
system.
The installation process of the drainage system
I. Start digging. Make a massive hole.
II. Construct the dry well. Make the dry well.
III. Install the dry well. After wrapping the sidewalls with silt-blocking landscaping fabric,
lower the dry well into the hole.
IV. Attach the drain tube.
V. Cover the tube in the fabric.
VI. Connect the downspouts to the drain line in step.
Installation of underground gutter drainage

Step 1 Dig trenches for the drainage pipe

Assemble and place the catch basin. Now that the trench is dug,
Step 2 you can assemble the catch basin.

Step 3 Lay the drainpipe

Step 4 Attach the drainage pop-up emitter

Step 5 Bury the downspout with dirt

Fig. 5.34: Installation procedure of underground gutter drainage

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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5.1.14 Identification of Traps

Traps are fittings installed at the extremities of soil and waste pipes to prevent bad gases from drains
entering the interiors of houses or buildings. This is possible because a trap is essentially a U-tube that is
always of with water and so maintains a water seal. The depth the of water seal is the vertical distance
between the crown and the trap's dip. The depth of the water seal symbolises the trap's strength or
effectiveness. The ability of the water seal to withstand the passage of air or gas through it determines
the trap's strength, which is determined by the vertical height to which water in the trap can rise above
the dip to resist this passage. As a result, the deeper the water seal, the more effective the trap. In
practice, water seal depths range from 25 to 75 mm, with 50 mm being very common.

Fig. 5.35: Types of traps

Source : https://old.amu.ac.in/emp/studym/100005839.pdf

5.1.15 Merits and Demerits of Intercepting Traps

Merits of using intercepting traps:
i The intercepting trap prevents foul gases from entering the house drainage system because they
cannot pass through the intercepting trap. If an intercepting trap is not installed, these gases will
enter the house drainage system's vent pipes and disperse throughout the surrounding
atmosphere, producing major air pollution.
ii The presence of the intercepting trap prevents pathogenic microorganisms found in municipal
sewers from entering household drains.

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Demerits of using intercepting traps:

i The presence of intercepting traps is found to have a significant impact on municipal sewer
ventilation, as foul gases from municipal sewers will only find an outlet through ventilating columns,
which are provided at the head of every branch sewer and other key points in the city sewerage
system. As a result, if intercepting traps are provided, municipal sewers will require a significant
number of ventilation columns, incurring additional costs and presenting an ugly appearance.
ii A deeper water seal may restrict the free flow of sewage. The heavier organic matter may not be
hauled out of the trap and the lighter organic matter may not be immersed at the trap's intake,
resulting in stagnation and decomposition.
iii Some house drains may become clogged as a result of negligence in properly securing the plug in
the rodding arm, or as a consequence of bits of cloth, brushes, and other objects going into the drain
and being unable to pass through the trap.
iv Cleaning the little length of pipe between the trap and the municipal sewer is challenging.

5.1.16 Different Types of Pumps Used in Sanitary and

Drainage Systems
Drainage pumps are used to drain pits and deep motorway underpasses, as well as to dewater
basements and courtyards that are at risk of flooding or groundwater. Float switches are typically used
to start it automatically. Different types of pumps used in sanitary and drainage systems and their
applications are explained below:
a) Centrifugal pump
A Centrifugal Sanitary Pump is a mechanism that moves fluids from one location to another. To
move the liquids, these machines use kinetic energy stored in the motor. These pumps' primary job
is to move the product and make the liquid to flow at the proper speed and force.

Fig. 5.36: Centrifugal Sanitary Pump

Source: Indiamart

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Work process of sanitary pump: A centrifugal pump is made up of wheel-carrying vanes known as
Impellers that revolve in an outer casing known as Casings. Liquid enters the pump at its center,
known technically as the Eye, and exits tangentially. The sanitary pump's pressure head is solely
attributable to the angular velocity imparted by the impeller, which is then translated into the head
by the casing's unique structure. Pump efficiency is heavily influenced by the casing design or
exterior shell.
Cavitation happens when the suction line pressure is too low in comparison to the vapour pressure
of the pumped liquid. Cavitation in pumps cause a lower head and lower efficiency. The pump
gradually stops pumping as cavitation increases.
Applications and Uses of Sanitary Pump:
• Heating and ventilation (HVAC) systems, fire protection, sprinkler systems, and pressure
boosting.
• Air conditioning systems.
• Oil and gas companies, refineries, and power plants.
a) Submersible Pump
Submersible Pumps have a water-tight (hermetically sealed) motor that allows the entire pump to
be submerged in liquid. Pumping sewage, wastewater, oil, draining water or slurries from
construction sites and mines, irrigation, deep wells, and boreholes are all common applications.

Fig. 5.37: Submersible Drainage Pump

Source: Indiamart

The increased heat dissipation derived from the motor being surrounded by the pumped medium is
a significant advantage of the submersible pump. Convection to the ambient atmosphere is the
principal method of dissipating motor heat in a non-submersible pump.
Depending on the installation, this can range from extremely cold temperatures with maximum
heat removal to extremely hot temperatures on a warm day, made further hotter by a confined pit
or building.
Heat transmission is performed with a submersible pump through direct conduction to the
relatively constant temperature fluid being pumped. This improved heat transfer system results in
lower operating temperatures for the motor and its internal components, extending the motor's
life.

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5.1.17 Characteristics of the Flooring Used for the

Installation and Levelling of a Drainage system
In a drainage system, it is very important to install and level of material properly before flooring work is
done.
Characteristics of good flooring
Ÿ It should be long-lasting.
Ÿ The floor should be simple to maintain.
Ÿ It should not make any noise when walking or should be noiseless.
Ÿ The flooring must be visually appealing.
Ÿ It should be devoid of moisture.
Ÿ It should be heat and fire-resistant.
Ÿ The expense of floor upkeep should be low.
Types, Characteristics, and Application of Flooring

Floor-type Typical applications Characteristics

Carpet Corridors, offices, and areas where A carpet has a shorter life than a hard floor surface but
quietness is a high priority and spills can be a cost-effective solution in many cases.
unlikely. Installation should be wall-to-wall to avoid the hazard
of tripping on the edges.
Concrete External pathways, factory, and Rounded aggregate can be slippery when concrete
warehouse floors. Slip resistance wears.
depends on finish and wear. Use
angular aggregate for pathways.

Fiberglass Factory areas where fluids are This product can have grit particles molded into the
grating unavoidable. Use on overhead upper surface to provide very good slip resistance.
platforms and walkways is also Fluids are very quickly drained away.
appropriate.

Glazed Bathrooms and toilets. Slippery when wet, particularly with soapy water.
ceramic tiles Some slip resistance treatments are available but it is
preferable not to install these products on floors.

Plastic Bathrooms, standing mats. Interlocking PVC extrusions give good drainage and
matting slip resistance. May be hosed down or steam cleaned.

Quarry tiles Suitable for kitchens where hot spills Low water absorption and good resistance to
and ceramic might occur. Also appropriate for chemicals. Slippery in wet conditions if smooth but
tiles shower rooms and toilet. Needs can be moulded with aggregate or profiles to improve
frequent cleaning. slip resistance. Special cleaning equipment like a high-
pressure water spray may be needed as a build-up of
grease or dirt can make these tiles slippery.

Rubber Ramps and areas requiring extra slip Less effective in wet conditions. Must be well fixed
resistance, stair treads. Usually with a down at the edges and joins to avoid a tripping
round stud pattern. hazard.

Contd.

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Floor-type Typical applications Characteristics

Steel plate Factory areas with very heavy traffic, or Tends to be slippery when wet or oily, particularly
to span openings in floors. Usually with when worn.
a raised pattern (for example chequer
plate) which provides some slip
resistance.

Terrazzo Office building foyers and pedestrian Gives a good appearance and wears well, but can
areas in shopping centers. be slippery when wet, when the excess polish is
used or when dusty.

Timber Meeting halls, gymnasiums, older Needs to be sealed to prevent the absorption of oil
factories, and offices. and water. Can be slippery when wet if highly
glossed or polished.

Vinyl tiles and Light industrial environment, corridors Easy to clean. Use in sheet form where washing is
sheet and hospital wards. Not suitable where required to avoid water getting under tiles.
hot spills are likely to occur. Slippery when wet, particularly if polished. Slip-
resistant vinyl with aggregates moulded in is
available. Thicker, softer vinyl is more slip resistant
than a hard vinyl.

Table 5.1 Types, Characteristics, and Application of Flooring

5.1.18 Importance of Conducting Post- Installation

and Pre-commissioning Tests
A pre-commissioning checklist is intended to prepare a manufacturing plant for the startup, or when all
new or updated systems are activated. This checklist will help you inspect control systems, wiring,
sensors, field control devices, and the site communications network quickly and easily.

Fig. 5.38: Pre-commissioning

Source : https://safetyculture.com/checklists/commissioning-ultimate-collection/

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Post-Installation refers to the time between the installation visit and the customer receiving the first bill
generated by smart meter data for meters in credit mode or the first vend for meters in prepayment
mode.
Installation Testing and Commissioning
The term "Installation, Testing, and Commissioning Report" refers to the report that will be provided by
an independent third party chosen by the Employer to verify the satisfactory execution of the supply,
installation, commissioning, and training for the AC Testing Laboratory.

5.1.19 Health and Safety Signs

There are health and safety signs everywhere. On construction sites, in workplaces, warehouses,
hospitals, and in a variety of other settings. It is essential to know the meaning of safety signs. Such signs
warn us of danger and allow us to take precautions to keep safe.
The five types of health and safety signs are as follows:

Prohibi on Signs

Mandatory Signs

Warning Signs

Safe Condition Signs

Fire Equipment Signs

Fig. 5.39 Health and Safety signs

The following table represents the various Signages related to health and safety measures:

S. No. Signage Message

1. Basic ﬂoor sign to stop moving ahead

Stop Look Out for Forkli s

3. Eye safety warnings

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S. No. Signage Message

4. Fire exit sign

5. Authorized personnel only

6. Fire hose no ﬁca on

7. Cau on signage

8. No entry

9. Caution signage

10. Caution signage

11. Wet floor warning

12. Watching out for step

13. Water-saving signage

Table. 5.2 Safety & Warning Signages

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5.1.20 Maintenance Checklist of Plumbing

The steps involved in the plumbing maintenance checklist are listed below:
Ÿ Check the water pressure- Water pressure is going to be a key part of any plumbing maintenance
service.
Ÿ Check the water leaks in the plumbing system, if any leaks are found then resolve them.
Ÿ Prevent the backflow.
Ÿ Check the signs of corrosion or rust.
Ÿ Check the blockages in the drain line.
Ÿ Observe whether the valves are working in condition or not.
Ÿ Check and follow all safety precautions at the workplace.
Ÿ A sample plumbing checklist is shown below:
BATHROOM Check faucets
Clear drains
Test toilet
Check toilet wax ring
Caulk Seals
Test shutof valves

KITCHEN Inspect P-trap

Clear drains
Check faucets
Test shutoff valves
Check garbage disposal
Test the dishwasher
Check refrigerator lines/filters

SEPTIC & SEWER Maintain septic system

Check Sewer main
Inspect vent pipes

AROUND THE HOUSE Check water heater for leaks

Branch shutoff valves
Check the sump pump
Check hose spigots
Lawn sprinkier systems
Inspect washing machine hoses
Check home water pressure

Fig. 5.40 Sample Plumbing Checklist

Source : https://www.thespruce.com/plumbing-maintenance-checklist-2718687

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Summary
• The drainage system is a well-organized network of drainage pipes that is u lized to dispose of
human waste.
• The Gu er downspout is a ver cal pipe that is a ached and helps the water travel out of the gu ers
away from the building, ensuring that all waste is safely separated through the system.
• A drainage system keeps water from accumula ng and causing flooding. It helps to move water
away from the building and prevents water collec on, which might s mulate mosquito breeding.
• A trap is a depressed or bent fi ng that, when given, constantly remains full of water, preserving the
water seal.
• Drain lines are pipes that run through your home and connect to plumbing fixtures such as toilets,
sinks, and showers.
• A drainage system is made up of pipes that transport sewage, rainwater, or other liquid waste to a
site of disposal, which could be the sewer system or a sep c tank.
• House Drainage or Building Drainage refers to the mechanism established in a house or building for
collec ng and transferring wastewater through drain pipes by gravity to either a public sewer or a
domes c sep c tank.
• A fastener, o en known as a fastening, is a piece of hardware that mechanically a aches or affixes
two or more items together.
• Adhesive bonding, brazing, CSST, flanged, grooved, heat-fusion weld, hubless coupling, mechanical,
PEX, press, quick connect, solder, solvent weld, SV gasket, threaded, and welding are all common
joining methods.
• Spring back is the geometric change made to a part a er it has been released from the forces of the
forming tool at the end of the forming process.
• The bend allowance is defined as the arc length of the bend measured along the material's neutral
axis.
• Drainage pumps are used to drain pits and deep motorway underpasses, as well as to dewater
basements and courtyards that are at risk of flooding or groundwater.
• A Centrifugal Sanitary Pump is a mechanism that moves fluids from one loca on to another.
• Submersible Pumps have a water- ght (herme cally sealed) motor that allows the en re pump to
be submerged in liquid.
• A pre-commissioning checklist is intended to prepare a manufacturing plant for the startup, or when
all new or updated systems are ac vated.
• There are health and safety signs everywhere. On construc on sites, in workplaces, warehouses,
hospitals, and in a variety of other se ngs.

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Exercise
1. What do you mean by “Drainage system”?

2. List the components of the drainage system.

3. What types of traps should be installed in the drainage system?

4. List the various types of pumps used in sanitary and drainage systems, as well as their
applica ons.

5. What safety precautions should be taken during drainage work?

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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6. Install Plumbing
Fixtures

Unit 6.1 - Types of Plumbing Fixtures

Unit 6.2 - Plumbing Fixtures Installa on
Unit 6.3 - Plumbing Standards

PSC/N0133
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Key Learning Outcomes

1. Perform the installa on of sanitary ﬁxtures, support and related accessories

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Unit 6.1 Types of Plumbing Fixtures

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Describe the types, characteris cs, materials, finishes, uses, limita ons, working principle and
performance measures of various plumbing related fixtures
2. List the accessories, supports and fasteners required for installing various types of wash basin, sinks,
water closet, urinals, bathtubs and showers
3. List the sensor types of fi ngs and fixtures
4. Explain the basic working principal of sensor faucet and the principles of solenoid ball valves and
sensors in touchless system

6.1.1 Introduc on to Plumbing Fixtures

Plumbing fixtures are devices used to disperse cold or hot water or gas in bathroom or kitchen or a
specific place. Fixtures are fi ed at the place of use in plumbing line. A plumbing fixture may be
temporary or permanent, and it need not necessarily be connected to a source of water. All plumbing
fixtures are made of a smooth, non-corrosive, non-absorbent materials. These materials are an -
microbial and can be easily cleaned. It may be concluded that fixture is a part that is connected to a
plumbing system and carries water in it.

Fig 6.1 Plumbing Fixtures

Source: https://www.eagertonplumbing.com/blog/2016/08/how-to-select-new-plumbing-fixtures/

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6.1.2 Diﬀerent Types of Plumbing Fixtures

While a fixture can be fixed into walls or the floor, a fi ng is an item that can be hung by a hook, screw or
nail. The most common plumbing fixtures are:

Faucet/Tap

Shower

Wash Basin

Toilet

Flush Tank/Cistern

Urinals

Bath Tub

Fig 6.2 Types of Plumbing Fixtures

1. Faucets/Tap
Faucets are also known as tap. It is used to control the delivery of the water or gas. Faucets are made
of various materials like plastic, stainless steel, iron or brass, zinc or zinc alloys, copper metals etc.
Faucets are manufactured of various types as per design and show.

Fig 6.3 Faucet

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Various types of faucets are described here.

a) Single Lever Mixer: This type of faucet is used to control the water and temperature. A single
lever handle tap or faucet is easy to grip and turn. These are available in many designs and
styles.
b) Joystick: Its look is different and has a different range of motion It is used to control water flow.

Fig 6.4 Single Lever Mixer Fig 6.5 Joystick Faucet

Source: Amazon Source: Indiamart

c) Pushtap: For predetermined flow of water, faucet is opened by simple push. Instead of turning
handle or knob a push is given so that water start flowing.
d) Sensor Tap: Sensor based tap or faucet do not have handles or knobs at all. It is battery
operated. It contains a passive infrared sensor to detect hand motion. These types of

Fig 6.6 Push Tap Fig 6.7 Sensor Tap

Source: Amazon Source: Amazon

2. Shower
It is a simple plumbing fixture with a shower head that
streams cold and hot water out while you stand under it and
bathe. Now days modern shower is having configurable
temperature and spray pressure settings. It also has
adjustable showerhead nozzle settings.

Fig 6.8 Shower

Source: Indiamart

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3. Wash basin
Washbasin is a bowl-shaped fixture used for washing hands, for cleaning the utensils as well for
dishwashers. Shape of washbasin may be bowl type, round, square etc. The most significant
difference between the major Washbasin types is the manner in which they are installed. Wash
basin are made of glazed earthenware or vitreous china or stainless steel etc.
Different types of wash basins are explained below:
a) Wall Mounted wash basin: Wall-mounted Washbasin are directly fitted or hanged in the wall.
These wash basin takes less space and offer easy access to plumbing hook-ups. These wash
basins are most suitable for small bathrooms.
b) Pedestal washbasin: Pedestal Washbasin is a wall-mounted Washbasin that is fixed or rests on
a pedestal. It may or may not provide actual support to the Washbasin bowl. This type of
washbasin does not show plumbing fittings. It is used to hide plumbing fittings etc.

Fig 6.9 Wall mounted wash basin Fig 6.10 Pedestal wash basin
Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

c) Console washbasin is a smooth bowl surface without corners for ease of cleaning. It is a wall-
mounted washbasin that is fixed and rests on legs. The legs support the front two corners while
an apron often masks the plumbing hook -ups. A small storage space can be created
underneath simple by placing a basket or a shelving unit. The bowl height is designed to ensure
a balanced look with tall faucets.
d) Self-rimming wash basin: Self-rimming wash basin consists of rimming. With the help of a
rimming lip, the weight of the sink and contents to the surrounding counter are transferred. It
makes basins or sinks the ability to support elevated levels of weight. In the commercial
application and rough handling, saves money in the long term.

Fig 6.11 Console wash basin Fig 6.12 Self rimming wash basin
Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

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e) Integral wash basin or Sink: This type of sink consists of a sink and a countertop all in one. Sinks
integrated within a countertop are constructed of one material. Instead of the sink being an
added element, it is built directly into the countertop and made from the countertop material.
Integrated sinks provide a seamless aesthetic and can create a customized feel of additional
luxury within a home.

Fig 6.13 Sink

Source: Indiamart

4. Toilet
It is designed to take human waste. It is connected to the soil pipe, then to a municipal sewer or
septic tank, through a suitable trap. Water from the cistern tank is used to flush the excreta. There
are two types of water closets:
1. Indian type
2. European type

Fig 6.14 Indian type Fig 6.15 European type

Source: Indiamart Source: Indiamart

I. Indian toilets are commonly used in India as well as the eastern part of the world. It is shaped in
a way that person has to sit by foot on it. It is designed in such a way that it has slop towards the
back side of the toilet where a trap excludes the sewer pipe (drain) from it. It is also known as a
water closet.
II. Western toilets (Water closets) are very popular and commonly used in our country and the
western part of the world. It is shaped like a chair and is used in the same manner. It is sloped
towards the backside and also connects with the house drain through a trap. This toilet is
designed in two types according to the structure. One-piece water closet in which the basin and
the trap are manufactured together and whereas for two-piece water closet is manufactured in
a way that the basin and trap are manufactured separately.

