Adopting the design criteria as developed in Assignment No.

5 design water supply, sewerage and drai

Submitted To: Dr. Saimer Parveez

Abdul Wahab 20-CE-44 Environmental Engineering

 Design water supply, sewerage and drainage, solid waste collection and
disposal system for an imaginary or existing housing scheme having
minimum 500 numbers of houses.

Water Supply System

Water supply system, infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and
distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as
for such public needs as firefighting and street flushing. Of all municipal services, provision of
potable water is perhaps the most vital. People depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing,
carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs. Water supply systems must also meet
requirements for public, commercial, and industrial activities. In all cases, the water must fulfill
both quality and quantity requirements.

Design of water supply scheme

1
Main purpose:
The purpose of this project is to design the “Water Distribution Scheme” for a society which
includes the Diameter of pipes, Lengths of Pipes, Pressure in pipes, Turbine Motor, Storage Tank
and Strainer length.ater Supply Design
No of Plots = 281
No of Appartments = 3
No of Flats = 3
Design period = 20 years
Population forecast:

Present (2009) Design (2029)

Persons/plot 7 10

Persons/apartment 400 600

Persons/flat 200 400

Layout of Water Distribution Scheme

2
POPULATION FORECASTING
Present Population Pp= 1) 281×7+400×3+200×3 = 3767

Present Population Pp= 2) 281×10+600×3+400×3 = 5810

Annual Growth Rate = 2.1% (For Pakistan, 2008 report)

Design Population Pd

1) Pd = Pp x (1+2/100)20

Pd = 3767x(1+2/100)20 = 5598

Per capita water consumption = 344 lpcd

Average Design flow = 5810 x 344 = 1998640 Lit/day = 23.13 Lit/Sec

3
Nodal distribution

Nodal demand:
Minimum Residual Pressure And Roughness Coefficient
Minimum residual pressure should be 14m and the roughness coefficient used = C = 120
Design of tank diameter:
Discharge = Q = 23.1 lit/sec = 83160 lit/hr = 83.16 m3/hr
Duration for storage = 8 hrs
Volume of Water for storage = Q x t = 83.16 x 8 = 665.28 m3
and Area = L x W …….So Volume = A.D
Usually D = 8ft to 10 ft
Let D = 3m in our case
Area = Volume /D = 668.28/3 = 221.76m2
Equivalent Diameter = 1.128 x = 16.79m = 17m
Tube well design:
Design Head = Depth of water + draw down of water table +losses in pumping chamber +losses
in pipe from tube well to O.H.R + difference in elevation between T/W & O.H.R + Height of
O.H.R
So H = 30`+30`+10`+hl+20m+20m
Now to make units consistent we have to convert all dimensions in meters.
But first we have to find Head Loss in the pipe. Water Supply Design
Hl= (4.f.l.v^2)/(2.g.d)
Here f = 0.0046 and length = 87.3m , velocity is usually from 5ft/sec so convert it in meter we
get 1.524m/sec
Hl = (4*0.0046*87.3*(1.524^2))/(2*9.81*d)
Now we don’t have the value of d . We will get d from Q=A.V

4
Here Q = Max flow = Avg x 1.5
Q= 23.1liter/sec = 0.0231m3/sec x 1.5 = 0.03465m3/sec
0.03465m3/sec = π2 x 1.524m/sec
From here we get d = 170mm now the diameters available in the market are in the following
sequence Water Supply Design
80 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm, 300 mm, 400 mm, 500 mm, 1000 mm
So we round our diameter to 200mm and thus the velocity will also change to v = 1.103m/sec
Now the Head loss comes out to be 0.498m
So the Total head becomes now 9.114 + 9.114 + 3.048 + 0.498 + 20+20 = H = 61.7m

Pump/motor b.h.p design

B.H.P = BRAKE HORSE POWER

BHP = Gama*Q*H / 550 * nu (efficiency)

= (62.4*1.2375*201.345)/(550*0.6)
Efficiency of a motor is about 60% and for diesel motors its 50%
B.H.P = 47.17 B.h.p

Design of strainer/wallscreen
Q = A.V
Q = Max flow = 0.03465
V = 0.02 – 0.06 m/sec …..let us take v = 0.04m/sec
0.03465 = π . d. L x 0.04m/sec
Diameter of strainer is usually 10”

5
So, the Length of Strainer comes out to be 9m
Water Supply Design

Design of sewer system:

Introduction:
Design of Sewer System. Sewer system plays a vital role in the economic development of a
country. Sewers are must for the drainage of waste water. In order to have an effective sewage
system the sewers should be properly designed and more care should be taken in finding the
invert levels otherwise whole design may get wrong. Design of Sewer System. Sewers are
designed for the drainage of waste water coming from houses, industries, streets, runoff etc to
protect the environment and people from serious diseases, as more than 50 diseases spread from
sewage. So for a good living, the sewers should be properly designed and the sewage should be
treated properly before discharging it into the river.
Design criteria
Design Flow:
First of all calculate the average sewage flow on the basis of water consumption and the
population at the end of the design period. i.e at the full development of the area. Then the design
flow for sanitary sewer and partially combined sewers can by calculated by using the following
formulae. Design of Sewer System
 For Sanitary Sewer :
Qdesign= Peak sewage flow + infiltration
 For partially combined sewer (WASA Criteria):
Qdesign = 2xPeak sewage flow + infiltration
Design Equation:
Manning’s Equation is used for sewers flowing under gravity Design of Sewer System

Where
V = Velocity of flow in m/sec
R = Hydraulic mean depth (A/P) = D/4 when pipe is flowing full or half full

6
S = Slope of the sewer
n = Coefficient of roughness for pipes
Minimum (Self Cleansing) Velocity:
Sewage should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent the settlement of solid matter
in the sewer. Self-Cleansing Velocity is the minimum velocity that ensures non-settlement of
suspended matter in the sewer. Design of Sewer System
The following minimum velocities are generally employed
 Sanitary sewer = 0.6 m/sec
 Storm sewer = 1.0 m/sec
 Partially combined sewer = 0.7 m/sec
Maximum velocity:
The maximum velocities in the sewer pipes should not exceed more than 2.4 m/sec. This max
velocity in the sewer should not exceed this limit of 2.4 m/sec. It is to avoid the excessive sewer
abrasion and also to avoid steep slopes. Design of Sewer System
Minimum Sewer Size:
225mm is taken as the minimum sewer size. The reason being that, the choking does not take
place even with the bigger size particles, which are usually thrown into the sewer through
manholes. Design of Sewer System
Minimum Cover of Sewer:
1m is taken as the minimum cover over the sewers to avoid damage from live loads coming on
the sewer.
Spacing of Manhole (WASA, Criteria):
For (Sewer Size) 225mm to 380mm spacing not more than 100m
For (Sewer Size) 460mm to 760mm spacing not more than 120m
For (Sewer Size) greater than 760mm spacing not more than 150m
Direction of Sewer Line:
Sewer should flow, as for as possible the Natural Slope. Design of Sewer System
Design of Sewer:
 Size of Sewer:
Use the following relation to find the diameter of sewer
Qf = A x V
 Slope of Sewer:
Select the minimum velocity value and use the Manning’s formula

Invert Level:
The lowest inside level at any cross-section of a sewer pipe is known as Invert Level at that
Cross-section. Design of Sewer System
Invert Level = NGSL/Road Level – Depth of Sewer – Thickness of Sewer – Dia. of Sewer

7
Joints in Sewers:
 Bell & Spigot Joint
 Tongue &Groove Joint
Manholes:

These are provided forCleaning

 inspection and
 house connection
At
 Change in Sewer direction
 Change in sewer diameter
 Change in slope
One-man hole to be provided for 2-4 plotsesign of Sewer System
Design of Sewer System
Sewerage design data
No of Plots = 281
No of Apartments = 3
No of Flats = 3
Design period = 20 years

8
Population forecast

Present (2009) Design (2029)

Persons/plot 7 10

Persons/apartment 400 600

Persons/flat 200 400

Population forecasting:
Present Population Pp= 1) 281×7+400×3+200×3 = 3767
Design Population Pd= 2) 281×10+600×3+400×3 = 5810
Annual Growth Rate = 2.1% (For Pakistan, 2008 report)
Design Population Pd:
1) Pd = Pp x (1+2.1/100)20
Pd = 3767x(1+2.1/100)20 = 5709
Pd = 5810 ( From Table)
Per capita water consumption = 350 + 44= 394 lpcd (liters per capita per day)
Average Design flow = Pd x water consumption x 0.8 / 1000
(80% goes to sewers as waste water)
= (394 x 5810 x 0.8 ) / 1000
Qavg = 1831.312 m3/day
Peak factor = 4 (from WASA table)
Design of wet well:
Qmax = 14742.1m3/day = 10.237 m3/min
Pumping capacity
P = Qmax = 10.237 m3/min
Minimum cycle time:sign of Sewer System
Minimum Cycle time must not be less than 5-minutes
For smaller pumps t min = 15 min
Volume = V = [P x t(min)]/4
Effective Volume = ( 10.237 x 15 ) / 4 = 38.39 m3 Design of Sewer System
Dimensions of wet well:
Length = 3.6 m Design of Sewer System
Width = 3.6m
Height = 3 m
Volume = 3.6*3.6*3 = 38.88m3
Pump must run for at least 2 minutes
Check the cycle time , should be greater than 2 minutes
t = V/(P-Qmin) = 38.39 / (10.237 – 0.6358) = 3.99~=4
So 4 minutes is greater than 2 minutes ..( OK) Design of Sewer System