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5. Flush Tank/ Cistern

For cleaning toilets flush tank/flushing cistern is used. It stores and
discharges water for flushing of contents from a water closet (W.C.) and
urinals. It is also known as a water waste preventer. It stops the wastage of
water. These are used to throw water with pressure after the use of W.C.
and urinals. The flush tank holds fluid in reserve for flushing. It is the tank
attached to a toilet. Toilets are cleaned with the water of the flush tank by
gravity.
Fig 6.16 Cistern
Source: Indiamart
Different types of cisterns are explained below:
I. Flat Type Cistern
Nowadays flat type cistern is commonly used and it is placed at a height of 3 feet above the floor.
This cistern is generally composed of plastic and it has a flat valve inside. It stops the filling of
water after the tank gets fully filled and starts after the tank gets vacant. It flushes out by
pressing a button on it top cover.
II. Automatic Cistern
This cistern is commonly used in urinals in public places like railway stations, bus stations,
theatres, malls, etc. A lot of water is used in these types of urinals. Nowadays these cisterns are
mainly used.
6. Urinals
Many urinals are fitted into a wall where men or boys can urinate. These urinals do have a provision
of an automatic flushing system, time flush, manual handles as well as waterless urinals.

Fig 6.17 Urinal

Source: Wikipedia

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Different types of urinals are explained below:

I. Manual Handles: In this type of urinal, the short lever is attached to it for water flushing. It is the
duty of the user to operate it systemically so that water is properly used.
II. Timed Flush: In this type of urinal, constant drip feed of water takes place slowly and fills the
cistern. This is continued until a tipping point is reached. Now the valve opens and all the urinals
attached are flushed. Similarly, electronic controllers are used for the same function.
III. Automatic Flush: Nowadays, electronic automatic flushes are being used to solve problems.
This passive infrared sensor identifies the person standing for urination in front of it and it
activates the flush. Thus, the urinal is properly cleaned. This system saves water as well as takes
care of the disadvantage of manual flush.
IV. Waterless Urinals: In this type of waterless urinal, a trap is inserted and filled with a sealant
liquid instead of water. This sealant is lighter than water and it floats on top of the urine
collected in the U-bend. This prevents the release of odors into the air from the pot. The
cartridge and sealant must be periodically replaced regularly.
7. Bath Tub
In the bathroom, large containers for holding
water where a person may bath is known as
bathtubs. In the bathtub a provision of entry
and outlet is provided. Hot and cold-water taps
are provided for bathing purpose. Water is
drain out with the help of a waste seal trap
fitted in the drain pipe. Bathtubs are designed
with overflow drains on their insides where
there is an opening hole. The water gets
collected through the opening and drains out.
A bathtub is manufactured from many different
materials like acrylic, enameled steel, and cast
Iron. These materials are molded into a bathtub
shape and finished. Bathtubs are manufactured
Fig 6.18 Bath Tub
in various sizes and colors. These bathtubs are Source: Wikipedia
scratch free in nature and can bear heavy loads
also.

Notes
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6.1.3 Plumbing Accessories

Diﬀerent types of plumbing accessories are explained in Module 2- Unit 2.2 Plumbing Materials.

6.1.4 Sensor Types of Fittings and Fixtures

I. Sensor Tap
A sensor tap is one of the most popular water flow solutions in modern times. It involves a sensor by
which you can wash your hands without physically touching the equipment. In the light of social
distancing, sensor taps are in trend and widely used not only in public places but also at home. The
price of a sensor taps faucet ranges from Rs.9,000-Rs.13,950.

Fig 6.19 Sensor Faucet

Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/touchless-motion-sensor-bathroom-kitchen-faucet--42010209000621184/

a) Benefits of Sensor Water Tap

A sensor water tap has various benefits for daily usage at home. It includes:
Ÿ educes the bacteria spread
Ÿ Hygienic way of washing your hands
Ÿ Hand-free wash which ensures less damage to the tap
Ÿ Saves 30-65% water as compared to ordinary tap faucet
Ÿ Low electricity consumption

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b) Basic working principle of sensor tap faucet

Sensor taps are organized via an infrared sensor beam that is located at the bottom of the tap.
This beam breaks when you place your hands in front of it that results in water flowing from the
tap. Water flows through the tap for a limited period of time and then turns off automatically.
This process is seamless and efficient for no-contact usage. Sensor tap faucets are also perfect
for all types of bathrooms.

Tap

Water out

Control
IR sensor module box

Water in

Sensor
cable AC-DC
Flexible adaptor
hose
1. Object/hand 5. Solenoid valve
2. IR sensor range 6. Water inlet
3. IR sensor module 7. Flexible hose
4. Sensor cable 8. Water outlet

Fig 6.20 Working Principle of Sensor Tap Faucet

Source : https://www.electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/
everything-may-like-know-infrared-water-faucets

c) Basic working principle of sensor faucet

A sensor faucet or automatic faucet consists of a sensor and mechanism that open its valve in
the presence of the user's hands and vice versa. The infrared sensor detects when you move
your hands away from the tap and automatically stops the water flow.
Sensor taps are controlled using an infrared beam emitted from a sensor (usually located on the
stem). This beam is broken when hands are placed in front of it, activating water flow. Water
then flows for a set period of time before automatically switching off. This does require
electricity to operate, but it is very low voltage. The electricity can be wither connected to Ac of
the home of battery operated.

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II. Solenoid Valve

A solenoid valve is an important component of any fluid control system. It is an electro-mechanical
valve that is primarily employed to control the flow of fluid (Liquid or gas). This eradicates the
manual controlling of the valve which saves time and money both.

Fig 6.21 Solenoid Valve

Source: Indiamart

a) Applications of Solenoid Valve

Ÿ Specifically used for clean liquids and gases.
Ÿ These are used to close, open, dose, distribute, or mix the media with two or more
inlets/outlets.
Ÿ Very fast acting.
Ÿ Commonly used in heating systems, compressed air, vacuum, irrigation, car washes, etc.
b) Working Principle of Solenoid Valve
Ÿ “An electric current through the coil creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field exerts an
upwards force on the plunger opening the orifice. This is the basic principle that is used to
open and close solenoid valves.” A solenoid valve consists of two units: An assembly of the
solenoid (the electromagnet) and plunger (the core), and a valve containing an opening in
which a disc is placed to control the flow of fluid.
Ÿ The valve is opened or closed by the movement of the magnetic plunger.
Ÿ When the coil is energized, the plunger is drawn into the solenoid (electromagnet), and
flow through the orifice is allowed.
Ÿ The valve returns automatically to its original position when the current ceases due to the
pressure of the spring and flow through the orifice is restricted.

Fig 6.22 Working Principle of Solenoid Valve

Source: https://www.yourelectricalguide.com/2017/12/solenoid-valve-working-principle.html

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Unit 6.2 Plumbing Fixtures Installa on

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Describe the correct prac ces for installing plumbing ﬁxtures
2. Explain the importance of traps for the sanitary ﬁ ngs, both deep seal traps and low seal traps
3. Explain the working and use of conservancy, water carriage and the combina on system
4. Discuss alignment and eleva on techniques used in plumbing systems

6.2.1 Correct Prac ces for Installing Plumbing Fixtures

Installa on is the process of posi oning or installing a plumbing fixture, such as a washbasin, a toilet,
etc. Installa on is a crucial step in aligning system components with the design. Planning is done in
accordance with the established technique for designing when installing a plumbing system in a
structure, a dwelling, or a housing colony. A competent installa on process stops water leaks, enables
the best use of the money invested, and lengthens the lifespan of the plumbing fi ngs. Installa on
guidelines are provided by the manufacturer directly or in the construc on map's specifica ons. The
installa on of a plumbing system can be completed with a plumbing system that operates smoothly and
effec vely if the prescribed procedure is followed. Installing of plumbing fixtures like wash hand basin,
water closet, sink, urinal, bath tub has been explained below:
a) Wash Hand Basin (W.H.B.)
Wash Hand Basin is designed for washing the upper parts of the body.
Wash Hand Basin can be fixed with:
Ÿ L' brackets: M.S./C.I.
Ÿ J' brackets: M.S./C.I.
Ÿ On pedestals
Below are the steps to fix wash hand basin
Ÿ Check the size, length etc.
Ÿ Drill suitable holes for brackets in the wall, at the required level, with a drill machine/punch.
W.H.B. is generally fixed at 825 mm from F.F.L.
Ÿ Brackets should be fixed with 75mm screw and rubber plugs in posi on.
Ÿ It is advisable to fix fasteners (75mm length) in slots of W.H.B. for be er rigidity.
Ÿ Fix W.H.B. on firmly fixed bracket pair.
Ÿ Addi onal screws should be fixed on flat back of W.H.B. for ensuring complete fixity.
Ÿ Half threaded waste coupling should be fixed with washer using tag and habak.
Ÿ Either bo le trap or P.V.C. connec on should be fixed for out-flow in G.I. outlet/N.T.
Ÿ Fix pillar tap to W.H.B. and connect it to the P.V.C. inlet pipe with stop valves to the water supply
line. All connec on should be checked for possible leakages.

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One Wash Hand Basin requires following ﬁ ng and materials:

Ÿ Wash hand basin - I No.
Ÿ Waste coupling (half threaded 32 mm) - 1 No.
Ÿ Side brackets - 2 Nos.
Ÿ 75mm screws/rolls. rubber plugs, punch/drilling machine.
Ÿ 15mm pillar tap – 1 No. (2 Nos. if hot and cold mixing arrangement is provided).
Ÿ Angled stop valve 15 mm - 1 No. (2 Nos. if hot and cold mixing arrangement is provided).
Ÿ C.P. bo le trap - 1 No.
Ÿ P.V.C. inlet 15 mm – 1 No. (2 Nos. if hot and cold mixing arrangement is provided).
Ÿ P.V.C. waste pipe (Flexible) 32mm dia - 1 No.
b) WATER CLOSET (W.C.)
Ÿ Types of water closets
Ÿ Indian style water closet (I.W.C.)
Ÿ European style (E.W.C.)
Ÿ Anglo-Indian type (A.I.W.C.)
INDIAN STYLE WATER CLOSET (OR SQUAT-TING TYPE)
Ÿ Simple In construc on and working.
Ÿ The pan and trap are separate pieces.
Ÿ The flushed water enters the rim of the pan through the opening provided in front/back of the
pan.
Ÿ Requires at least 10 liters of water for flushing.
Ÿ Sizes available —> 580min. 630min etc.
EUROPEAN STYLE WATER CLOSETS
Ÿ Either pedestal type supported at floor or bracket type built in to and supported on the wall.
Ÿ An efficient self-cleaning W.C.
Ÿ The pan and trap (P or S) in one piece are best for use in the building.
UNIVERSAL. OR ANGLO-INDIAN TYPE
Ÿ This is the combina on at Indian and European type water closets.
One W.C. requires following fi ngs and materials-
Ÿ Water closet = 1 No.
Ÿ P-trap or S-trap = 1 No.
Ÿ P.V.C./C.I connector piece = 1 No.
Ÿ l5mm bib tap = 1 No.
Ÿ Flushing system (Half turn flushing cock or low-level flush tank).

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c) SINKS
Ÿ Porcelain and stainless-steel readymade sinks are available in the market and can be used.
Normally, built-in sink to cuddappa, marble and granite can be made at the site, while doing
kitchen pla orm.
Ÿ Sink is a shallow rectangular basin with a flat bo om. All internal angles are rounded for easy
cleaning. The bo om slopes towards the outlet for easy drain of water.
Ÿ A Full threaded coupling is used lot the outlet, which is connected to the bo le trap or P.V.C. pipe
Ÿ The sink should be fixed at a height of 585 mm above the F.F.L.
One sink requires followings fi ngs and materials
Ÿ Sink = 1 No.
Ÿ Waste coupling lull threaded 32mm 1 No.
Ÿ P.V.C. waste pipe 32mm = 1 No.
Ÿ 5mm C.P. bib tap (long arm) = 1 No.
d) URINALS
Most commonly used urinal is 'BOWL URINAL'
BOWL URINAL
Ÿ Individual bowls are mounted on the wall as shown in figure.
Ÿ Bowls are fixed individually with/without division pieces between.
Ÿ Material = Vitreous China
Ÿ Size = Flat back 430 x 260 x 350 mm (minimum)
Ÿ Angle back 340 x 410 x 265mm (minimum)
Urinals are flushed by automa c flushing cisterns fixed above the urinal and discharging through a
flush pipe. The automa c flushing cistern is of 4.5 li er capacity per urinal and the cisterns can be
adjusted to flush a er every twenty minutes.
One urinal requires following fi ngs and materials –
Ÿ Urinal = 1 No.
Ÿ Outlet horn coupling = 1 No.
Ÿ P.V.C. outlet pipe 32mm = 1 No.
Ÿ Flushing system = 1 No.
e) BATHTUBS
Ÿ Generally, bathtubs are made of vitreous earthen ware or fiber glass. They are also available in
P.V.C. or fiber reinforced plas c (F.R.P.) material with various designs and colours.
Ÿ It is provided with hot and cold-water connec ons and an inlet of 15mm dia each and outlet of
32mm dia, connected to waste pipe.
Ÿ The waste pipe is connected to the main ver cal stack through a trap, so as to prevent the entry
of foul gases in the bathtub.
Ÿ It is also provided with an overflow pipe to drain any excess water.
Ÿ Usual dimensions of the bathtub are 1.80m length x 0.75m width x 0.45m depth.

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6.2.2 Importance of Traps

Traps are essen al component in sanitary fi ng as it stops the sewer gases produce in drainage pipes
coming back into the house. Water present in the trap act as barrier to the way to foul air. Hence, all
plumbing fi ngs like basins, bathtubs, kitchen sink and toilets etc., are provided with traps. The traps
efficiency depends on the water seal depth. The depth of the seal varies from 40mm to 75 based on the
design of the traps.
I. Deep Seal Trap
A deep seal trap is provided on the wall's outer face for disconnec ng the wastewater flowing from
the bath, kitchen, basin, and floors to the primary drainage system. The deepwater seal forms a
barrier for preven ng foul air from the house drain to inside the building. It is formed of cast iron or
glazed stoneware.
II. Low Seal Trap
The trap serves several important purposes. The water inside the trap serves as a liquid seal that
helps keep sewer gas smells from ge ng out of the drains. The water seal inside a trap is a
minimum of 2” and a maximum of 4”.

6.2.3 Working and Use of Conservancy, Water Carriage

and the Combination System
I. Conservancy system
This system is also known as Dry system of sanitation. In this system different types of garbage or
refuse are collected, conveyed, and disposed of separately by methods like burning, filling, burying,
etc.
Garbage is collected in dustbins and is conveyed by trucks to the disposal point. Then, combustible
& non-combustible portions are separated. Human excreta is collected separately in conservancy
latrines or privies and is carried by human agencies.

Fig 6.23 Water Conservancy System

Source : https://dreamcivil.com/conservancy-system/

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Following are the features of the water conservancy system:

Ÿ This is old system in which various types of wastes, such as night soil, garbage etc. are collected
separately in a vessel or deposited in a pools or pits and then removed periodically at least once
in 24 hours.
Ÿ The conservancy system is highly unhygienic and causes insanitary condition.
Ÿ Transportation of night soil takes place in open carts through street and other crowded
localities, this is highly undesirable.
Ÿ The working of the system entirely depends on the labor if they go on strike at least one day foul
matter start creating smell which highly unhygienic.
II. Water carriage system
The water carriage system is the modern method of conveyance of sewage. In this system, water is
used as a medium for conveying the sewage to the treatment plant and final disposal. In this system,
the excremental matters are mixed up in a large quantity of water and carried through underground
sewers to the treatment plant and suitably disposed off.

Fig 6.24 Water Carriage System

Source : https://dreamcivil.com/water-carriage-system/

Following are the features of this system:

Ÿ In this system, collection and conveyance and disposal of various wastes are carried out with the
help of water.
Ÿ Sufficient quantity of water is required to be mixed with waste so that dilution ratio is so great
that the mixture may flow just like water.
Ÿ This system is very hygienic as night soil and other waste carried out through closed conduit
which is not directly exposed to atmosphere.
Ÿ There is no chance of outbreak of epidemic because files & other insect do not have direct
access to the sewage.
Ÿ The labour required for the operation and maintenance is extremely small.
Ÿ Initial cost of installation of this system is very high, the running cost are very small.

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The water carriage system is being divided into three systems:

I. Separate water carriage system:
In a separate system, there are two separate sewers (i.e., Foul Sewer & Stormwater Sewer). Foul
sewer is also called sanitary sewer and is used to carry sewage from buildings (but not stormwater)
to point of treatment. Whereas, Stormwater sewer is used to carry stormwater from roads,
buildings & surfaces. The stormwater is discharged into rivers without treatment.
II. Combined water carriage system:
In Combined System; there is only one set of the sewer. Sewages from houses and commercial
buildings as well as rainwater is carried in the same sewer. It means that the same sewer act as both
sanitary sewer and stormwater sewer.
Advantages of Combined System
Ÿ It requires only one sewer. This reduces the cost of construction.
Ÿ Because of the large diameter; cleaning is easy.
Ÿ Self-cleaning velocity can be easily achieved in this method.
Disadvantages of the Combined System
Ÿ Handling and transportation of sewer is difficult.
Ÿ Load on the treatment plant is increased.
Ÿ cDuring heavy rains, it may flow out.
III. Partially combined system:
In this system; only one set of the sewer is there, with one overflow drain connected. When an
overflow drain is added to the combined system; the partially combined system is formed.

6.2.4 Alignment and Elevation Techniques

Proper alignment in plumbing is of utmost priority if a piping system is to be correctly fabricated.
Poor alignment can cause welding difficulties and so a system doesn't works efficiently. Some simple
procedure needs to be followed by the plumber, they are defined as follows –
1. Pipe to Pipe – Level one length of the pipe using a spirit level. Bring length together leaving only a
small welding gap. By placing the spirit level over both the pipes as shown in figure and manoeuvre
unpositioned length until both are levelled. Repeat the procedure if required.
2. 45 degree Elbow to pipe – Level the pipe with spirit level. Place fitting to pipe leaving small welding
gap. Place 45 degree spirit level on the face of elbow.

Fig 6.25 Pipe to Pipe Fig 6.26 45degree elbow to pipe

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3. Tee-to- pipe – Level using the spirit level. Place the tee to pipe leaving the small welding gap. Place
the same and repeat if required.
4. Flange –To – Pipe - Bring flange to pipe and leave some welding gap. Align top two holes of flanges
with spirit level. Centre square on face of flange as shown in figure. Check sides in the same way.

Fig 6.27 Tee to pipe Fig 6.28 Flange to pipe

Therefore, In order to create and adhere to the required gradient or the required position, the pipes
should be aligned and fixed after being installed whenever possible.
Following conditions must also be taken care of for assigning proper elevation and alignment –
Ÿ In non-man-accessible sections of the sewer to be rehabilitated, these measures are mainly limited
to making the invert even before installing the pipes, the reduction of the ring gap to the smallest
possible dimension or the arrangements.
Ÿ The support hose fixed to the crown of the piping is filled with water after installation so that it is
supported against the inner wall of the sewer and the liner.
Ÿ A condition for the utilization of this method of fixing is roll-free insertion of the piping as well as the
careful estimation of the required filling pressure also taking account the loading conditions of the
liner in order to prevent longitudinal cracks as a result of too much pressure in the crown.
Ÿ In the man-accessible region, the targeted alignment and fixing of the pipes is only possible when
they are individually pulled or pushed-in or when a correspondingly large annular space is available.