9
Cycle Time for Minimum and Average Flow
CYCLE TIME = t = (V/(P-Q))+(V/Q)
For Qmin = 38.39 / (10.237 – 0.6358) + 38.398/0.6358 = 64.391 min > 15min (OK)
For Qavg = 38.39 / (10.237 -1.271) + 38.39/1.271 = 34.48 min > 15min (OK)

10
11
MANHOLE

DROP MANHOLE:

12
SEWER JOINTS

SEWER BEDDINGS

13
Results:
 Diameters are less then 600mm so Infiltration rate used is 5% of average sewage flow.
 Bell & Spigot joints have been used as the diameters are less then 600mm.
 One Drop Manhole is coming at M15 as the vertical drop is more than 0.6m.
 In Sewers (M9-M8, M8-M11, M10-M11, M12-M13, M5-M18, M20-M21, M24-M21, M21-
M22, M25-M26), Velocity is less than the self cleansing velocity So, Flush tanks will be
provided here.
 Most of the diameters are of 225mm ensuring the economic side of the project.
Wet well dimensions are 2.5×3.5×4.4.
 Cycle time of 15 minutes is satisfied ensuring the adaptability of small pumps so more
economic.
Design of solid waste collection system:
In order to manage the MSW in a specific geographical area correctly it is essential to have
previously defined an adequate pre-collection system. The methodology proposed here takes into
account technical, economic, environmental and legal factors, among others, that affect every
stage of the pre-collection design. In fact, when the specific characteristics of an area are
considered, the pre-collection must be perfectly adapted to the socio-demographic, economic,
cultural and geographic characteristics of the environment where the collection is to be carried
out.

14
The purpose of the methodology is to help waste managers to locate the minimum number of
MSW collection points in a town and determine the number of bins needed, taking into account
some variables like the storage level (SL), the frequency of collection, the bin volume, etc.

The first stage of the methodology consists in selecting the number of waste fractions (NWF),
which is the number of waste fractions the MSW is divided into at source. This figure will
determine the number of waste streams that will be collected separately by the collection
services.

This decision should be made by the waste managers and it will depend on the objectives
proposed in each case.

In the second stage, the level of storage of each waste fraction must be selected. Hence, the
factors that affect the SL must be analyzed first. Afterwards, an adequate SL must be defined for
each waste fraction. The SL refers to the distance that the citizen must walk to the disposal point.

In the third step of the methodology, the location of the storage point will be chosen. The
location points depend mainly on the previously selected SL and the recovery rate of the
different materials (glass, paper and cardboard, light packaging, etc.) that we want to achieve.
This stage is developed in a GIS environment and, therefore, it is advisable to select software
capable of performing network analyses.

In the fourth stage, the storage volume at each point must be defined for each waste fraction.
Additionally, the type of bin must be selected and the number of bins in each location must be
defined, taking into account the collection system, the urban environment, and the possible
annual bin overflows that have been previously set.

Waste fraction selection:

Citizens can perform several waste pre-treatments at home to reduce the volume of waste, to
recover materials and to change their physical shape. From all these possibilities, the most
extended pre-treatment is the separation of materials and its main aim is to take advantage of the
recovered materials (Lavee and Nardiya, 2013). The factors that affect the NWF are the
composition of the waste, the waste valorization method, the difficulty involved in waste
separation, the restrictions imposed by regulations, and the market requirements (Gallardo,
2000). Depending on all these factors, the waste manager must select the most suitable NWF in
the area under study.

The heterogeneous composition of MSW can give rise to materials pollution that can become
even higher as the materials remain more time together. For that reason, waste separation at
source depending on the type of material makes it possible to improve materials valorization. In
fact, it allows higher quality materials to be obtained, as Huerta-Pujol et al. demonstrated in 2011
in the case of compost or Miranda et al. (2013) in the case of paper. In this sense, the valorization
method that will be applied to MSW will affect the NWF. In addition, the method of separating
the materials must be simple to facilitate this task for citizens so that they can separate the
materials correctly and the number of inappropriate materials will be as low as possible.

15
Furthermore, the sub-products market demands, on an ever-increasing basis, recovered materials
of higher quality.

The country regulations can also set an NWF value, the recovery percentage or a particular type
of treatment. For example, European Directive 2008/98/CE (DOUE, 2008) specifies that at least
paper, plastic, metals and glass fractions must be collected separately before 2015 and that 50%
of the overall weight of these materials must be separated out to be reused and recycled in 2020.