Notes
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Unit 6.3 Plumbing Standards

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. List the codes, standards and regula ons applicable for the installa on of plumbing ﬁxtures

6.3.1 Standards and Regula ons of Plumbing

There are various standards applicable to piping installa ons and so different codes are assigned to
them. Each country has its own standards and codes. Some of them are described as follows:
1. The American Na onal Standards Ins tute (ANSI) Standards
organiza on that administers and coordinates the U.S. voluntary standards and conformity
assessment system. Some of codes related to piping system are shown below:
ASME B31.1 – Power Piping
ASME B31.2 – Fuel Gas Piping
ASME B31.3 – Process Piping
ASME B31.4 – Pipeline Transporta on Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
ANSI / ASME B 1.20.1 – Pipe threads for general purposes.
2. Bri sh Standards
There are many Bri sh Standards referred by Indian Manufacturers for Piping and Valves. The most
commonly referred Bri sh Standards in the Piping Industry are :
BS 10 : Flanges
BS 806 : Pipes and Fi ngs for Boilers
BS 916 : Black Bolts, Nuts and Screws
BS 970 : Steel for Forging, Bars, Rods, valve steel, etc.
BS 1212 : Specifica on for Float Operated Valves
BS 1306 : Copper and Copper alloy pressure piping system
BS 1414 : Gate Valves for Petroleum Industry
BS 1560 : Steel Pipe Flanges
3. Indian Standards
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) have not been developed Indian standard so far for the design of
Piping Systems. Hence, ANSI standards have been widely used as a reference. These standards also
accept materials covered in other standards. Unlike American Standards, Indian Standards also
cover dimensions and material specifica ons under the same standard number. Most widely used
Indian standards for piping systems are as follows:
IS 210 : Grey Iron Cas ngs
IS 226 : Structural Steel (superseded by IS 2062)
IS 554 : Dimensions of Pipe Threads
IS 778 : Specifica on for Copper Alloy Gate, Globe and Check Valves
IS 780 : Specifica on for Sluice Valves – 50 NB to 300 NB

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IS 1239 (Part I and II) : Specifica on for Mild Steel tubes and fi ngs
IS 1367 : Technical supply condi ons for threaded steel fastners
IS 1536 : Centrifugally Cast Iron Pipes
IS 1537 : Ver cally Cast Iron Pipes
IS 1538 : Cast Iron Fi ngs
IS 1870 : Comparison of Indian and Overseas Standards
IS 2062 : Steel for general structural purposes
IS 2906 : Specifica on for Sluice Valves – 350 NB to 1200 NB
IS 3114 : Code of Prac ce for laying pipes
IS 4038 : Specifica ons for Foot Valves
IS 5822 : Code of prac ce for laying welded steel pipes
IS 6157 : Inspec on and Tes ng of Valve
IS 7806 : Stainless Steel Cas ngs
IS 9890 : Ball Valves for general purposes
IS 10221 : Code of Prac ce for coa ng and wrapping of underground MS pipelines
IS 10711 : Size of Drawing Sheets
IS 13095 : Bu erfly Valves
Advantages of Working with Code and Standards
Ÿ These form a uniformity in different engineering criteria's, principles, terms, materials etc.
Ÿ These standards helps the user to establish a standard way of working.
Ÿ This also ensures built in safety, reliability and con nuity.
Ÿ Mainly it minimizes mismatch and solely promote interchangeability.

Notes
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Summary
• Plumbing fixtures are devices used to disperse cold or hot water or gas in bathroom or kitchen or a
specific place.
• Fixtures are fi ed at the place of use in plumbing line. A plumbing fixture may be temporary or
permanent, and it need not necessarily be connected to a source of water.
• While a fixture can be fixed into walls or the floor, a fi ng is an item that can be hung by a hook,
screw or nail.
• Faucets are also known as tap. It is used to control the delivery of the water or gas. Faucets are made
of various materials like plas c, stainless steel, iron or brass, zinc or zinc alloys, copper metals etc.
• Now days modern shower is having configurable temperature and spray pressure se ngs. It also
has adjustable showerhead nozzle se ngs.
• Washbasin is a bowl-shaped fixture used for washing hands, for cleaning the utensils as well for
dishwashers.
• Pedestal Washbasin is a wall-mounted Washbasin that is fixed or rests on a pedestal. It may or may
not provide actual support to the Washbasin bowl.
• Console washbasin is a smooth bowl surface without corners for ease of cleaning. It is a wall-
mounted washbasin that is fixed and rests on legs.
• Indian toilets are commonly used in India as well as the eastern part of the world. It is shaped in a
way that person has to sit by foot on it.
• Western toilets (Water closets) are very popular and commonly used in our country and the western
part of the world. It is shaped like a chair and is used in the same manner.
• For cleaning toilets flush tank/flushing cistern is used. It stores and discharges water for flushing of
contents from a water closet (W.C.) and urinals.
• In the bathroom, large containers for holding water where a person may bath is known as bathtubs.
In the bathtub a provision of entry and outlet is provided.
• A sensor tap is one of the most popular water flow solu ons in modern mes. It involves a sensor by
which you can wash your hands without physically touching the equipment.
• Sensor taps are organized via an infrared sensor beam that is located at the bo om of the tap.
• A sensor faucet or automa c faucet consists of a sensor and mechanism that open its valve in the
presence of the user's hands and vice versa.
• A solenoid valve is an important component of any fluid control system. It is an electro-mechanical
valve that is primarily employed to control the flow of fluid (Liquid or gas).
• Installa on is the process of posi oning or installing a plumbing fixture, such as a washbasin, a toilet,
etc. Installa on is a crucial step in aligning system components with the design.
• Traps are essen al component in sanitary fi ng as it stops the sewer gases produce in drainage
pipes coming back into the house.
• Proper alignment in plumbing is of utmost priority if a piping system is to be correctly fabricated.
• There are various standards applicable to piping installa ons and so different codes are assigned to
them. Each country has its own standards and codes.

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Exercise
1. Explain the meaning of plumbing ﬁxtures?

2. List common plumbing ﬁxtures used in a home.

3. What is the purpose of faucet? List the diﬀerent type of faucet

4. Discuss the importance of wash basin. List the diﬀerent type of wash basin.

5. List the different types of standards used in plumbing

Notes
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7. Troubleshoo ng
and Maintenance
for Plumbing

Unit 7.1 - Plumbing Systems Troubleshoo ng and

Maintenance

PSC/N0142
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Key Learning Outcomes

1. Demonstrate how to inspect of domes c plumbing systems and ﬁxtures to iden fy faults
2. Perform repair and maintenance ac vi es

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Unit 7.1 Plumbing Systems Troubleshoo ng and Maintenance

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. List the various types of faults (such as leakages, improper joints, broken sewer; dripping faucets and
water lines, etc.) associated with plumbing systems (such as aerators, sep c systems etc.)
2. List the tes ng procedures to be performed to check proper func oning of the fixtures and
pipework installed
3. State the remedial and preven ve measures for common plumbing problems with respect to
fixtures, pipes and fi ngs
4. Discuss correct prac ces for troubleshoo ng and maintenance for plumbing fixtures and systems
5. Explain the applica on of mechanical and hydraulic principles for clearing blockages
6. List the methods of corrosion protec on such as coa ngs and tape
7. Discuss common organisa onal policies related to cos ng, scheduling, procurement and
documenta on for plumbing maintenance and repair work

7.1.1 Introduc on to Troubleshoo ng

Plumbing troubleshoo ng is an important ﬁrst step to making successful repairs. If the right reason
hasn't been found, you can waste me and money on fu le ini a ves. Plumbing issues come in all sorts
of shapes and sizes. This can range from minor and inexpensive works such as dripping faucet to
enlarged issues such as major pipe leak etc. As said, Preven on is be er than cure, so one can minimize
the chances of problems from occurring. Most common faults associate with plumbing systems are as
follows:
Low Water Pressure

Dripping Faucets

Leaky Pipes

Slow or Clogged Drainge

Running Toilets

Leaking House Bib

Slow Draining Sink/Tube

Clogged Bath

Jammed Garbage Disposal

Fig 6.2 Types of Plumbing Fixtures

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Fig 7.2 Common Plumbing Problems Around Home

Source : https://lentheplumber.com/blog/common-plumbing-problems/

7.1.2 Tes ng Procedures

A plumbing inspec on is carried out by a cer fied plumber or plumbing consultant. Proper inspec on
helps in quality and safety. Following are the important elements of plumbing inspec on checklist for
plumbing system:
a) Pipes
Pipes are connec ng members of the whole plumbing system. Any damage to these pipes will affect
the whole plumbing system and to repair or replace pipes is not easy once in use.
Following checks to be carried out while inspec ng pipes:
01. Pipes should not have rust forma on.
02. In case of plas c pipes, the plas c used in pipe should be permissible.
03. All lead pipes should be replaced as lead is harmful.
04. Turn on all faucets and check for noisy pipes if any.
05. Check for leakage is done by these two tests:
I. Pneuma c Pressure Test: Perform air pressure test on pipes. It is a way of checking for leaks in
the water pipes without actually having any water in the pipes. Connect an air compressor to
the water piping, typically at the laundry faucet or exterior sillcock. Turn off all the faucets. Now
pressurize the pipes to about 60psi or 4.1kg/cm2. Wait for minimum 30 min to check if there's
any pressure drop. Pressure drop is an indica on of leakage in pipes.

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II. Hydraulic Pressure Test: Remove all air from the system through valves and fixtures. Plug or seal
all openings and close all valves. Now fill the pipe system with water and pressurize it to
specified pressure i.e. 6 kg/cm2 (85 psi). Take a walk around the pipelines that are accessible
and observe noisy pipes if any or check for leaks. Then check the pressure, if there's any
pressure drop, then it is the indica on of leaky pipes, else the pipes are leakage free.
b) Faucets: Faucets are commonly known as taps. Check carefully every faucet or faucet assembly.
Faucets should neither be corroded nor should be leaking. Even check for faucet handles that they
aren't jammed.
c) Fixtures: It includes sinks, bathtubs, showers, laundry tubs, sill cocks. All fixtures should be placed
correctly and firmly fixed. There should be no leakage in any fixture fi ngs.
d) Valves: Check that your property has different types of valves such as inlet valve on mains, drain
valve at bo om of water storage tank, float valve in flush cistern, pressure reducing valve for water
heaters, check valve to prevent backflow, etc. These valves control passage of water. All these valves
are necessary for safe and sound passage of water and are also of prime importance when it is
required to close the inlet supply during repair
e) Water Pressure: Water Pressure Gauge is used to check water pressure. Install water pressure
gauge on the main line and check its pressure. It should be between 45 – 80 psi or 3.1 – 5.6 kg/cm2.
Excess pressure will harm pipes, fixtures and appliances and lower pressure will causes
inconvenience. In case of high-water pressure, a pressure reducing valve needs to be installed at
mains.
f) Water Closets (WC): WC should be checked for the following:
Leakage: Run and check for leakages if any. Don't neglect minutest crack/leak if any, as it will grow
with use and me.
Posi on: Toilets should be firmly fixed and sealed properly. They should not move in any case. Even
check the base of toilet by applying body weight with your foot. It should not move.
g) Main Sewer Line & Traps: Main sewer line is a pipeline that carries the sewerage of your home to
city sewer line or sep c tank or cess pit. All household drains are connected to main sewer line. Run
water from all taps and fixtures and check that no drainage line is blocked. Inspec on of main sewer
lines is done by running a video camera through the lines and iden fy following poten al problems
which are as follows -
1. Check for clogs if any
2. Material of sewer pipe line
3. Corrosion in sewer pipe line
4. Intrusion of tree roots
5. Connec on joints
h) Traps: Traps are the part of drainage system that prevents the entry of foul smell, insects and vermin
from the sewers. Check for nahni trap (aka floor trap) in bathroom, wash area, kitchen sink. Bo le
trap for washbasin and kitchen sinks. P, Q and S trap in western water closet.
i) Water Heater: A water heater or a geyser has an average life span of 10 years but may vary
depending upon water quality and maintenance. Water heater used for space hea ng along with
hea ng water for fixtures and appliances, have lesser life span. Apart from life span of a water
heater, it should be checked for following:

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Loca on of water heater – It should be so located that any leakage in heater is no ceable and in
case of any malfunc oning it should be easily accessible for repair works.
Size of water heater – It should meet the size of the home and the needs of the family.
Also, Scale buildup on the outside of water heater. and rust on the outside of water heater.

7.1.3 DWV in Plumbing

In plumbing, DWV stands for drainage, waste, and vent plumbing. These are the three types of systems
that carry waste from home or allow air into pipes to facilitate the waste removal process. Having an
air ght DWV system is cri cal for one's own safety and it's required by almost all city plumbing codes.
That's because DWV pipes carry toxic gases such as methane, which could be poisonous if released
through a leaky pipe. One can test your pipes by filling your DWV system with compressed air and
monitoring the lines for signs of a leak.
1. Look all along the accessible por ons of DWV pipes for the cleanout plugs. The plugs have square
nuts in the middle for turning the plug.
2. Place a wrench over each of the square nuts and turn the plugs clockwise un l ght to make sure the
plugs are all sealed correctly.
3. Locate one clean-out plug where you want to conduct the pressure test. The plug should be
somewhere your air compressor can easily access.
4. Remove the test plug by turning the square nut counter clockwise un l the plug pulls free from the
drain pipe.
5. Insert a test gauge into the hole on the pipe and turn it clockwise with the wrench un l ght.
6. Turn on your air compressor and adjust the output se ngs to 5 psi.
7. A ach the hose on the compressor to the fi ng on the test plug.
8. Allow the pipe to fill with air un l the pressure gauge on the compressor reads 5 psi. Immediately
shut off the compressor.
9. Turn the relief valve on the compressor un l the gauge reads 4.6 psi, which is the standard pressure
for tes ng DWV systems. Shut off the relief valve once this pressure is reached.
10. Allow the pipe to sit for about 10 minutes. During that me, watch the gauge to see whether the
internal pressure in the pipe system dips below 4.6 psi. If it does, there is likely a leak in the line and a
professional plumber should be consulted to iden fy the source of the leak immediately.
or has any mineral deposit.

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7.1.4 Testing of Pipe Line

Testing of pipeline is necessary after installation. Different testing methods of pipe line are explained
below:
a) Smoke Test
This test is done in case of leakage in C.I. Pipe.
I. Smoke is released from the bottom side of the pipe.
II. Smoke can be detected from the leaked portion, if any.
III. Smoke testing refers to physical tests made to closed systems of pipes to detect cracks
or breaks.
IV. In plumbing a smoke test forces non-toxic, artificially created smoke through waste and
drain pipes under a slight pressure to find leaks.
V. Plumes of smoke form where there are defects.
VI. This test can be performed when the plumbing is brand new, but more often it is used
to find sewer gas leaks that may plague a building or an area.
VII. Any sign of smoke escaping can be considered a possible site for sewer gas to escape.
Plumbing smoke tests are also used to find places where pipes will spill fluid, and to check
sanitary sewer systems for places where ground water and storm runoff can enter.

Fig 7.3 Smoke Test

Source : https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Smoke-Testing-process-for-
finding-potential-sources-of-infiltration-and-inflow-into-a_fig2_325090081

b) Pressure Hydraulic Test

I. Pressure Test: Open the ball valve on the pressure tester and then connect a garden hose to the
tester. (Fig. 3)
II. Turn hose on and allow the pressure in the pipes to reach 30psi. This usually takes several
minutes.
III. When it reaches 30psi on the gauge, close the ball valve on the pressure tester assembly and
then turn off the hose. You can now disconnect the hose from the pressure tester assembly.

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IV. The pressure should stay at 30psi.

V. Leave at this pressure for several hours to make sure you do not have a small leak.
VI. If the gauge does begin to drop slowly, check the plumbing for leaking water

Fig 7.4 Pressure Test

Source : https://www.scsengineers.com/scs-advice-from-the-field-how-to-compensate-for-the-effect-
of-the-ambient-temperature-variations-on-the-pressure-changes-within-the-pipe-
during-hdpe-pipe-pressure-testing-using-incompressible-fluid/

7.1.5 Remedial and Preventive Measures for Common

Plumbing Problems
Clogged drains and toilets, leaky faucets and pipes, problems with water heaters, poor water pressure,
and a running toilet are the most typical plumbing concerns. Various solutions to each of these problems
dicussed below.
1. Clogged Drains and Toilets
Causes: When something entirely or partially obstructs the drain, it becomes slow or clogged. Hair
is frequently the problem in sinks and showers, but other objects, like a shampoo cap or a small toy,
can get down the drain and clog the pipe. When something other than biodegradable waste uses a
toilet and is flushed, it frequently causes issues. It is difficult or impossible for water to get through
the obstruction and down the pipes because those heavy objects cannot pass through the pipe and
remain there.
Remedial Action: Start by using a plunger to aid in unclogging the pipe. A plunger can be used on
drains and toilets. The straightforward plumbing device uses air pressure to break off obstructions.
Move the plunger up and down to create suction by placing the open end completely over the drain.
Use tweezers or pliers to grab the clump and remove it from the drain if you can get the blockage
near enough. If you are unable to remove the obstruction with a plunger, chemical drain cleaners
are a choice. Plumbing snakes that can remove blockages and restore water flow are also available at
home improvement stores.

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2. Leaky Faucets and Pipes

Causes: A leaky faucet often results from damage to the washer that creates the seal on the tap.
Tearing, dislodging, or stiffening are examples of damage. As a result of this damage, the washer no
longer tightly seals, allowing a few drops of water to trickle from the faucet. The valve seat itself
could rust or wear out over time. Your pipes' joints are where leaks are most prone to occur. Leaks
may develop as a result of wear and tear, movement, high water pressure, or other types of damage.
Remedial Action: In faucets, the issue is resolved by swapping out the leaky washer. Although you
can do this yourself, it's easier with specialised gear, so you might want to call a plumber. Pipe leak
detection can be an easy or a difficult task. Even if you only need to replace a straightforward U-joint,
it can be simpler to let a pro do the task to prevent a major problem.
3. Water Heater Issues
Causes: Sometimes leaks are the root of water heater issues, such as insufficient hot water. Water
heater issues are also a result of mineral deposits. The deposits may lower the water heater's
efficiency, which would decrease the amount of hot water available throughout your house. When
sediment heats up and explodes or when scale builds up on heating elements, unusual noises can
also come from your water heater.
Remedial Action: If the water heater is gas-powered, check the pilot light. The appliance won't
create hot water if the pilot light isn't lit. Verify the temperature setting to make sure it wasn't
mistakenly lowered. Drain the water tank to clear the silt if you believe mineral deposits, are the
problem. Call a plumber if you notice water collecting on the floor because the tank is probably
leaking and might need to be replaced.
4. Low Water Pressure
Causes: There are various reasons why water pressure may be low. If your neighbours also suddenly
notice low water pressure, there may have been a water main break, which reduced the pressure at
their taps. If a pipe inside your house leaks, the pressure will decrease in the same way. To check for
leaks, turn off all of the faucets, look at your water metre, and wait a few hours without using any
water. You most likely have a leak if your water metre changes. Mineral and sediment buildup in the
pipes, faucet aerators, and showerheads are further potential causes. Due to the buildup, the water
flow is slowed and low pressure is the outcome.
Remedial Action: Start with the aerators or showerheads where you have low water pressure if you
believe build-up is the culprit. To clean the faucet tap end, unscrew it. To remove the buildup, soak
the aerator in vinegar for a whole night. If the aerator or showerhead can't be removed, put vinegar
in a plastic bag. To get the aerator or showerhead to sit in the solution, tie the bag around the faucet.
To fix other problems and restore water pressure, a plumber is frequently required.
5. Running Toilet
Causes: When the toilet's internal mechanisms stop functioning properly, this frequently results in a
toilet that runs continuously. If the flapper valve no longer fits properly, water might frequently flow
through it. A leak, a loose fill tube, and an unbalanced float are further potential culprits. Use food
colouring to check the tank for leaks. Check the bowl after about 20 minutes to see whether there
was a leak that allowed the colour to get into the water.
Remedial Action: Check each component to identify the precise issue. Check that the fill tube, a
small, flexible tube inside the tank, is still attached and pointed in the direction of the overflow tube.
To guarantee that the fill valve shuts off properly, adjust the float. To verify the chain is the right

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length and is not tangled, check it on the flapper. All of the internal tank components may need to be
replaced if straightforward changes are unsuccessful. Toilet repair kits are commonly available in home
improvement stores and fit conventional models.
For increasing the life of plumbing systems, the system must be proper maintenance and repairs which
save the money also. One example, if one water faucet which is leak single drop of per second that waste
about 2,300 gallons water per year. Some addition remedial and preventive measures are described
below:
1. Water Breaks:
The piping of water distribution system will need one time or another repair on a break or leak form
in the line. The following are problems we may have during a waterline break:
Ÿ The water supply for fire protection is reduced or does not exist.
Ÿ Ignoring of under pressure of water that harm the structures,
Ÿ foundations, damages and also in landscaping or will causes a serious
Ÿ erosion problem.
Ÿ The distribution system may be contaminated by external sources, if pipe is broken that cause a
health harm issue.
Ÿ For industrial and normal domestic use, the water supply can be completely cut off.
To ensure proper repair of a water break, keep red line prints and as built drawings on hand that
show the water distribution system, existing conditions, and locations. You must ensure that, when
you make a repairs or line change of your set of print every time, you should remove from the red
line. And it will modify by the master set of base prints. For subsurface survey and pipe location
work, electronic devices are available. Therefore, you have to find the interconnection point,
coating or exterior surface condition. For future use, make notes on the maintenance prints to show
the general condition of the system. To show the approximate age of the installation or its parts, use
a symbol. Main thing is that your print should be up-to-date and complete. This help in planning
maintenance and repairs.
Many times, they offer clues to the most probable location and probable cause of trouble. Now and
then, the system should be flushed through hydrants and blow-offs to remove scale and
accumulation in pipes and fittings. Each point should be flushed until the water comes out
reasonably clear. All valves should be in their normal operating positions before you go on to the
next point. Flushing dead ends are vital.
When flushing does not induce enough velocity to scour the mains clean, night flush them with a
large discharge. Night operation lessens work disruption caused by water shutoff or decreased
water pressure.
2. Water Mains
Since water main breaks must be repaired as fast as possible, personnel must be trained and repair
plans made in advance. The following procedures are essential:
1. Post the telephone numbers of the fire department and key personnel and have alternate
personnel available in case members of the regular repair crew cannot be reached at the time of
a break. Notify the public works officer at the time the break is reported.

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2. Always keep the following items readily available: valve keys, hand tools, digging tools,
pavement breakers, trench shoring, a portable centrifugal or diaphragm pump, floodlights, an
emergency chlorinator, and calcium hypochlorite powder.
3. Maintain enough pipe repair materials and supplies. As a temporary measure, wooden plugs
can be used to stop small holes in a main. These plugs can be replaced later with metal plugs, or
repairs may be made by other means. Wooden plugs can also be used temporarily to plug the
ends of a pipe up to 8 inches in diameter, but such plugs must be braced to withstand existing
main pressure. After repairs are completed, the main must be disinfected.
3. Thawing Frozen Pipes
In cold weather, a water-supply system can freeze. Because of the lack of protection against freezing
and sometimes regardless of it, pipes frequently freeze in temperate zones. When this happens, the
pipes must be thawed. Breaks must be found, if possible, before natural thawing to prevent damage
to material and property. Alert personnel to watch for the signs of a broken line. The prevention of
freezing pipes can sometimes be accomplished by using heat tapes and cables. Before starting to
thaw a frozen pipe, open faucets affected by the freeze. Frozen pipes can be thawed by applying
heat at the lowest open end of the frozen section. (Do NOT start in the middle of a frozen section
because a pocket of steam could develop and an explosion or damage to the pipe can occur.) Where
there is no danger of fire, simply heat the pipe with a blowtorch, applying the flame on the outside of
the pipe. Using hot water is the preferred method for thawing frozen water pipes or heating pipes
inside of buildings. Do NOT use an open flame. A safe method is to wrap the frozen section of pipe
with cloth and pour hot water on it until the ice gives way. Remember to protect the floor by catching
the water in buckets or by covering the floor with material to absorb the water.
A good method of thawing water pipes that are underground or otherwise hard to get to is shown in
Fig. 4, when using this method, remove the fittings (see illustration) and insert one end of the small
pipe or tube into the frozen pipe. Now add an elbow and a piece of vertical pipe to the outer end of
the thaw pipe. Place a bucket under the opening to the frozen pipe and insert a funnel in the open
end of the vertical pipe. With that done, start pouring boiling water through the funnel into the pipe.
As the ice melts, push the thawed pipe forward.

Fig 7.4 Pressure Test

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I. Electrical Thawing
Electrical thawing of frozen service lines is quick and cheap. The electrical current for the thawing
operation consists of a source of current (a DC generator, such as a welding outfit, or a transformer
connected to an AC outlet) and two insulated wires connecting the current source and the pipe.

Fig. 7.6 Connection points for thawing frozen service lines

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Only qualified personnel should use power lines as a source of current. As current flows through the
pipe, heat is generated, and the ice within the pipe begins to melt. As the water starts to flow, the
rest of the ice is melted by contact with the flowing water. The wires from the current source may be
connected to nearby hydrants, valves, or exposed points at the ends of the frozen sections.
Some data on current and voltage required for electrical thawing of various sizes of wrought iron
and cast-iron pipes are presented in Table shown below:

Type of pipe Pipe Size (in.) Pipe Length (ft.) Approximate Approximate (amps)

3/4 600 60 250

1 600 60 300

1 600 60 350
Wrought Iron
1/2 500 55 400
2 400 40 450

3 400 50 500

4 400 50 600

Cast Iron 6 300 40 600

Table 7.1 Relation of current and voltage required for thawing

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The time for electrical thawing may vary from 5 minutes to over 2 hours, depending on pipe size and
length, intensity of freezing, and other factors. The best practice is to apply current until the water
flows freely. Use the following procedures in electrical thawing:
1. DC Generator : To thaw pipes with a welding generator or similar DC source, set the generator
to the correct amperage for the pipe to be thawed and connect the leads to the pipe.
2. AC Circuit: Transformers are required to adjust amperage of an AC circuit to the pipe being
thawed. To reduce hazards, have a competent Construction Electrician (CE) set and connect
transformers, make the connections, and assist in the thawing process. Where frequent
thawing is necessary at different points, the transformers may be mounted on a trailer for ready
use.
Some precautions in electrical thawing are given below:
Ÿ Avoid a higher current than listed in table above shown. When in doubt, use low current for a
longer period.
Ÿ Select contact points on the pipe as close as possible to the frozen section.
Ÿ Assure that contact points are free of rust, grease, or scale.
Ÿ Remove meters, electrical ground connections, and couplings to buildings with plumbing in the
pipeline to be thawed.
Ÿ If there are gaskets or other insulation at pipe joints, thaw the pipe in sections between such
joints, or use copper jumpers to close the circuit across insulated points.
II. Steam Thawing
Steam thawing of frozen systems is slower than electrical thawing and should be used only when
insulating materials in pipes (plastic, transits, and wood), pipe joints, or couplings make the use of
electricity impractical. In steam thawing, a hose connected to a boiler is inserted through a
disconnected fitting and gradually advanced as the steam melts the ice.
Variation of Water Pressure
A change of water pressure can cause much discomfort to persons using the plumbing system. The
mixture of hot and cold water from a shower can suddenly vary in temperature or rate of flow when
water is turned on at another outlet. Failure to remedy this condition could injure somebody,
especially if the temperature is scalding.
When a switch in pressure and water flow occurs often, look at the water pipes. Check the pipes to
see if they are the proper size in diameter for their length and height as originally installed. Also, look
for liming and corrosion inside the pipes. Enough liming and corrosion can reduce the diameter of
the pipe, causing restrictions that lead to low pressure and slow water flow. Sometimes the trouble
occurs after more fixtures have been installed in the system. When this happens, the piping is
probably overloaded because of the extra fixtures. Pressure and water flow may also change when
there is too much friction in the pipe, too many fittings, or changes in the direction of the piping. If
the pressure in showers changes only when other outlets are open, you can usually correct the
trouble by installing automatic mixing valves. The only answer to an increase in the water flow from
pipes that are too small is to replace them with larger pipes.

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Pipe Leaks
When a leak develops at a threaded joint of pipe, one of the most likely suspects is a fractured or
ruptured pipe. Fractures often occur at the end of a length of pipe because of strain imposed by
vibration of water hammer.
It occurs at the end of the pipe because the wall thickness is decreased and weakened by threading.
The risk of fracture becomes even greater when the threads are not cut true. In cold climates,
freezing sometimes causes pipes to rupture, in which case replacement becomes necessary. A loose
or cracked fitting can also cause leakage at the threaded joint of a pipe. These and other common
failures resulting in pipe leakage make it important for you to determine the exact location and
cause of failure before beginning any repairs to the piping.
Locating Leaks
Find and repair leaks in the water piping system as quickly as possible to prevent serious damage to
footings, walls, floors, plaster, and other parts of the structure, and to conserve water. Also,
sanitation and hygiene issues are associated with water leaks, such as mould, insect's sanitary
system and disease. Find leaks systematically by inspecting exposed piping and valves and by
examining walls, floors, and ceilings around concealed piping. You should also check gauges, meters,
and other water flow recording devices for evidence of abnormal flow, which might reveal loss
through leakage.
In galvanized pipe installations, where the fittings on either side of the leak are not readily available,
the leaking section may be cut out. In this operation, one person holds the pipe with a backup
wrench to keep it from being over tightened or loosened in the adjacent fittings, and another person
cuts a thread on it while it is in place using a hand type of pipe threaded. The cut-out section is then
replaced with a coupling, a pipe section of the required length, and a union.
When a piece of cast iron pipe less than full length is needed for replacement, cut it from a double-
hub pipe, so the remaining piece has a hub left for use in other work. If you need a fitting for a short
space or if existing work cannot be removed easily, use short spigot ends for sleeves. Closely observe
figure shown below. This figure shows how to install a fitting in a restricted space.

Fig. 7.7 Installing a fitting in restricted space

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When the job calls for adding connections to an outside vitrified clay sewer line, here is one
systematic method, shown in below figure.

Fig. 7.8 Adding connection to an outside vitrified clay sewer pipe

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1. Remove a section of the existing sewer pipe that is long enough to receive a new Y-fitting.
2. Break half of the hub rim of the new Y-fitting
3. Insert the spigot end of the Y-fitting into the hub of the existing pipe. At the same time, place the
remaining half of the hub end of the Y-fitting over the cut end of the existing pipe with the Y-
branch pointing away from the new inlet.
4. Rotate the Y-fitting, so the broken half of the hub is up and the Y-branch is in the correct position
to receive the new inlet connection.
5. Pour the joint carefully; round over the broken half of the hub with plenty of concrete or mastic
compound.
Emergency Temporary Repairs
At times, a pipe may start leaking and the materials needed to repair it permanently are not on
hand. Here, you may have to use a temporary or emergency repair. Keep in mind that a permanent
repair should always be made when the proper tools or materials are available.
One simple method of making a temporary repair of a leaky pipe is to use a length of rubber hose.
After turning off the water supply, remove the defective section of the pipe by cutting it with a
hacksaw. Then take a piece of rubber hose, slightly longer than the section of pipe you removed, and
slip it over the ends where the cut was made shown in figure below. Ensure the inside diameter of
the hose matches the outside diameter of the pipe. Use hose clamps to hold the hose securely in
place.
Another temporary method of repair for a leaky pipe is to wrap the leaky area with sheet rubber,
and then place two sheet metal clamps, one on each side of the pipe, on the sheet rubber covering,
as Fasten the clamps with bolts and nuts. Sheet metal clamps for this type of repair can be made
from scrap material from the sheet metal shop. One may want to make up a few of these clamps to
keep on hand for an emergency repair job.

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Fig. 7.9 Temporary type of repairs for leaky pipes

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Water Tank Failures

Where a plumbing system has been in use for some time, two failures in water tanks are
(1) leaky seams and
(2) corroded areas requiring welded patch plates.
To repair a defective seam, first drain the water tank dry. Then clean the surfaces to be repaired. By
welding or brazing, you can then make the leaky portions watertight.
As an effective tank patch for a large hole, you need both a temporary and a permanent patch. One
temporary patch is a tapered softwood plug. Insert the plug in the hole, and tap it lightly with a
hammer until the seal is watertight. Then saw off the top of the plug so it is flush with the tank wall.
Next, clean the area around the plug to be covered by the permanent patch by wire brushing. Drain
the tank; now you are ready to apply the permanent patch. One type of permanent patch includes a
rubber gasket and a metal plate. Rubber sheeting, at least 6 inches by 6 inches and l/16-inch-thick,
may be used for the gasket, and it should be centered on the plug and cemented with adhesive. The
patch plate of black steel or nonferrous (no iron) metal should be of the same material and thickness
as the tank wall but a lot larger than the hole. Cover the hole with the metal plate, keeping an equal
overlap around the edges, and braze or weld the plate to the tank, using a continuous seam.
Water Closets
Moisture on the floor at the base of a water closet bowl usually means the seal or gasket between
the closet and its outlet has failed; however, it can result from condensation on the tank or piping or
from leakage of the tank, flush valve, or piping. When the seal leaks, remove the water closet bowl
and install a new seal to prevent damage to the building. This also prevents entry of sewer gas into
the room.

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In servicing plumbing fixtures, you have the job of clearing stoppages in water closets. Information
on tools and chemicals used in clearing stoppages in water closets and other fixtures is given later in
this chapter.
Flush Tank
Knowing the principles of operation of a flush tank will enable you to find the source of trouble
when a flush-type water closet tank is not operating properly. Fig,8 shows the parts of a flush tank,
though in different types of flush tanks you may find some changes in the method of operation.

Fig. 7.10 Components of water closet flush tank

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Simple though it may seem, you must understand the operation in order to troubleshoot an
inoperative flush tank.
Stage 1: When the flush handle is pushed downward, the rubber stopper ball or flap valve is raised
from the valve seat to allow the water from the tank to go into the discharge pipe.
Stage 2: As the water lowers in the tank, the ball or flap lowers and the movement of the float arm
opens the inlet valve, allowing water to start flowing into the tank slowly.
Stage 3: As the water flows from the tank to the discharge pipe, the ball or flap seats and incoming
water holds the ball or flap in place and the tank fills.
Stage 4: As the water continues to fill the allow the valve to close. In this case, bend the float arm
downward a bit to push the valve tighter into its seat.
To replace the washer on the bottom of the plunger, start by shutting off the water
Stage 1: When the flush handle is pushed downward, the rubber stopper ball or flap valve is raised
from the valve seat to allow the water from the tank to go into the discharge pipe.
Stage 2: As the water lowers in the tank, the ball or flap lowers and the movement of the float arm
opens the inlet valve, allowing water to start flowing into the tank slowly.
Stage 3: As the water flows from the tank to the discharge pipe, the ball or flap seats and incoming
water holds the ball or flap in place and the tank fills.

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Stage 4: As the water continues to fill the allow the valve to close. In this case, bend the float arm
downward a bit to push the valve tighter into its seat. To replace the washer on the bottom of the
plunger, start by shutting off the water Then unscrew the two thumbscrews that pivot the float rod
lever and the plunger lever. Push the two levers to the left, drawing the plunger lever through the
head of the plunger. Lift out the plunger, unscrew the cap on the bottom, insert the new washer, and
reassemble the parts. If the cap is badly corroded, replace it with a new one. When replacing the
washer, examine the seat for nicks and grit. The seat may need regrinding. Then unscrew the two
thumbscrews that pivot the float rod lever and the plunger lever Push the two levers to the left,
drawing the plunger lever through the head of the plunger. Lift out the plunger, unscrew the cap on
the bottom, insert the new washer, and reassemble the parts. If the cap is badly corroded, replace it
with a new one. When replacing the washer, examine the seat for nicks and grit. The seat may need
regrinding. If water continues to run into the
If water continues to run into the closet bowl after flushing, yet the tank does not refill, some part of
the flush valve assembly is at fault because the flush valve is not closing properly. To locate the
trouble and get the tank back in order, proceed as follows.
Ÿ First, stop the inflow to the tank by holding up the float ball or supporting it with a stick. Then
drain the tank by raising the rubber stopper ball or the flapper.
Ÿ Examine the stopper ball to see if it is worn or out of shape, or has lost its elasticity. If so, unscrew
the lower lift wire from the ball and replace the ball with a new one; if it is a flapper valve,
remove the flapper and replace it
Ÿ Ensure the lift wire is easily fitted over the centre of the valve by means of the adjustable guide
holder. By loosening the thumbscrew, you can raise, lower, or locate the holder over the
overflow tube. The horizontal position of the guide is fixed exactly over the centre of the valve
by loosening the locknut and turning the guide screw.
Ÿ The upper lift wire should loop into the lever armhole directly above the center of the valve. The
tank should empty within 10 seconds. Because of lengthening of the upper lift wire and
insufficient rise from its seat, emptying
the tank may be longer than 10 seconds
and the flush weak. In this case, shorten Rod
the loop in the upper lift wire. Also, a Lever Float
Plunger Ball
drop or two of lubricating oil on the lever Plunger
mechanism makes it work more Lever
Thumbscrew
smoothly.
A.
If you have a water closet tank that sweats Plunger
and drops water on the deck, check the
temperature of the water in the tank. If the
temperature is very cold, this is the problem.
Soft Seat
The moisture in the air surrounding the tank B. Washer
is condensing on the tank. Solutions to the
problem are placing a terry cloth on the tank Brass Holder
Cap
to catch the water, placing a Styrofoam insert
in the tank, or installing a water tempering
Fig. 7.11 A: Ball cock, B: Plunger wash and cap
valve, which places some warm water in the
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tank while the tank is filling. Plumbing/06PlumbFixtures/06PlumbFixtFra.asp

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Flushometers
Two major problems with flush valves are that the valve runs continuously, instead of shutting off at
the right time, or that it fails to deliver the desired amount of water (short flushing). Since flush
valves are installed to avoid waste, they must be properly maintained. Once you understand the
operation of a valve, you can keep a flushometer in good repair.
The below figure shows the components of a diaphragm-type flushometer.

Fig 7.12 Components of a diaphragm-type flushometer

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Stage 1: The diaphragm valve is in the ready position. In this position, the upper and lower chambers
contain the same amount of pressure. Therefore, the diaphragm remains seated on the seat.
Stage 2: When the handle is moved in any direction, the plunger opens the relief valve, which allows the
water from the upper chamber to flow into the lower chamber and causes the diaphragm to rise off its
seat. Water now continues to flow down the barrel and into the fixture.
Stage 3: As the valve lifts the diaphragm, water begins to flow slowly through the bypass orifice until the
pressure raises enough to equalize the pressure in the upper and lower chambers, seating the valve.
Operation of a Piston Type Flushometer
The piston-type flushometer valve, shown in fig is opened by a lever, which discharges the water from
the dashpot chamber. The reduced water pressure in the dashpot chamber then forces the piston
assembly upward, which allows the water to enter the fixture. The closing of the valve is automatically
controlled with a bypass through which the water enters the dashpot chamber. This forces the piston

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Operation of a Piston Type Flushometer

The piston-type flushometer valve, shown in fig is opened by a lever, which discharges the water from
the dashpot chamber. The reduced water pressure in the dashpot chamber then forces the piston
assembly upward, which allows the water to enter the fixture. The closing of the valve is automatically
controlled with a bypass through which the water enters the dashpot chamber. This forces the piston
assembly down onto its seat and stops the water flow. A screw that controls the amount of time the
valve stays open regulates the closing of the valve.

Fig 7.13 Piston Type Flushometer

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Repairs:
Flush valves give years of adequate and trouble-free operation when they are properly installed and
maintained.
Continuous flow of water through a piston type of flush valve is usually caused by failure of the relief
valve to seat properly or by corrosion of the bypass valve. In both cases, there is not enough force on the
piston to force it to seat. If the relief valve fails to seat as it should, the leakage may be enough to prevent
the upper chamber of the valve from filling, and the piston remains in the open position.
Inspect the relief valve seat for dirt or other foreign substances that may be causing the relief valve to
tilt; disassemble the piston, wash the parts thoroughly, and reassemble. Replace washers that are worn,
making sure that the surface upon which the washer sets is perfectly clean; scrape off old rubber if any
sticks to the metal surface.
Corrosion of the bypass valve in the centre of the top plate also causes continuous flow; the water
cannot pass into the upper chamber of the valve, and no force is exerted on the piston to move it
downward to its seat. Very dirty water passing through the system can clog the bypass and deprive the
upper chamber of water. When pipelines in a new installation are not thoroughly flushed before they
are placed in operation, the pipe dope or dirt in them can stop up the bypass valve.
Likewise, in a diaphragm valve, if chips or dirt carried by the water lodge between the relief valve and the
valve seat, the relief valve cannot seat securely. The water leakage prevents the upper chamber of the
valve from filling with water. The valve then remains in the open position since there is no pressure to
force the diaphragm to its seat.

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Likewise, in a diaphragm valve, if chips or dirt carried by the water lodge between the relief valve and the
valve seat, the relief valve cannot seat securely. The water leakage prevents the upper chamber of the
valve from filling with water. The valve then remains in the open position since there is no pressure to
force the diaphragm to its seat.
Short flushing can occur in a diaphragm type of valve. If the valve seat, diaphragm, and guide cover have
not been tightly assembled, you should reassemble the valve to ensure proper operation. Sometimes
you may find the bypass tube has been tampered with, enlarging it so the water passes rapidly into the
upper chamber and closes the valve before the desired volume is delivered.
Avoid getting oil or grease on the valve parts, which can lead to swelling of the rubber parts causing
them to become unserviceable.
Another commonly used unit is the pressure valve-head flushometer.The most common problem with
this type of flushometer is the rubber cap. To replace the rubber cap is a simple task; remove the
retaining screws, lift out the plate, and remove and replace the cap.

Fig 7.14 Pressure valve head flushometer

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06PlumbFixtures/06PlumbFixtFra.asp

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Faucets:
Different types of faucets are used in plumbing installations. If you can repair the compression washer
faucet, you should have no trouble in repairing other types of faucets. A cutaway view of a compression
faucet is shown in Fig.This faucet, with a dishwasher and a solid or removable seat, requires frequent
attention to maintain tight closure against water pressure. When a faucet is turned off, the washer on
the end of the stem rubs against the seat. Frequent use wears down the washer and eventually causes
the faucet to drip. A small, steady leak in a faucet wastes water. The remedy for a dripping faucet is
simply to replace the washer. Be sure to replace flat or beveled washers with washers of the same
design.

Fig 7.15 Compression faucet

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Standard Faucets
Ÿ To repair a standard washer faucet, follow these steps
Ÿ Shut off the water supply to the faucet and open the faucet all the way.
Ÿ Remove the faucet handle, bonnet, and stem.
Ÿ Remove the brass screw holding the washer to the bottom of the spindle. Replace the washer with a
new one which is flat on one side and slightly rounded on the other so it can get both horizontal and
vertical pressure and provide a firm seat. Use a good quality hard-composition washer because
leather or soft washers do not give long service, particularly in hot water lines. If the brass screw is in
poor condition, replace it with a new one
Ÿ Examine the valve seat and repair or replace it with a new one if necessary, before replacing the
spindle; otherwise, a new washer provides adequate service for only a short time.
Ÿ Reface or ream solid seats (with a standard reseating tool consisting of a cutter, stem, and handle.
Rotate the tool with the cutter centred and held firmly on the worn or scored seat. Take care to
prevent excessive reaming. Remove all grinding residue before reassembly. A solid seat can be
replaced with a renewable seat by tapping a standard thread into the old solid seat and inserting a
renewable seat.
Ÿ Remove renewable seats with a regular seat-removing tool or Allen wrench. When the seat is frozen
to the body, apply penetrating oil to loosen it. Faucet seats can usually be tapped, reseated, or
replaced without removing the faucet from its fixture.
Ÿ To stop leakage at the bonnet, replace the stem packing and the bib gasket.

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Fig.7.16: A: Inspecting, B:Removing, C:Refacing Faucets seats

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Occasionally, it may be found ball-bearing washer holders installed in faucets at some activities. The ball
bearings between the stem and washer holder permit movement of the “washer” free of the
movement of the stem. This allows the washer to stop its rotation on the slightest contact with the seat,
thereby reducing the frictional wear of the washer.
Shower Heads
Showerheads that supply an uneven or distorted stream can usually be repaired by removing the
perforated faceplate and cleaning the mineral deposits from the back of the plate with fine sandpaper
or steel wool. You can open clogged holes with a coarse needle or compressed air.

7.1.6 Correct Practices for Troubleshooting and

Maintenance
Preventative Plumbing Maintenance Tips:
Following are some points to be kept in check for proper maintenance of the pipe:
1. Create a Preventative Maintenance Schedule.
2. Fix Leaking Faucets and Showerheads.
3. Check Appliances for Water Leaks.
4. Keep Your Drains Clear.
5. Watch What You Flush Down the Toilet.
6. Inspect Your Sewer Drains.
7. Check Your Water Pressure.
8. Shut Off Outdoor Fixtures with the Seasons.

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Routine Maintenance
Following are some point for routine maintenance of the plumbing system:
Ÿ Give your pipes a good cleaning once a month. Hair, grease, and other gunk build up in drains over
time.
Ÿ Fix recurring problems.
Ÿ Block debris from entering pipes.
Ÿ Flush your drains regularly.
Ÿ Don't dump grease down the drain.
Ÿ Give your garbage disposal a rest.
Ÿ Don't throw things down the toilet.
Some other point regarding maintenance are as follows:
1. Fix leaking faucets and showerheads: Dripping faucets can waste a lot of water and that can add to
your bill. And if you don't fix a dripping faucet or showerhead, the drip can get worse over time.
Those problems can cause water damage. To prevent problems, check your facets regularly for
leaks and make repairs as needed. Check the handles to make sure no water drips when the handles
are turned to the off position and check underneath the sinks for water stains or drips when the
water is running.
2. Unclog slow drains: When the water is slow to drain there may be a problem. Before it gets out of
hand, use a homemade mixture of vinegar and hot water to flush down the drain and unclog any
debris. This preventative maintenance tip can be done every few months and will get the drain
flowing again.
3. Check all exposed pipes and appliances for water leaks. Your disposal, refrigerator, or water heater
can be the source of a leak. Look at any manufacturer's requirements for maintaining your
appliances. Watch for visible signs of a leak such as water stains on walls and ceilings, or puddles of
water. Also, be wary of mildew. Installing a drip tray underneath your water heater and washing
machine can help limit the damage if a leak were to occur.
4. Fix leaking toilets: Sometimes a faulty seal around the valve seat can cause your toilet to run even
when it is not flushed. Over time, gunk will form around the valve seat and flapper. This gunk will
prevent the flapper to seal properly, which will cause the water to continue to run. Another
problem could be with the handle or tank stopper. The repair that is needed is often quick and
inexpensive maintenance.
Some other point regarding maintenance are as follows:
1. Fix leaking faucets and showerheads: Dripping faucets can waste a lot of water and that can add to
your bill. And if you don't fix a dripping faucet or showerhead, the drip can get worse over time.
Those problems can cause water damage. To prevent problems, check your facets regularly for
leaks and make repairs as needed. Check the handles to make sure no water drips when the handles
are turned to the off position and check underneath the sinks for water stains or drips when the
water is running.
2. Unclog slow drains: When the water is slow to drain there may be a problem. Before it gets out of
hand, use a homemade mixture of vinegar and hot water to flush down the drain and unclog any
debris. This preventative maintenance tip can be done every few months and will get the drain
flowing again.

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3. Check all exposed pipes and appliances for water leaks. Your disposal, refrigerator, or water heater
can be the source of a leak. Look at any manufacturer's requirements for maintaining your
appliances. Watch for visible signs of a leak such as water stains on walls and ceilings, or puddles of
water. Also, be wary of mildew. Installing a drip tray underneath your water heater and washing
machine can help limit the damage if a leak were to occur.
4. Fix leaking toilets: Sometimes a faulty seal around the valve seat can cause your toilet to run even
when it is not flushed. Over time, gunk will form around the valve seat and flapper. This gunk will
prevent the flapper to seal properly, which will cause the water to continue to run. Another
problem could be with the handle or tank stopper. The repair that is needed is often quick and
inexpensive maintenance.
5. Be careful what you flush or pour down the drain. The problem with drains and toilets is that so
many things can get flushed down them. The easiest way to prevent problems with your pipes is to
be careful what you flush or pour down them, to begin with. Don't flush anything other than toilet
paper and human waste down the toilet. Don't pour anything that can be reactive down the drain.
6. Check the water pressure: Water pressure is how much force is coming out of your faucets and
showerheads. You can test the water pressure on your system with a pressure gauge to make sure it
is at a safe level. One other preventative measure is to add a pressure regulator to maintain your
water pressure at a safe level.
7. Remove and clean your shower head of any sediment that may have accumulated. This can
improve the water pressure of your showerhead.
8. Drain your water heater to remove sediment annually to semi-annually. Over time your water
heater can get sediment in it and become less effective.
9. Look inside the burner chamber of your water heater. You shouldn't see any flakes of rust inside of
the chamber. And verify the flame of the water heater is a blue color with no signs of yellow in the
flame. If you see a yellow color, this may mean that the jets need to be cleaned.
Performing preventative maintenance for your plumbing can help you avoid a major plumbing problem.
Sometimes you may need a repair after checking items to keep them maintained. Although some
repairs can be do-it-yourself, others may require more expertise

7.1.7 Application of Mechanical and Hydraulic

Principles for Clearing Blockages
Cleaning of sewers blocks
Sewer cleaning methods depend on the characteristics of the wastewater being conveyed, fluctuations in
wastewater flows, alignment or grade of the sewer, pipe material, size, and structural condition of the sewer.
Stoppages can be cleared or prevented, and sewers cleaned by either hydraulic or mechanical methods.
Traps should be placed in manholes downstream from the sewer cleaning operation to catch debris
loosened during cleaning. Debris removed from the sewer should be observed for content. The type of
debris removed will give a good indication of what types of defects may exist in the sewer and the severity
of these defects. The debris removed should be disposed of in an approved location. There are various
methods for cleaning the blocks like hydraulic cleaning, mechanical cleaning, chemical cleaning etc.
We are here discussing hydraulic and mechanical methods only.

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Hydraulic Cleaning Methods

Hydraulic cleaning methods such as jet cleaners, jet rodders, and high velocity cleaners consist of
cleaning a sewer with a high-pressure water jet. This jet produces water velocities which are usually high
enough to wash most grit, grease, and debris down the sewer and leave the pipe clean.
Balls, kites, bags, pigs, tires and scooters are all examples of hydraulic cleaning equipment. These
devices fit into a sewer and partially block the flow. Water builds up behind the device and creates
pressure. This pressure forces water at a high velocity around the outside edge of the cleaning device.
This high-water velocity cleans the walls of the sewer and pushes the material and debris downstream
where it can be removed at a manhole.
Sewers can also be cleaned or kept clean by flushing. Flushing is most effective with a sudden rush of
deep water down the sewer. It is important that dept and velocity are used together because the use of
either depth or velocity alone will be ineffective. Devices are available that provide automatic and
frequent flushing. Otherwise, hand flushing may be done at specified intervals. The devices commonly
used in flushing operations include automatic flush tanks, flushing manholes, a fire hose, a connection
to a water main with an air gap device, a temporary fixed dam, and a moving dam.

Fig.7.17 Sewer Cleaning Jetting Machine

Mechanical Cleaning Methods

Mechanical cleaning methods consist of using equipment that scrapes, cuts, pulls, or pushes debris out
of the pipe. Mechanical cleaning equipment consists of bucket machines, power rodders, and hand
rods. A bucket machine operation includes a special bucket-type device that is pulled through a sewer.
This device removes debris as it is pulled through the pipe. Rodding can be done by power or hand. It
entails pushing or pulling a steel rod or snake through a sewer with special tools attached to the end.
These tools are used to cut roots or to chop up large chunks of debris. Mechanical devices are more
effective in clearing blockages than in cleaning, and the sewers sometimes have to be flushed following
a mechanical cleaning operation.
Hydro-Jet
Hydro-jets force a powerful stream of water through your pipes. The pressure that is created then forces
the blockage through the pipes and out so that water can flow through once more. This method is much
safer for your pipes than snaking, although it is not as effective against solid blockages. Although you can
attempt hydro-jetting on your own, it is likely better to leave this task to a professional plumber who will
have the experience necessary to do the job properly.

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7.1.8 Corrosion Protection Methods

Coatings can provide a layer of protection against corrosion by acting as a physical barrier between the
metal parts and oxidizing elements in the environment. One common method is galvanization, in which
manufacturers coat the part with a thin layer of zinc.
When some metals are exposed to moisture, acids etc., they tarnish due to the formation of respective
metal oxide on their surface. This process is called corrosion. Corrosion can be prevented by painting the
surface, oiling, greasing, galvanizing, chrome plating or making alloys.
Methods for prevention of corrosion
The rusting of iron can be prevented by greasing, painting, galvanizing, anodizing, or oiling the surface.
These methods can be classified into the following categories:
1. Galvanization
Galvanized metal is coated with a thin layer of zinc to protect it against corrosion. The zinc oxidizes
when it is exposed to air creating a protective coating on the metal surface.
2. Alloying
It is the method of improving the properties of a metal by mixing the metal with another metal or
non-metal. When iron is alloyed with chromium and nickel in stainless steel is obtained. Stainless
steel does not rust at all.
3. Painting
Rusting of iron can be easily prevented by coating the surface with paint which protects iron from air
and moisture.
4. Greasing/Oiling
When some grease oil is applied to the surface of an iron object, then air and moisture cannot come
in contact with it, and hence rusting is prevented.

7.1.9 Common Organizational Policies

Maintaining plumbing systems is mandatory to keep the systems working a well condition. The products
are installed in the organization as per the needs. Manufactures provides proper instructions for its
maintenance and safety too. Some general policies on the organizational level related to plumbing
maintenance and repairs work are stated as follows:
1. There must be proper checklist of the maintenance of the plumbing system periodically.
2. A plumbing tools inventory must be available so that it can be used as per the need of the work.
3. A plumbing system is of vital importance in any of the organization, hence in annual budgeting there
should be must an allocated budget for services and maintenance of the plumbing system (As total 6
percent is maintenance cost in construction sector).
4. Annual routine plumbing system maintenance system should be made.
5. All the tools and plumbing materials should be made available on the demand.
6. All records of plumbing line and all technical details of plumbing fixtures should be properly kept in
safe place for future clarifications.
7. As plumbing sector is strongly corelated to health and hygiene and hence must be taken care off.

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Summary
• Plumbing troubleshoo ng is an important first step to making successful repairs.
• A plumbing inspec on is carried out by a cer fied plumber or plumbing consultant. Proper
inspec on helps in quality and safety.
• Pipes are connec ng members of the whole plumbing system. Any damage to these pipes will affect
the whole plumbing system and to repair or replace pipes is not easy once in use.
• Main sewer line is a pipeline that carries the sewerage of your home to city sewer line or sep c tank
or cess pit.
• Traps are the part of drainage system that prevents the entry of foul smell, insects and vermin from
the sewers.
• In plumbing, DWV stands for drainage, waste, and vent plumbing. These are the three types of
systems that carry waste from home or allow air into pipes to facilitate the waste removal process.
• Smoke test is done in case of leakage in C.I. Pipe.
• Clogged drains and toilets, leaky faucets and pipes, problems with water heaters, poor water
pressure, and a running toilet are the most typical plumbing concerns.
• A leaky faucet o en results from damage to the washer that creates the seal on the tap. Tearing,
dislodging, or s ffening are examples of damage. As a result of this damage, the washer no longer
ghtly seals, allowing a few drops of water to trickle from the faucet.
• When the toilet's internal mechanisms stop func oning properly, this frequently results in a toilet
that runs con nuously.
• The piping of water distribu on system will need one me or another repair on a break or leak form
in the line.
• Since water main breaks must be repaired as fast as possible, personnel must be trained and repair
plans made in advance.
• In cold weather, a water-supply system can freeze. Because of the lack of protec on against freezing
and some mes regardless of it, pipes frequently freeze in temperate zones.
• Steam thawing of frozen systems is slower than electrical thawing and should be used only when
insula ng materials in pipes (plas c, transits, and wood), pipe joints, or couplings make the use of
electricity imprac cal.
• A change of water pressure can cause much discomfort to persons using the plumbing system.
• When a leak develops at a threaded joint of pipe, one of the most likely suspects is a fractured or
ruptured pipe.
• Showerheads that supply an uneven or distorted stream can usually be repaired by removing the
perforated faceplate and cleaning the mineral deposits from the back of the plate with fine
sandpaper or steel wool.
• Some mes a faulty seal around the valve seat can cause your toilet to run even when it is not
flushed.
• Sewer cleaning methods depend on the characteris cs of the wastewater being conveyed,
fluctua ons in wastewater flows, alignment or grade of the sewer, pipe material, size, and structural
condi on of the sewer.

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Exercise
1. Name the important faults found in the plumbing system.

2. Discuss the tes ng procedure for plumbing ﬁxtures and plumbing pipes.

3. How you will control water breaks in pipelines?

4. What are the causes and remedial ac ons for clogged drains and toilets?

5. List the preventing plumbing maintenance tips.

Notes
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8. Health and safety

Unit 8.1 - Dealing with workplace Hazards & Risks
Unit 8.2 - Fire Safety Prac ces
Unit 8.3 - First-aid Prac ces

PSC/N0136
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Key Learning Outcomes

1. Describe the various risks and hazards at the workplace and their preven ve and correc ve
measures
2. Employ preven ve and correc ve measures to protect self and others from common workplace
hazards and risk

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Unit 8.1 Dealing with Workplace Hazards & Risks

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. Differen ate between risks and hazards
2. Discuss the specific safety and health-related problems faced in domes c, commercial and
ins tu onal setups
3. List the various types of hazards (such as physical, fire, chemical compounds and electrical) that
could affect the work process
4. List the various hazardous environments and common hazards that can occur during plumbing
installa on and maintenance along with their precau ons and remedial measures
5. Discuss the importance of various types of personal protec ve equipment (PPE)
6. Discuss where the general health and safety equipment commonly is kept at the workplace
7. Explain the various types of safety signs and their significance in the work process

8.1.1 Safety Hazards and Risks

A hazard is something or someone that has the possibility of causing, serious harm, damage, or nega ve
health eﬀects. It has the poten al to cause human injury or illness, property damage, environmental
damage, or a combina on of these eﬀects.
Probability of Hazard

Frequent Likely Occasional Remote Unlikely

• Con nuously • Occurs several • Occurs • Possible to • Possible, but

experienced mes in some mes in occur in improbable;
during career/ career/ career/ occurs only
opera on. equipment equipment equipment very rarely
service life. service service life. during
opera on.

Fig 8.1 Probability of Hazards

Risk is the possibility or likelihood that someone will suﬀer harm or have a nega ve impact on their
health as a result of being exposed to danger. It may also apply when there is a loss of property or
equipment or when there are nega ve environmental repercussions.
Risk levels
1) Extremely high - Loss of ability to achieve the task
2) High - Signiﬁcantly degrades mission capabili es in terms of required mission standards
3) Moderate - Degrades mission capabili es in terms of required mission's standards
4) Low - Li le or no impact on the accomplishment of a mission

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Diﬀerence between Hazard and Risk

Basis Hazard Risk

Deﬁni on A source of possible harm or Risk is the likelihood that damage or injury
risk is referred to as a "hazard." will take place as a result of exposure to a
hazard.

Safety Even if the risk is reduced, the In order to reduce risk, it's crucial to iden fy
hazard may s ll exist. the danger and the possible harm it poses.

Example A workplace might have a Risk is the chance of suﬀering harm as a

variety of hazards, including result of exposure to chemicals, noise,
chemicals, loud noise, pollutants, etc.
pollutants, electricity, etc.

Table 8.1 Diﬀerence between Hazard and Risk

8.1.2 Types of Hazards

The following ﬁgure represents the various hazards at the workplace:

Safety Hazards Physical Hazards Chemical and Dust Hazards

Slips,trips,falls, faulty Radia ons, Noise, Extreme Cleaning Products,Color

equipments etc.. Temperature etc.. Dyes,Pes cides etc..

Biological Hazards Ergonomic Hazards Work Organisa on Hazards

Communicable Diseases, Incorrect Postures,li ing Workload, Stress, Anxiety
insects/pests etc.. etc.. etc.

Fig 8.2 Hazards and Risks at Workplace

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8.1.3 Common Hazards

Here are some of the various hazards that plumbers encounter while working on a home or commercial
plumbing project, frequently on a daily basis.

It should come as no surprise that a professional plumber working on

Slip and Fall Injuries the job could get a slip and fall injury due to slippery surfaces in homes
and places of business.

As a result of the limited oxygen present in the cramped loca ons like
crawl spaces, boilers, pits, water tanks, or pipes which are frequently
Tight Spaces
inadequately aired, performing plumbing du es can be dangerous and
even fatal.

Speaking about conﬁned areas, disease-carrying rodents and tainted

Rodents and streams ﬁnd them to be very alluring. Because they can result in
Contaminated Waters illnesses like E. coli, exposure to these things can be exceedingly
dangerous.

Plumbers may experience signiﬁcant breathing issues as a result of

Chemical Hazards chemical risks like lead and asbestos found in older homes.

Any plumbing task requires the use of tools. Numerous injuries can be
Tool Injuries caused by these equipment, such as cuts from hacksaws, burns from
torches, and blunt force trauma from wrenches.

Plumbers frequently have to operate in hot condi ons. Extreme

High and Low temperatures in the room can occur for a variety of reasons, including
Temperatures working in small quarters during cold or hot weather and hot or cold
pipes.

Working with toxic chemicals, contaminated water, or even boiling

Skin Hazards
water can be quite dangerous for skin.

Plumbing jobs, par cularly those for new buildings or commercial

proper es, can be extremely noisy. Hearing damage or even complete
Hearing Impairments
hearing loss can result from banging tools, loud machinery, and
reverbera ng pipes.

Plumbers are constantly required to thoroughly inspect pipes, nuts,

Eye Hazards bolts, and ﬁxtures. The high-pressure pipes they are working on might
send objects ﬂying across the room. They frequently also do their
du es in environments that are rife with chemical and microbial risks.

Bathrooms and leaky pipes in small, poorly ven lated spaces are the
Indoor Mold perfect breeding grounds for mould since it thrives in moist se ngs.
Because indoor mould can result in major health issues for people, it
poses a considerable risk to both plumbers and inhabitants.
Fig 8.3 Common Hazard

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It is significant to ensure a high level of safety that no machine tool should be used unless the risk
management process outlined below is understood and applied by the user:
1. Determine the poten al hazard(s) that the machine tool may produce.
2. Using the Risk Assessment Matrix, determine the likelihood and severity of the hazard(s). The
following individuals have risk acceptance decision authority for the risk levels:
a. very high
b. very high
c. moderate and low
3. Determine the risk-control measures that will eliminate or reduce the hazard(s). Then, implement
risk control measures before and during machine tool opera on to eliminate threats or mi gate
their risks.
4. Monitor and evaluate the process. Enforce the established standards and risk management
procedures. Evaluate the effec veness of the control measures and make any necessary
adjustments/updates.
Remedial Ac on Procedure
In case of any problem or hazard situa on, remedial ac on should be completed as soon as possible.
Therefore, apply these guidelines to expedite the correc on of hazardous condi ons.
1. Give remedial ac on priority to hazards with more severe loss poten al.
2. Obtain target dates for correc on. Use hazard classifica on to mo vate modifica on.
3. Write a detailed explana on of the hazard and its poten al loss severity as jus fica on for any
ac on requiring a significant expenditure and forward it to the person most responsible for
correc ve ac on.
4. Encourage responsible persons to take permanent correc ve ac on (repe ve remedy is costly).
5. Ensure intermediate (temporary) safety measures are taken whenever permanent or complete
remedy requires addi onal me.
6. At a reasonable me a er the inspec on is conducted and necessary ac on is taken, do a follow-up
walk-through to ensure that the correc ve ac on has been completed.
7. Make sure all reports are properly filed and maintained for record purposes.

Notes
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8.1.4 Safety and Health-related Problems

When working with machinery, tools and equipment, employees are exposed to a variety of safety and
health problems that can result in a variety of injuries. The following are the most common safety and
health issues in the workplace:

Accidents and injuries from Fire/explosion caused by gas Risk of elctrocu on due to
poor illumina on leaks, backﬁres and ﬂashbacks faulty electrical components

Prolong exposure of excessive

Burns from hot equipment Working in awkward posi ons,
loud noise by machines can
parts, steam lines, and the or performing awkward manual
cause noise-induced
release of hot water or steam. tasks
deafness(NID)

Working at heights
Shi work or extended Stress and distrac ons
(e.g., on pla orms/
work days
scaﬀolding or ladders)

Fig 8.4 Safety and Health-related Problems

5.1.5 Personal Protec ve Equipment

While working on the shop floor, every worker has to take care of several things about personal safety
and their co-workers' safety. To avoid accidents and hazards, a person has to take different precau ons
for different situa ons. Firstly, on the shop floor, every person has to wear Personal Protec ve
Equipment (PPE) for their safety.

Fig 8.5 PPE

PPE refers to the clothing or equipment designed to protect the workers/employees from shop ﬂoor
hazards. It consists of items for example; hard hats, safety boots, coveralls, gloves, safety glasses,
earplugs, high visibility clothing and lifejackets, fall protec on, and respirators.

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Common types of PPE include the following:

Hearing
Eye and Face Head Protec on
Hand Protec on protec on
Protec on

Respiratory
Foot Protec on Body Protec on Fall Protec on protec on

Fig 8.6 Types of Personal Protec ve Equipment

8.1.6 Health and Safety Equipment

Eye and Face Protec on
Possible eye and face injuries include:
1. Eye injury during cu ng, grinding, nailing.
2. Chemical reac ons from acidic substances, solvents, or other hazardous solu ons.
3. Objects ﬂy into the eye from chains, tools, tree limbs, or ropes.
4. Radiant light during welding.
Following elements should take into considera on while selec ng eye and face security equipment:
a. Capability to defend from hazards.
b. Wear suitably and comfortably.
c. Give unobstructed body movement and vision.
d. Durable
e. Permit unobstructed working of other equipment

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Some of the most common types of eye and face protec on equipment include the following:

Safety spectacles Goggles Welding shields

Safety spectacles having These are eye safety These are made of
frame with plas c and spectacles which cover the vulcanized fiber which is
impact-resistant lenses. eyes ghtly and give safety fi ed in lens. Welding shields
from dust and debris. guard your eyes from fire
sparkles produce during
welding

Fig 8.7 Types of Eyes & Face Protec on

Head Protec on
Head protec on in PPE terms is considered as protec on
against impact injury and some burn injuries.
Protec ve helmets or hard hats should do the following:
1. Oppose injuries by falling objects
2. Save from blows if any heavy object hits on the head
3. Guard from welding sparks Fig 8.8 Workers wearing Hard Hats
Foot Protec on
Safety boots guard the feet from puncture wounds,
injuries, and slipping.
Make sure that foot protec on is available where
following risks are present:
1. When heavy objects roll on or fall on the feet
2. Working with pointed items like nails or wires
3. Risk of falling of molten metal on feet or legs
4. Working on warm, damp and greasy surfaces Fig 8.9 Safety Boots

Hand Protec on
Employees face poten al injury to hands and arms that
cannot be eliminated through engineering and work
prac ce controls. Poten al hazards include skin
absorp on of harmful substances, chemical or thermal
burns, electrical dangers, bruises, abrasions, cuts,
punctures, fractures, and amputa ons. Hand Protec ve
equipment includes gloves, ﬁnger guards, and arm
coverings or elbow-length gloves.
Fig 8.10 Safety Gloves

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Body Protec on
Body protec on is principally designed to
protect the torso, i.e. the chest and abdomen,
from various hazards and risks which can cause
injuries due to:
1. Extreme temperatures
2. Hot splashes from molten metals and
other hot liquids
3. Poten al impacts from tools, machinery
and materials
4. Hazardous chemicals Fig 8.9 Safety Boots

There are many varie es of protec ve clothing available for speciﬁc

hazards. In addi on, protec ve clothing comes in a variety of materials, each effec ve against par cular
threats, such as:
a. The paper-like fiber used for disposable suits protects against dust and splashes.
b. Treated wool and co on adapt well to changing temperatures, are comfortable and fire-resistant,
and protect against dust, abrasions, and rough and irrita ng surfaces.
c. Leather is o en used to protect against dry heat and flames.
d. Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene, and plas cs protect against certain chemicals and physical
hazards.
Ear Protec on
Employees' exposure to excessive noise depends upon several factors, including:
1. The dura on of each employee's exposure to the noise.
2. Whether employees move between work areas with different noise levels.
3. Whether the noise is generated from one or mul ple sources.
Some types of hearing protec on include:

Earplugs
They are made of waxed co on, foam, silicone rubber or ﬁberglass wool. They are
self-forming and, when properly inserted, they work as well as most molded
earplugs.

Earmuﬀs
It require a perfect seal around the ear. Glasses, facial hair, long hair or facial
movements such as chewing may reduce the protec ve value of earmuﬀs.

Fig. 8.12 Types of Ear Protec on

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Other Safety Instruments

Safety belt:
Safety harnesses protect workers from falling from heights.

Respirator:
Respirators protect the respiratory system of the wearer from the a ack of
poisonous gases, fumes, mist and dust.

Fig 8.13 Safety Instruments

Maintaining PPE - Proper maintenance of PPE is necessary to ensure that the equipment con nues to
provide the level of protec on for which it is designed. Periodical inspec on of the PPE for any breaks,
tears, and visible signs of stress or damage is essen al. Maintenance may include visual inspec on,
dus ng, replacement, restora on, and func onal tes ng.
The following ﬁgure represents the responsibili es of an employee regarding PPE:

PPE must be worn and used Employees must take all PPE must be examined
in accordance with the reasonable steps to ensure before use
instruc ons provided that PPE is returned to
proper storage a er it has
been used

Any loss or obvious defect Employees must take Employees must not carry out
must be immediately reported reasonable care of any PPE any maintenance or repair of
to their supervisor provided to them PPE unless trained and
authorized to do so

Fig 8.14 Responsibili es of the Employees Regarding PPE

8.1.7 Warning and Safety Signages

Workplace safety signage evolved with the Industrial Revolu on when workplace safety became a
major concern. A workplace safety sign's main func on is to detect and alert employees who might be
exposed to various risks. Safety signs help to communicate important instruc ons, reinforce safety
messages, and provide emergency instruc ons. Workplaces that lack the necessary safety signs not only
violate safety regula ons but may also face he y ﬁnes and regulatory ac on if they are audited by legal
authori es. If an accident occurs and it is determined that proper safety signs were not present, the
employer or other responsible par es could face legal consequences. It is essen al to know the

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meaning of safety signs. Such signs warn us of danger and allow us to take precau ons to keep safe.
There are four main types of safety signs:
1. Prohibi on signs
2. Mandatory signs
3. Warning signs
4. Informa on signs
5. Fire Safety signs
6. Danger Signs
The following table represents the various signages related to health and safety measures:

S. No. Signage Message

1. Basic ﬂoor sign to stop moving ahead

2. Stop Look Out for Forkli s

3. Eye safety warnings

4. Fire exit sign

5. Authorized personnel only

6. Fire hose no ﬁca on

7. Cau on signage

Con nued...

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S. No. Signage Message

8. Cau on signage

9. Wet ﬂoor warning

10. Watching out for step

11. Water-saving signage

Table 8.2 Safety & Warning Signages

Notes
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Exercise
Answer the following ques ons:

1. Explain poten al risks and hazards at the workplace.

2. Explain any two types of Personal Protec ve Equipment.

3. What is PPE?

4. List any ﬁve safety and warning Signages used at the workplace.

Fill in the blanks:

1. _____________________ has the poten al to cause human injury or illness, property damage,
environmental damage, or a combina on of these effects.
2. The purpose of __________________ is to iden fy and warn employees who may be exposed to
various hazards.
3. _____________________ bear more responsibility than their employees because they are held
accountable for their employee's safety and well-being.
4. Earmuffs are used to protect employees from ________________.
Choose the correct answers (MCQ)
a) The way of protec ng individuals' well-being of health is classified as:
1) Safety 2) Health
3) Adverse Situa on 4) Security
b) What are the most common risks in the workplace?
1) Risk of electrocu on 2) Risk of injuries from faulty equipment
3) Being hit by falling objects 4) All of the above
c) Items included in PPE:
1) Aviator 2) Face Shield
3) Uniform 4) Caps

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Unit 8.2 Fire Safety Prac ces

Unit Objec ves

At the end of the unit, the trainee will be able to:
1. Discuss various causes of fire and precau onary ac vi es to prevent the fire accident
2. List the different techniques that employ various methods (such as using ex nguishers, water hose,
sprinklers, sand bucket, wet blanket, etc.) and materials such as water, powder, foam, CO2, fire
ex nguishing chemical, sand, blanket, etc. used for ex nguishing fire as per the type (as per class A,
B, C and D)
3. Describe rescue techniques applied during a fire hazard or electrocu on.

8.2.1 Causes and Preven on of Fire

Due to the number of individuals in the workplace and the various elements that could enhance the risk
of a ﬁre, the proper precau ons must be taken to lower these risks.
Following are the common causes of ﬁre in the workplace:

Defec ve Electrical Flammable/Combus ble Negligence & Human

Equipment Materials Error

Faulty Fire Detec on Un dy & Dirty

Arson
Alarms Workplace

Fig 8.15 Common causes of Fire

How to deal with a ﬁre emergency?

Precau ons
The manager is responsible for ensuring safety from
fire accidents. To be familiar with all types of
evacua on procedures and fire control methods, they
must a end safety workshops or fire drills organized
by the organiza on. Some precau onary measures
and awareness would include placing a "No Smoking"
signboard in sensi ve areas of the organiza on.
Please note that water should not be used to
ex nguish a fire if the source of the fire is electrical
power. Hose reels and hydrants should not be used
except in the event of a fire. In the event of a fire,
immediately switch off the main power supply and
make an a empt to ex nguish the fire with the help of Fig 8.16 Precau on at the Time of Fire Emergency
available firefigh ng equipment. Source: h ps://learnpac.co.uk/wp-content/
uploads/2016/06/fire-ac on.jpg

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Do's and Don'ts

Do's Don'ts

Keep the work area clean. Do not wear inﬂammable materials like nylon etc.

If empty containers contain inflammable Do not use inflammable materials near electrical
materials, fill them with water. lines.

Report any unsafe situa on that may cause a Never weld near combus ble materials.
ﬁre.

Watch where the sparks and metals are falling Never leave any cable without insula on.
from your work.

Table 8.3 Do's and Don'ts of Preven ng Fire

8.2.2 Fire Ex nguishers

Electrical fires are different from regular fires. They cannot be ex nguished with water. Also, using
water to put out an electrical fire is very dangerous and could lead to electrocu on. To put out an
electrical fire, the right type of fire ex nguisher must be used. The following figure represents the
different classes of fires:
Class of Fire - A
Ÿ Type of Fire - Ordinary Combus ble : wood, paper, rubber,
fabrics and many plas cs.
Ÿ Type of Ex nguisher- Water, dry powder, halon

Class of Fire - B
Ÿ Type of Fire - Flammable liquids and Gases: Gasoline, Oils, paint,
lacquer and tar.
Ÿ Type of Ex nguisher- Carbon Dioxide, dry powder, halon

Class of Fire - C
Ÿ Type of Fire - Fires involves live electrical equipment .
Ÿ Type of Ex nguisher- Carbon Dioxide, dry powder, halon

Class of Fire - D
Ÿ Type of Fire -Combus ble metals or combus ble metal alloys
Ÿ Type of Ex nguisher- Special Agents

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Class of Fire - K
Ÿ Type of Fire - Fires in cooking appliances that involve combus ble
cooking media: vegetable or animal oils and fats.
Ÿ Type of Ex nguisher - Wet Chemical

Fig 8.17 Types of Fire

Carbon Dry Powder Wet Fire

Water Foam
Dioxide Chemical Blanket

Smother Cool and Smother Cool and Smother

Cools Only Smothers Only Smothers Only

Fig 8.18 Types of Fire Ex nguishers

Fig 8.19 Using a Fire Ex nguishers

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8.2.3 Fire Safety

4. Precau ons to be taken during the ﬁre:

Following precau ons are to be taken in case of fire –
a. Switch off the main switch.
b. Snuff the fire by throwing dry sand on it.
c. Make sure that the fire ex nguisher is opera onal and not expired.
d. Do not use water to ex nguish an electrical fire.
e. Know the loca on of emergency exits and procedures.

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Exercise
Answer the following ques ons:

1. Explain various types of ﬁre and ﬁre ex nguishers.

2. Write a short not ﬁre safety.

3. Explain do's and don'ts of preven ng ﬁre.

4. List the precau ons to be taken during the ﬁre.

5. Explain common causes of ﬁre in the workplace.

Fill in the blanks:

1. ___________________cannot be ex nguished with water.

2. Safety is _____________ responsibility.
3. ___________________ in case of fire.
4. Do not fight the fire if___________________________________.

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Unit 8.3 First-aid Prac ces

Unit Objec ves

At the end of the unit, the trainee will be able to:
1. Discuss appropriate basic ﬁrst aid treatment relevant to the condi on e.g. shock, electrical shock,
bleeding, minor burns, poisoning, eye injuries, etc
2. Discuss poten al injuries and health problems associated with incorrect handling of tools and
equipment.

8.3.1 First-aid
First aid is the assistance given to a person experiencing an unexpected illness or injury to save a life,
prevent the condi on from worsening, or promote recovery.
There are numerous circumstances which may require first aid, and numerous na ons have legisla on,
regula on, or guidance which specifies a basic level of first aid provision in specific condi ons. This can
grasp specific training or equipment to be procurable within the work zone, (for example, an Automated
External Defibrillator).

Injury Symptom Do's Don't's

Fracture • Pain •Immobilise the affected •Do not move the affected
• Swelling part part
•Visible bone •Stabilise the affected part •Do not wash or probe the
•Use a cloth as a sling injured area
•Use the board as a sling
•Carefully transfer the vic m
on a stretcher
•Do not move the affected
part
•Do not wash or probe the
injured area

Electric Shock •Pale, cold, clammy •Place his or her legs on a •Do not move the
skin. It may appear pillow to elevate them person's head.
grayish, and the about 12 inches above the
lips and ﬁngernails head
may look blue. •If the person is not
•The pulse and breathing, perform CPR.
breathing are rapid. •Loosen the collars and
unbu on or cut away ght
clothing.

Con nued...

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Injury Symptom Do's Don't's

•The person is •Unbuckle the person's belt, •

exhibi ng loosen the shoes and
disorienta on or remove all ght jewelry on
giddiness. the person's wrists or neck.
•Nausea or vomi ng •Cover the person with a
may occur. blanket
•The person seems •Observe vomit or blood
weak, with vacant coming from the mouth or
eyes. nose, and turn the person
on his or her side to
prevent him or her from
choking.

Burns (see •Redness of skin •In case of electrical burn, •Do not pull off any
Degrees of Burn •Blistered skin cut-off the power supply clothing stuck to the
table) •Injury marks •In case of fire, put out fire burnt skin
•Headache/ with blanket/coat •Do not place ice on the
seizures •Use water to douse the burn
flames •Do not use co on to
•Remove any jewellery from cover the burn
the affected area
•Wash the burn with water

Bleeding •Bruises •Check vic m's breathing •Do not clean the wound
•Visible blood loss •Raise the wounded por on from out to in direc on
from body above heart level •Do not apply too much
•Coughing blood •Put a direct pressure to the pressure (not more than
•Wound/Injury wound with the help of 15 mins)
marks clean cloth or hands •Do not give water to the
•Unconsciousness •Remove any visible objects vic m
due to blood loss from the wounds
•Dizziness •Apply bandage once the
•Pale skin bleeding stops

Heat Stroke/ Sun •High body •Move the vic m to a cool, •Do not let people crowd
Stoke temperature shady place around the vic m
•Headache •Wet the vic m's skin with a •Do not give any hot
•Hot and dry skin sponge drinks to the vic m
•Nausea/Vomi ng •If possible, apply ice packs
•Unconsciousness to vic m's neck, back and
armpits
•Remove any jewellery from
the aﬀected area
•Wash the burn with water

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Injury Symptom Do's Don't's

Poisoning •Burns or redness •Remove anything •Don't give syrup or do

around the mouth remaining in the person's anything to induce
and lips mouth. vomi ng.
•Breath that smells •Get the person into fresh
like chemicals, such air as soon as possible.
as gasoline or paint •If the person vomits, turn
thinner his or her head to the side
•Vomi ng to prevent choking.
•Diﬃculty breathing •Begin CPR if the person
•Drowsiness shows no signs of life
•Confusion or
another altered
mental status

Eye Injury •Pain and swelling •Immediately wash out the •Don't rub eyes
(For Chemical •Bruising and eye with lots of water. Use •Don't bandage the eye
Exposure) redness whatever is closest -- water
•Problems with eye fountain, shower, garden
movement hose.
•Changes in eye •Get medical help while
appearance doing this, or a er 15 to 20
minutes of con nuous
ﬂushing

Eye Injury (For a •Pain and swelling •Pull the upper lid down and •Don't rub the eye.
Foreign Par cle •Bruising and blink repeatedly.
in Eye) redness •If par cle is s ll there, rinse
•Problems with eye with eyewash.
movement •If rinsing doesn't help, close
•Changes in eye eye, bandage it lightly, and
appearance see a doctor.

Table 8.4 First-aid Procedures

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8.3.2 Safety and Health Issues while handling Tools

and Equipment
Workers depend on their employers to provide safe working condi ons, and part of that process entails
rou ne inspec ons of workplaces, vessels, etc., as well as maintenance of the machinery used at and on
all of these loca ons. Employers must also make sure that the employees they hire have the necessary
creden als and training. Finally, companies need to make sure that their staﬀ members are adhering to
the right safety protocols and guidelines and not working too much.
These kinds of accidents can result in a variety of severe injuries, such as:

Burns Electrocu on Broken bones

Back or spinal injuries Suﬀoca on Eye injuries

Hearing damage Heat and cold injuries

Fig 8.20 Safety and Health Issues

Notes
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Summary
• Workplace safety is one of the most significant concerns for any manufacturing company or facility.
Ge ng it right can improve the overall performance of the opera on and lead to growth.
• It is the responsibility of everyone, whether employer or employee, to keep the workplace clean,
healthy, and safe.
• A hazard is something or someone that has the poten al to cause damage, harm, or adverse health
effects.
• Risk is the possibility or likelihood that someone will suffer harm or have a nega ve impact on their
health as a result of being exposed to danger. It may also apply when there is a loss of property or
equipment or when there are nega ve environmental repercussions.
• Workplace safety signage evolved with the Industrial Revolu on when workplace safety became a
major concern. The purpose of a workplace safety sign is to iden fy and warn employees who may
be exposed to various hazards.
• Employers bear more responsibility than their employees because they are held accountable for
their employee's safety and well-being.
• PPE refers to the clothing or equipment designed to protect the workers/employees from shop floor
hazards. It includes items such as hard hats, safety boots, coveralls, gloves, safety glasses and
goggles, earplugs, high visibility vests, lifejackets, fall protec on, and respirators.
• Fire safety refers to a set of prac ces designed to reduce the devasta on caused by fire. Fire safety
measures include those used to prevent the igni on of an uncontrolled fire as well as those used to
limit the development and effects of a fire once it has begun.
• Electrical fires are different from regular fires. They cannot be ex nguished with water. Also, using
water to put out an electrical fire is very dangerous and could lead to electrocu on. To put out an
electrical fire, the right type of fire ex nguisher must be used.
• First aid is the assistance given to a person experiencing an unexpected illness or injury to save a life,
prevent the condi on from worsening, or promote recovery.
• Workers depend on their employers to provide safe working condi ons, and part of that process
entails rou ne inspec ons of workplaces, vessels, etc., as well as maintenance of the machinery
used at and on all of these loca ons.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise
Answer the following ques ons:

1. Explain ﬁrst-aid procedures to deal with bleeding and burns.

2. List some health and safety issues that occur while handling tools and equipment.

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9. Working Eﬀec vely

With Others

Unit 9.1 - Work and Communicate Eﬀec vely at

Workplace
Unit 9.2 - Work in a Disciplined and Ethical Manner
Unit 9.3 - Uphold Social Diversity at the Workplace

PSC/N0137
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Key Learning Outcomes

1. Apply eﬀec ve communica on techniques

2. Demonstrate teamwork and a posi ve a tude
3. Demonstrate responsible and disciplined behaviour

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Unit 9.1 Work and Communicate Eﬀec vely at Workplace

Unit Objec ves

At the end of this Unit the trainee will be able to:
1. State the importance of effec ve communica on in the workplace
2. Describe the typical organisa onal hierarchy and the various categories of people that one is
required to communicate and coordinate with
3. List various components of effec ve communica on
4. State the importance of using inclusive language (verbal, non-verbal and wri en) that is gender,
disability and culturally sensi ve
5. State the importance of teamwork and developing effec ve working rela onships for professional
success
6. Discuss the importance and ways of managing interpersonal conflict effec vely
7. Discuss how to express and address grievances appropriately and effec vely
8. State the importance of ethics and discipline for professional success.
9. Explain what cons tutes disciplined behaviour and integrity for a working professional
10. Discuss the legisla on, standards, policies, and procedures relevant to own employment and
performance condi ons
11. Discuss importance of dress code in organisa ons

9.1.1 Signiﬁcance of Eﬀec ve Communica on

Effec ve communica on is required for all employees in the organiza on to perform basic management
func ons and carry out their jobs and responsibili es. The ability to communicate effec vely at work is
essen al regardless of industry. Effec ve communica on entails more than just exchanging
informa on; it also encompasses the emo on and inten ons behind the facts and conveying a message.
Therefore, communica ng more clearly and effec vely requires learning some essen al skills. Learning
these skills can assist employees in developing stronger bonds, gaining more trust and respect,
improving teamwork, problem-solving, and overall social and emo onal health. As a result, we can state
that "effec ve communica on is a founda onal component of successful organiza ons."

Build strong professional

Helps to express thoughts Manage and assist the team
rela onships with co-
and convey clear message where required
workers and clients

Mo vate and boost Bridge gaps between

Enhance leadership and
teamwork and lead to be er clients, colleagues, and
nego a on skills
project collabora on partners

Recognize each others' good Improve produc vity by

Resolves issues and
work and give construc ve sharing informa on and
conﬂicts
feedback ideas

Fig 9.1 Importance of Eﬀec ve Communica on

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9.1.2 Communica on Process

The process of communica on is a dynamic structure that explains how a message is transmi ed
between a sender and a receiver via various communica on channels. Its purpose is to ensure that the
receiver accurately decodes the message and can provide feedback with precision and convenience.

Context

Sender Encoding Message Decoding Receiver

Feedback

Fig 9.2 Process of Communica on

As demonstrated in the exhibit above, there are 8 elements of communica on:

Sender Encoding
Transferring the
Channel
Who sends the Message
The mode chosen
message or is the message into a The idea being for communica ng.
source of the format that can be communicated by Example- phone,
message. shared. It includes the sender. oral, text, gestures,
the language or tone
or wri ng.
chosen.

Decoding Feedback
Receiver The revert or the
Context
It means how the
The idea being The environment,
sender response
communicated by situa on, or the
comprehends and communicated by
the sender circumstances in
understands the the receiver to the
which the
message that source/sender a er
communica on is
sender has having decoded the
happening
communicated message

Fig 9.3 Elements of Eﬀec ve Communica on

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9.1.3 Communica on Barriers

All of the elements depicted above can also act as a barrier to communica on. Communica on barriers
are factors that prevent a message from being received in the way the sender sent it. People frequently
face the problem of the message being received in an assumed manner when communica ng. As a
result, it leads to miscommunica on and misunderstandings. Let us look at the table below to
understand four signiﬁcant barriers to communica on.

Physical or Environmental Barriers

• The barriers in the surroundings or in the
environment are the physical barriers.
• Example- Noise in the surroundings, the
physical distance between the sender &
receiver, defects in the communica on system
like network problems, poor signal, etc.

Language Barriers
• This barrier arises due to the different
language or differences in the language of the
sender and receiver.
• This problem o en occurs because of the
different meanings perceived in the same
word, or the receiver does not understand the
jargon used in the message. The language
barrier is not limited to spoken language. It
also includes body language.
• The same message is perceived differently by
the receiver said with different body language.

Psychological Barriers
• Barriers or problems arising due to the
diﬀerences in percep on, ego clashes,
prejudices, state of mind, poor past
experiences, behaviors, a tudes, moods, and
value systems are psychological barriers.
• These barriers are generally exceedingly
diﬃcult to overcome.

Socio-Cultural Barriers
•Some mes the diﬀerences in social or cultural
norms cause communica on problems.
•These include how the people generally speak,
wear, follow customs, behave, or eat is not
completely understood by the receivers who
are not accustomed to the diﬀerences.
•For example, some communi es are louder and

Table 9.1 Poten al Barriers in Communica on

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9.1.4 Inclusive Languages

An inclusive language avoids stereotypes, slang, and idioms that s gma se certain racial, gender,
socioeconomic, and ability-based groups of people. When used, communicate with more people by
speaking and wri ng in a way that is welcoming to all and that everyone can comprehend.
Any type of communica on style is eﬀec ve only when one knows how to ac vely listen, observe and
empathize.

Verbal Non-verbal Visual Wri en

•Use strong, •No ce how your • Ask others • Strive for
confident emo ons feel before including simpilcity
speaking voice. physically visuals • Is to the point
•Use ac ve •Be inten onal • Consider your and avoid
Listening about your audience unnecessary
•Avoid filter words nonverbal • Only use visuals repe on
•avoid industry communica ons if they add value • Avoid offensive
jargon when •Mimic nonverbal • Make them clear language
appropriate communica ons and easy to
you find effec ve understand

Fig 9.4 Inclusive Languages

9.1.5 Organiza onal Structure

An organiza onal structure is a system that defines how specific ac vi es are directed in order to
achieve an organiza on's goals. These ac vi es may include rules, roles, and responsibili es. The
organiza onal structure also governs how informa on flows within the company. There are numerous
types of organiza onal repor ng structures, each with its own set of benefits and drawbacks. The
repor ng structure is chosen based on the organiza onal requirements. The following are the top
organiza onal repor ng structures.

Hierarchical organiza onal structure

ŸIt is a pyramid-like top-down management structure.

Func onal organiza onal structure

ŸIt is a business structure that divides a company into departments based on areas of exper se.

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Divisional or product organiza onal structure

ŸIn a product-based structure (also known as a divisional structure), employees are assigned to
self-contained divisions based on the -market, product line and geography.

Line-and-staﬀ organiza onal structure

ŸIn this structure, authori es (e.g., managers) establish goals and direc ves that are then
carried out by employees and other workers.

Flat organiza onal structure

ŸA ﬂat organiza onal structure means that there are few (if any) levels of management between
the workforce and the highest-level managers.

Matrix organiza onal structure

ŸA matrix organiza on is a work structure in which team members report to mul ple leaders.

Network organiza on structure

ŸIt is a type of internal structure that priori zes communica on and rela onship goals over
hierarchy.

Fig 9.5 Types of Organiza onal Structure

Notes
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Signiﬁcance of Eﬀec ve Communica on with Team members

It is significant to convey informa on as per defined protocols to the authorized person's/team
members, as it reduces communica on gaps, strengthens alignment with all levels of leadership, and
ensures that employees receive consistent messages. The Communica on Protocol specifies the types
of informa on to be communicated to the organiza on, as well as the person(s) in charge of
communica ng specific topics. The audience, frequency, and suggested communica on vehicles are
also discussed. The Protocol, which is prominently displayed in all common areas such as lobbies and
conferences, and is distributed to all new hires, ensures that communica ons align with the company's
key strategic priori es.
Effec ve communica on with the supervisor is essen al for professional development and
advancement. Refer to the exhibit below for ps on communica ng with the supervisor effec vely.

Listen to your supervisor Report the facts and In case of an unsuccessful Stay open to feedback
carefully and understand problems and ask for a empts, highlight it to and keep a posi ve
the goals and possible solu ons if the supervisor rather a tude
requirements necessary than covering it up

Inform immediately Follow the code of Igreet the supervisor Don't argue with the
about any situa on that conduct that has been with a smiling face supervisor in front of
needs a en on established by the other employees
organiza on

Concisely put your point A loud voice tone I Avoid words and topics Communicate regularly
of view, concerns, and sugges ng impa ence, which may oﬀend with your supervisor to
requests in a polite and sarcasm or taunt, is not someone develop and maintain a
respec ul manner acceptable by anyone successful professional
rela onship

Fig 9.6 Eﬀec ve Communica on with Superior

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Following proper communica on, rules are cri cal to keeping a healthy rela onship with colleagues
and co-workers. The quality of the rela onship with colleagues and co-workers will depend on the
behavior you demonstrate while interac ng with them. A rela onship built on trust, excellent, clear
communica on, polite language, and appropriate behavior helps you succeed at work.

Greet everyone with a Listen ac vely and

Oﬀer help to a new
smile and posi ve body avoid jumping to
colleague in your crew
language. conclusions

Show courtesy and Speak in a polite and Make an eye contact

respect to colleagues respec ul tone while you speak

Learn from your team

Use posi ve words and Appreciate each
members and
body language other's work
collaborate with them

Keep commitments made Inform your colleagues Do not be a grump. Leave

to your colleagues or team in case of delay in the your bad mood out of the
members work worksite

Do not waste your me and

Do not engage in any Do not disturb others others' me by holding
kind of gossip when they are working conversa ons which are not
related to work

Do not interrupt when the

Avoid controversial
other person is speaking.
conversa ons
Wait for them to complete

Fig 9.7 Eﬀec ve Communica on with Colleagues

Notes
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9.1.6 Managing and Coordina ng with Team

Coordina on is the core of every successful organiza on. It is basically a mechanism or strategy that
enables diﬀerent en es to work together. Coordina on helps to maintain and improve eﬃciency while
striving for a common goal or target. Hence, team management and coordina on are of utmost
importance for work integra on.

Be open about Communicate the

Set Clear Goals
everything Purpose of Work.

Encourage Team to
Create a Shared Listen to Everyone's
Socialize For Be er
Vision ideas
Understanding

Show How Work Aligns Make Sure Everyone is Know the Strengths of
with Larger Goals on the Same Page Your Team

Show Apprecia on and

Reach Out for Help and Engage in meaningful
Recognisa on for the
Support for Each Other (in-person) dialog
Team's Eﬀort

Hold Regular and Stop Micromanaging,

Eﬀec ve Team Mee ng Allow others to make Ask Everyone
for Problem Solving decisions together for Feedback

Develop a Review Celebrate as a Share the

Process Team Workload

Build Trust and Boost

Be Willing to Steer the
Set Ground Rules Transparency among the
Conversa on
Team Members

Fig 9.7 Eﬀec ve Communica on with Colleagues

9.1.7 Individual and Team Goals

Goal se ng is undoubtedly one of the most effec ve mo va onal tools in the organiza on. Almost
every organiza on requires employees to set goals regularly. Even when mes change, con nuously
upda ng and se ng goals is necessary to keep your business on track. Goals in each organiza on should
be S.M.A.R.T: specific, measurable, ac onable, realis c, and mely. It helps you and your team feel a
stronger sense of purpose and direc on. In addi on, se ng goals in place will help you and your team
feel produc ve with each bit of accomplishment and ensure that more significant produc on stays on
track.
Individual goals are significant because they give direc on to the employees. While team goals are great
for the overall guidance, personal goals will allow your team members to take dis nct paths to digest the
larger plan and turn it into ac on.

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Team goals are necessary to guide the en re organiza on. It includes broad objec ves that can be
broken down into team projects and ini a ves with individual key results. In addi on to helping the
organiza ons achieve their objec ves, se ng team goals also boost employee engagement,
produc vity and reten on by ensuring that every team member has a complete understanding of
their role in the overall approach. This also saves me and improve efficiency. In addi on, se ng team
goals also offers organiza ons the following benefits:

Keeps things open and

Boosts mo va on
transparent and ensures Balance out each other’s
levels and encourages
everyone’s on the same strengths and weaknesses
people to achieve more.
page.

It tends to bigger
Drives you to work Boost work
accomplishment and
together performance
reward

Avoid delay and ﬁnish work Helps to keep commitment

on me to the organisa on and Strengthen rela onships
team members

More ﬂexible and provides

alterna ve routes

Fig 9.9 Beneﬁts of Team Goals in an Organisa on

Notes
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Exercise

1. Fill in the blanks:

a) _______________is a building block of successful organiza ons.
b) A healthy rela onship with colleagues is built on ______, _______ and__________.
c) _________________ is a part of your organiza on's du es to its community and stakeholders.
d) Sharing informa on helps employees to limit the ________ gap.
e) _____________ is a mechanism or strategy that enables different en es to work together.
f) _________________ facilitates meaningful and necessary communica on for employee
___________and manage the communica on flow within and outside the organiza on.
g) Fill in the Blanks-
h) ________________ is a set of rules indica ng the proper and polite way to behave at work.
I) _______________________include how the people generally speak, wear, follow customs,
behave by the receivers who are not accustomed to the differences.
j) ___________ is the response communicated by the receiver to the source/sender a er having
decoded the message.
k) The quality of the rela onship with colleagues and co-workers will depend on the
_______________ demonstrate while interac ng with them.
2. Goals in each organiza on should be:
a) Specific, monthly, adjustable, realis c, and mely
b) Smart, measurable, ac onable, realis c, and mely
c) Specific, measurable, ac onable, realis c, and mely
3. The following are the types of communica on at workplace, except:
a) Employer – employee
b) Colleagues
c) Stakeholders
d) Customer – friend
4. Which one is not the correct way of verbal and wri en communica on?
a) Short
b) Irrelevant
c) Simple
d) Direct
4. Differen ate between team goals and individual goals.
5. What is effec ve communica on?
6. How language barriers create gaps in workplace?
7. List any two ps for communica ng effec vely with superiors.

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Unit 9.2 Work in a Disciplined and Ethical Manner

Unit Objec ves

1. Discuss the importance and ways of managing interpersonal conflict effec vely.
2. Discuss how to express and address grievances appropriately and effec vely.
3. State the importance of ethics and discipline for professional success.
4. Explain what cons tutes disciplined behaviour and integrity for a working professional.
5. Discuss the legisla on, standards, policies, and procedures relevant to own employment and
performance condi ons.
6. Discuss importance of dress code in organisa ons.

9.2.1 Importance of Work Ethics and Discipline

A professional code of ethics establishes an organiza on's ethical guidelines and best prac ces for
maintaining honesty, integrity, and professionalism. Viola ons of the code of ethics can result in
sanc ons, including termina on, for members of an organiza on. The following ﬁgure explains the
standard prac ces and professional code of ethics follow in every organiza on.

Follow organiza on's Be honest in all

rules and regula ons Be Punctual communica ons and
ac ons

Maintain personal Be loyal within the

Keep promises and fulﬁll
integrity framework of other
commitments
ethical principles

Pursue good Treat everyone with Showcase professional

workmanship respect behavior

Build and protect

organiza on’s
Promote teamwork
reputa on and the
employee's morale

Fig 9.10 Professional Code of Ethics

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Employee discipline isn't about power or punishment. It is about making the workplace safe and
enjoyable for both employees and management. Discipline is most eﬀec ve when there is mutual trust
between managers and employees. It all begins with clear communica on and con nues with
consistency. Discipline assists employees in correc ng any shortcomings to become valuable,
contribu ng members of the workforce. Documenta on created as a result of the disciplinary process
can also help an employer protect itself if termina on or other adverse employment decision is
required. Here are the ways to maintain workplace discipline in the organiza on while maintaining
employee respect:

Lead your to help team

Establishing a workplace Get rid of all the
members reach their full
code of conduct distrac ons
poten al with pa ence

Ensure that workplace is

Be considerate of the Come up with a set of
a desirable place for
genera on gap guidelines
working

Allow personal space for

Regularly communicate
Take correc ve ac ons your team members to
with team
work

Fig 9.11 Tips for Maintaining Discipline at Workplace

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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9.2.2 Managing Conﬂicts at Workplace

Dealing with conflict at the workplace is inevitable. The ability to recognize conflict with your
colleagues, understand its nature, and try to bring a quick and fair resolu on to the conflict is cri cal to
anyone who works in a team. Conflict management is a crucial skill that enables an individual to handle
confronta ons tac ully and construc vely. It aims to yield a posi ve result from disputes and
disagreements that occur between people in the workplace and resolve the conflict in a way that
respects everyone's wants and needs. At some point, we need skills for managing conflict in the
workplace. The following ps can help us resolve the conflict or a disagreement in that situa on.

Do not try to assume

Control your anger by
others' perspec ves. Give
Stay calm during a staying conscious of the
them the opportunity to
conﬂict situa on and swaying
speak and one must
with the ﬂow
listen

Some mes it is not

Leave the site for a me- Keep an open mind and
necessary to argue. Le ng
being, if the situa on is compromise where
the moment pass shall
hea ng up necessary
avoid the conﬂict

Mind your language if

Remember, everyone is
you enter an argument.
diﬀerent and can have a Try to look at the situa on
Never say something
diﬀerent point of view to from others' point of view
which you may need to
yours
regret later

Determine the way in

which both the par es If the conflict intensifes, let
Do not try to overpower
could be mutually a common lead help
your intent
benefi ed resolve the conflict

Fig 9.12 Tips for Managing Conﬂicts

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Plumber-General

9.2.3 Grievance Management

Grievances result in collec ve disputes when they are not resolved mely. Also, this lowers the morale
and efficiency of the employees. Frustra on, employee dissa sfac on, low produc vity, lack of
interest in work, high absenteeism, etc. might be a result of una ended grievances. In short, grievance
arises when the organiza on does not fulfill employees' expecta ons, resul ng in a feeling of
discontentment and dissa sfac on. This dissa sfac on must have cropped up from employment
issues and not from personal issues.
A grievance may result from the following factors-
a) Working Condi ons and Safety: These consists of any complaint or grievance that directly
addresses the employees' work environment. These can include everything from unsafe working
condi ons to difficult and indifferent managers.
b) Unreasonable Management Policies: If employees believe that a par cular policy is unfair or
unreasonable, they will want their concerns addressed. Such policies can include a gap in
produc on standards or over me regula on compliance.
c) Viola ons of Rules and Policies: These are related to any organiza onal rules which the employees
feel are being violated by other workers and/or middle or senior management.
For addressing grievance, Plumber General should adopt the following approach to manage grievance
effec vely:
1. Complaint: As soon as the grievance arises, it should be
iden fied and resolved. This lowers the detrimental
effects of grievance on the employees and their
performance.
2. Acknowledging grievance: Acknowledge the grievance
put forward by the employee as a manifesta on of true
and genuine feelings of the employees.
Acknowledgment implies that you are eager to look
into the complaint impar ally and without bias. This
creates a conducive work environment with instances
of grievance reduced.
3. Gathering facts: Gather relevant and adequate facts
that explains the nature of the grievance. These facts
must be recorded to be used at a later stage of
grievance redressal.
4. Examining the causes of grievance: The actual cause of
resentment should be iden fied. Consequently,
remedial ac ons should be taken to prevent the
repe on of the grievance. Fig 9.13 Grievance Addressing Process

5. Decisioning: A er iden fying the causes of grievance,

an alterna ve course of ac on should be suggested to
manage the grievance. The eﬀect of each ac on on the exis ng and future management policies
and procedures should be analyzed, and accordingly, the manager should take a decision.
6. Execu on and review: The manager should implement the decision quickly, ignoring the fact that it
may or may not hurt the concerned employees. A er implemen ng the decision, a follow-up must
ensure that the grievance has been resolved completely and adequately.
An eﬀec ve grievance procedure ensures a pleasant work environment because it redresses the
grievance to the mutual sa sfac on of the employees and the supervisors.

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9.2.4 Disciplined Behaviour and Integrity

The behaviors of employees in the workplace directly impact the opera ons and success of a business.
Professional behaviour leads to a higher status of an organisa on and also boosts the morale
of the employees.
Responsible and disciplined behaviour will ensure good maintenance at the workplace, the sa sfac on
of the customers and an overall conducive atmosphere to con nue with the ac vi es to the
beneﬁt of all.
Responsible behaviour at workplace includes:

Working well as part of a Displaying a posi ve a tude Maintaining a clean and

team or group. toward co- workers, the workplace suitable appearance.
and the tasks of the job.

Showing respect for others Being on me for work and

and respect for individual comple ng the tasks on Following organisa on rules
diﬀerences. me. and policies.

Repor ng to the supervisor Showing integrity and

Helping others.
as and when necessary. honesty

Being disciplined, responsible

and accountable

Fig 9.14 Responsible Behaviour

Employers value individuals who exhibit integrity since it is a desirable quality in the workplace.
Integrity-driven individuals are more inclined to work for a company with trustworthy workplace
culture. When a person upholds their moral and ethical standards even when they are not in the
spotlight, that person is said to have integrity. In whatever circumstance they encounter in life, a person
with integrity prefers to act honorably.

Graciousness Honesty Trustworthiness

Responsibility Pa ence Helpfulness

Fig 9.15 Character Traits Related To Integrity

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9.2.5 Importance of Dress Code

Organiza ons can let employees know what they consider proper work clothing by using dress codes.
An employer can specify expecta ons for the image it wants its employees to project through a dress
code or appearance policy. Uniforms may be worn according to formal or informal dress codes. The way
one is dressed speaks volumes about their professional image and a ributes.
Dress should be washed clean and stains free, untorn, and neatly ironed. Clothes should ﬁt properly.
Wearing clothing that is too big or small in size can make a person look shabby.

Clean t-shirt or ﬂannel

Denim jeans or dickies type work pants.
Good work boots.
Thick co on socks
Good pair of canvas glove
Approved hard hat at all mes
Safety Glasses

Fig 9.16 Dress code for a Plumber

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Exercise
Answer the following ques ons:

1. Write a short note on work ethics and workplace e que e.

2. List any 3 ways of maintaining discipline at the workplace.

3. What is conﬂict management?

4. Explain conﬁden ality in the workplace.

5. How language barriers create gaps in workplace?

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Plumber-General

Unit 9.3 Uphold social diversity at the workplace

Unit Objec ves

1. Explain the impact of gender, disability, cultural and age-related biases, stereotyping at the
workplace and in society.
2. List the diﬀerent types of disabili es and the challenges faced by persons with disability (PwD).
3. State the laws, acts, provisions and schemes deﬁned for PwD by the Government bodies.
4. Discuss gender, disability and cultural biases, stereotypes and impact on others
5. Discuss basic gender concepts such as gender power rela ons, gender roles, access and control,
gender sensi vity, gender equity and equality.
6. Discuss the importance of gender sensi vity and equality.
7. List the indicators of harassment and discrimina on based on gender, disability, caste, religion or
culture that occurs at a typical workplace.
8. State general organisa onal norms and procedures applied to protect against harassment and
discrimina on.
9. Discuss the importance of repor ng incidents of harassment and discrimina on to appropriate
authority.

9.3.1 Sensi vity for Person-With-Disability (PwD)

Disabled workers are a part of the diversity in today's workforce. However, being disabled does not
imply that the individual is incompetent or unable to do his/her job. In fact, being disabled simply
means the person has an impairment, which can be anything ranging from physical to psychological.
Disabled co-workers and employees are not any diﬀerent in that they are there to earn a living, advance
their career, and be er the organiza on through their contribu ons.
Listed below are some ps for interac ng and communica ng with people with disabili es.

Speak directly rather than

through a companion or If you offer assistance, wait
the sign language Offer to shake hands un l the offer is accepted.
interpreter who may be when introduced. Then listen or ask for
present. instruc ons.

Do not lean against or

Address people with hang on someone’s Listen a en vely when
disabili es by their first wheelchair or scooter as talking with people who
names only when people with disabili es have difficulty speaking and
extending that same treat their wheelchairs or wait for them to finish.
familiarity to all others. scooters as extensions of
their bodies.

Con nued...

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Place yourself at eye level Tap a person who has a

Avoid saying anything that
when speaking with hearing disability on the
implies the person with
someone who is of short shoulder or wave your hand
disability is superhuman,
stature or who is in a to get at his or her
courageous or special.
wheelchair or on crutches. a en on.

Don't pretend to
understand—let the Apologise if you believe
person know you are you have embarrassed
having diﬃculty; try asking someone.
yes or no ques ons.

Fig 9.17 Communica ng and Interac ng with PWD

The RPWD Act, 2016 provides that “the appropriate Government shall ensure that the PwD enjoy
the right to equality, life with dignity, and respect for his or her own integrity equally with others.”
The Government is to take steps to u lize the capacity of the PwD by providing appropriate
environment.

Gender inequality in an organiza on's is a complex phenomenon that can be seen in organiza onal
structures, processes, and prac ces. Following chart explains gender based issues in workplace:

Discrepancies in Pay Sexual harassment Racism

Common Gender Disparity in

Stereotypes promo ons

Fig 9.18 Gender based Issues at Workplace

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9.3.2 Gender Sensi vity

Gender sensi za on is vital because representa on is important. Representa on of a person and
community advocates equality and adds a sense of inclusion to the previously marginalized community.
For a healthy performance-oriented culture, organiza ons need the correct mix of talent which is not
bound by any gender. More than ever, accountability has become important now, organiza ons only
have today to make the changes that count, as tomorrow they won't be able to hide under the pretext of
ignorance. Each member of an organiza on seeks out to learn and grow at their workplace, and an
insensi ve place of work not only hinders that but also tends to become an unfriendly workplace.
Gender sensi za on is extremely significant as it helps the employees feel appreciated and cared for
within the organiza on. Lastly, for the be erment of society, organiza ons have got an ethical
responsibility in shaping the current structures by breaking the old norms. Organiza ons that do not
emphasize on gender sensi za on usually develop cultures where inequality and discrimina on
becomes normal. This kind of culture leads to a higher a ri on rate, a higher rate of employee
absenteeism, etc. Such policies also propagate the presence of a superior gender.
The concept of gender sensi vity shows the path to reduce barriers to personal and economic
development created by gender differen a on. In addi on, it helps to generate respect for individuals
regardless of their gender.
Gender sensi vity is not about figh ng women against men. On the contrary, gender-sensi ve
educa on, benefits members of all genders. It helps the individuals determine what assump ons are
valid and which are stereotyped generaliza ons in ma ers of gender. Gender awareness not only
requires intellectual efforts but also sensi vity and open-mindedness. It opens up the broadest
possible range of life op ons for both women and men.
Some of the best prac ces followed to stay gender-sensi ve would be to
Ÿ Use respec ul language while communica ng with each other. Do not reinforce gender
stereotypes.
Ÿ Provide fair opportunity to everyone irrespec ve of their gender
Ÿ Do not promote crea ng gender-specific social groups.
Ÿ Neither vic mize nor patronize based on gender

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

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9.3.3 Rights and Du es at Workplace concerning PwD

The following chart explains the rights and du es at the workplace with respect to PwD:

Rights Du es

• To an accessible workplace free of • To provide complete and honest

hazards and risks informa on as it relates to the job
• To complete informa on about the • To request reasonable accomoda on
job or assistance if needed
• To informa on, educa on, training • To prac ce safely procedures and
and safely equipment that reduces use equipment to reduce risks to self
risks and hazards and others
• To equal access to beniﬁts, • To report illness or injury promptly
condi ons of employement and • To cooporate and work with
promo onal opportuni es rehabita on professionals and
• To special safety procedures and employes in good faith regarding
considera ons that may relate to return to work.
one's disability in case of emergency • To use the access and services
• To be treated with dignity and provided to be fully produc ve
respect • to advocate, educate and
• To special tools and services that be collaborate with legel, service and
needed to accomodate a disability other systems to meet needs and
on the job or in the community resolve conﬂicts

Fig 9.19 Rights and Du es at Workplace with Respect to PwD

9.3.4 Diﬀerent Types of Disabili es

Some examples of common disabili es are:

Vision Impairment Deaf or hard of hearing Mental health condi ons

Intellectual disability Acquired brain injury Au sm spectrum disorder

Physical disability.

Fig 9.20 Diﬀerent types of Disabili es

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Plumber-General

Challenges faced by PwD

A physical environment that is not accessible

Lack of relevant assis ve technology (assis ve, adap ve, and rehabilita ve devices),

Nega ve a tudes of people towards disability,

People some mes stereotype those with disabili es, assuming their quality of life is poor or that they are
unhealthy because of their impairments.

Steps and curbs that block a person with mobility impairment from entering a building or using a sidewalk

Absence of a weight scale that accommodates wheelchairs or others who have diﬃculty stepping up

Fig 9.21 Challenges faced by PwD

9.3.5 PwD Policies

The Indian Government respects equality and therefore no discrimina on should be made on the
ground of disability. The Cons tu on secures to the ci zens including the disabled, a right to jus ce,
liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship, equality of status and opportunity and for the
promo on of fraternity. No disabled person can be compelled to pay any taxes for the promo on and
maintenance of any par cular religion or religious group. To enforce the same, the government has
passed laws to protect the disabled and their right to equality. The laws pertaining to disables are as
follows:

The Rehabilita on
The Mental Health
Council of India,
Act, 1987
1992

The Person with

The Na onal Trust
Disabili es
Act, 1999
Act, 1995
Acts related to
Disabili es

Fig 9.22 Acts related to Disabili es

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Par cipant Handbook

Summary
• Effec ve communica on is required for all employees in the organiza on to perform basic
management func ons and carry out their jobs and responsibili es.
• It is extremely difficult for Quality Managers to manage their teams and coordinate efforts for
successfully comple on of a project without strong interpersonal communica on skills. A project
cannot be successful if there is no communica on.
• The process of communica on is a dynamic structure that explains how a message is transmi ed
between a sender and a receiver via various communica on channels. Its purpose is to ensure that
the receiver accurately decodes the message and can provide feedback with precision and
convenience.
• Communica on barriers are factors that prevent a message from being received in the way the
sender sent it. People frequently face the problem of the message being received in an assumed
manner when communica ng.
• Effec ve communica on with your supervisor is crucial to your professional development and
career advancement. Refer to the exhibit below for ps on communica ng with the supervisor
effec vely.
• Following proper communica on, rules are cri cal to keeping a healthy rela onship with colleagues
and co-workers. The quality of the rela onship with colleagues and co-workers will depend on the
behavior you demonstrate while interac ng with them.
• Transparently sharing data and informa on ensures that everyone is in the loop and aware of any
poten al issues with the business, product, or service that can be addressed collabora vely.
Employees might have lots of knowledge that is crucial for the organiza on and other employees.
Sharing informa on helps them connect, perform be er, and become more vital as professionals.
• Organiza onal communica on can be divided into two categories: formal and informal
communica on.
• Emo onal outbursts at work could be caused by work-related issues or by stressors from our
personal lives spilling over into our work lives. Handling our emo ons (especially nega ve ones) at
work is frequently regarded as a test of our professionalism.
• An organiza onal structure is a system that defines how specific ac vi es are directed in order to
achieve an organiza on's goals.
• . The workflow of an organiza on consists of the processes that must be completed, the people or
other resources that are available to perform those processes, and the interac ons between them.
• Communica on policies of an organiza on establish expecta ons and manage the flow of
communica ons within and outside the organiza on. As a result, it facilitates meaningful and
necessary communica on for employee produc vity and morale without restric ng employees'
feeling in midated and powerless.
• Goals in each organiza on should be S.M.A.R.T: specific, measurable, ac onable, realis c, and
mely. It helps you and your team feel a stronger sense of purpose and direc on. In addi on, se ng
goals in place will help you and your team feel produc ve with each bit of accomplishment and
ensure that more significant produc on stays on track.
• Team performance evalua on is a key factor in inspiring teams, improving the quality of work, and
keeping them mo vated. It is the best channel to understand how the team is performing and an
effec ve measure to get feedback about how produc on is going, whether the employees are
working posi vely towards achieving goals, and what can be done to improve employees'
engagement.

244
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Plumber-General

Summary
• A professional code of ethics establishes an organiza on's ethical guidelines and best prac ces for
maintaining honesty, integrity, and professionalism. Viola ons of the code of ethics can result in
sanc ons, including termina on, for members of an organiza on.
• Work ethics are the morals or principles that govern a person's or group's behavior, whereas
e que e is a set of rules indica ng the proper and polite way to behave at work.
• Dealing with conflict at the workplace is inevitable. The ability to recognize conflict with your
colleagues, understand its nature, and try to bring a quick and fair resolu on to the conflict is cri cal
to anyone who works in a team.
• Discipline is most effec ve when there is mutual trust between managers and employees. It all
begins with clear communica on and con nues with consistency. Discipline assists employees in
correc ng any shortcomings to become valuable, contribu ng members of the workforce.
• Confiden ality is important for legal and reputa onal reasons, but it is also important because
future employment may be con ngent on it.
• Disabled co-workers and employees are not any different in that they are there to earn a living,
advance their career, and be er the organiza on through their contribu ons.
• The RPWD Act, 2016 provides that “the appropriate Government shall ensure that the PwD enjoy
the right to equality, life with dignity, and respect for his or her own integrity equally with others.”
The Government is to take steps to u lize the capacity of the PwD by providing appropriate
environment.
• Gender inequality in an organiza on's is a complex phenomenon that can be seen in organiza onal
structures, processes, and prac ces.
• Females with disabili es are subjected to mul ple layers of discrimina on. Based on their gender
and disability status, they o en face double discrimina on.
• For a healthy performance-oriented culture, organiza ons need the correct mix of talent which is
not bound by any gender.
• Use respec ul language while communica ng with each other. Do not reinforce gender
stereotypes.
• Gender sensi vity is not about figh ng women against men. On the contrary, gender-sensi ve
educa on, benefits members of all genders. It helps the individuals determine what assump ons
are valid and which are stereotyped generaliza ons in ma ers of gender.

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

245
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Par cipant Handbook

Exercise
1. Write a Short note on :

a) Grievance Management

b) Rights and du es of PwD at the workplace

c) Gender based issues at workplace

d) Best prac ces for gender sensi vity

e) Best prac ces for gender sensi vity

2. Match the following:

Column A Column B

Gender inequality Gender-speciﬁc social groups

Listen a en vely Equal access to beneﬁts

Rights at Workplace concerning PwD With hearing disability person to get

his a en on

Tap a person on shoulder Disparity in promo ons

Do not promote While talking with people having

diﬃculty speaking

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Plumber-General

Notes
__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

QR Code
Scan the QR Code to watch the related video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGHBq5OEsBM

Effective communication at workplace

247
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Par cipant Handbook

10. Employability
Skills

h ps://eskillindia.org/NewEmployability

DGT/VSQ/N0102
248
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Plumber-General

11. Annexure
Annexure - QR Codes

249
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Par cipant Handbook

Annexure - QR Code
Serial
No. Module No. Unit Number Topic Name Page No. URL QR Code

Overview of https://youtu.
the Plumbing be/Rfz1zVu8V
Industry aQ
Unit 1.1
Plumbing
Industry-An Scope of
Introduction Employment https://youtu.
in the be/Fq7FIsuNC
Contrac ng QI
Segment
Introduction to
the sector and 14
1. the job role
https://youtu.
be/-
Plumbing
bvZCdMecEo
Cycle

Unit 1.2 -
Water Flow Various Types
Process of Plumbing
https://youtu.
Systems in
be/8jxRn-
Residential T_LCs
and
Commercial
Setups

Process of
Unit 2.1 https://youtu.
Mains Supply be/wpQD4Xzj
Introduction
of Water and KDM
to Plumbing
Drainage

https://youtu.
Pipe be/1YQ9dpa6
Basics of Materials _lw
2. 65
Plumbing
Unit 2.2
Plumbing
Materials
.Various Pipe https://youtu.
Fit-Off be/q33WAVm
Processes 0K5o

250
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Plumber-General

Annexure - QR Code
Serial
No. Module No. Unit Number Topic Name Page No. URL QR Code

Unit 2.3 Diﬀerent

Plumbing Types of 65 https://youtu.
Tools and Plumbing be/GfNUaVF
Equipment Tools and mxaY
Equipment

3. Basic Tasks to Unit 3.2 -

Facilitate Handling of https://youtu.
Safe use of 82
Plumbing Work Plumbing be/AI9YIy-
Materials Plumbing 86v8
Tools

Unit 9.1 -
Effective https://ww
Working Work and
communicati w.youtube.c
9. Effectively With Communicat 247
on at om/watch?v
Others e Effectively
workplace =QGHBq5OE
at Workplace
sBM

251
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Par cipant Handbook

Scan this QR Code to access eBook

Address: Water Management and Plumbing Skill Council

Unit 606 & 609,DLF Prime Tower
Okhla Phase -1
Delhi-110020
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 011 41513580

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