Depending on the factors mentioned above, there can be a wide range of NWF, from zero, which
means a mass or “all-in-one” collection, to a high rate of waste separation by type of material. In
Spain, waste is divided into four or five fractions; glass, paper and cardboard, light packaging,
organic matter and non-segregated (Gallardo et al., 2010, 2013). In Portugal, glass, paper and
plastic/metals are separated at source (Magrinho et al., 2006), and in Sweden waste is separated
into eight fractions (newsprint, glass, paper, metal, plastic film, hard plastics, biowaste and
residual waste) and, depending on the town, citizens leave them in kerbside bins or at drop-off
sites.

Storage level selection

Once the waste has been separated at source, it must be stored either at home or at a street
disposal point. Depending on the distance to the street disposal point, different SL can be defined
(Table 1). In order to select the SL, several factors must be taken into account such as the current
regulations, the population density, the costs, and the fractioning rate (FR).

Table 1. Characteristics of the different storage levels.

Storage level Characteristics

Door to door – Bins or containers are located in each door, interior courtyards or other
accessible zone in the house or the building

– The citizen must walk a minimum distance

– Usual use: towns with low population density

– Advantage: effortless for the citizen

– Disadvantage: waste is collected on a fixed schedule and high collection

cost

Kerbside bins – The disposal points are placed in the street within a aradius of the buffer
zone between 20 and 30 m

– Disposal points separation varies between 40–60 m

16
Storage level Characteristics

– Usual use: towns with high population density

– Advantage: the collection is agile, quick and its costs are lower than door to
door costs

– Disadvantage: the distance that citizens must walk to the disposal point

Drop-off sites – The disposal points are placed in the streets with a radius of the buffer zone
between 100 and 300 m

– Disposal points separation varies between 200–400 m

– Usual use: selective collection of light packaging, paper/cardboard and

glass

– Advantage: lower costs in the collection compared to kerbside collection,

waste disposal with flexible schedule

– Disadvantage: citizen must do a greater effort than in kerbside collection

Establishmen – The disposal points are placed in establishments within a radius of the
t buffer zone that varies depending on the number of establishments that
cooperate with the collection

– Usual use: hazardous waste collection (such as batteries, fluorescents tubes

or medicinal products)

– Advantage: elimination of the hazardous waste from the other waste

fractions

Green points – The disposal points are placed in facilities located at a distance less than
4 km or 15 min

– Usual use: especial waste pre-collection (such as bulky, inert or hazardous)

– Advantage: controlled collection of the especial waste

The local regulations generally set the guidelines on MSW collection design, such as the distance
to the bins, their size, their design, etc. In other cases, regulations point out the desirable
separation percentage for each material present in the MSW (for example, European Directive

17
2008/98/CE), which affects the SL. The FR is the relation between the amount of waste collected
in a container of a particular waste fraction j (paper, glass, etc.) and the total amount of MSW.

The distance to the disposal point greatly influences the FR, as Gallardo et al. (2010)pointed out
for the case of selective collection at drop-off sites. Therefore, depending on the desirable FR,
the most suitable SL will be set. Another factor that affects the SL is the population density.
Consequently, the storage points in dense towns (or vertical towns) are usually nearer the user
than in towns with a low population density (or horizontal towns).

Moreover, the economic factor must also be taken into account because the management costs
will vary depending on the SL. In fact, the points which are nearer the citizen (door-to-door or
kerbside) are more expensive than the ones which are farther away. In this latter case, shorter
collecting routes, as well as less time and fewer workers, are required than in the first case.
Nonetheless, in each city the costs must be analyzed since they can vary according to the
characteristics of the town, such as its demographic, physical or geographic characteristics
(Lavee and Nardiya, 2013). Di Maria and Micale (2013) considered that in their area it was
economically more sustainable to collect high density waste door-to-door and to collect low
density waste at drop-off sites.

Table 1 shows the main characteristics of the SL that can take place in MSW pre-collection. By
combining the NWF and the SL, a great number of pre-collection alternatives can be obtained. In
Spain, this combination results in eight pre-collection systems, as pointed out by Gallardo et al.
(2012). In all those systems, four or five fractions, depending on the town, are separated at
source, but the materials and the SL of each one are different.

In this second stage, the user should define the SL taking into account the selection made in the
first stage as well as all the variables mentioned above and depending on the objectives and
restrictions of the case study.

Location of the MSW disposal points:

At this stage, the storage points are distributed within the area under study. The distribution will
depend on the SL selected in the previous stage. Fig. 2 shows the design requirements proposed
to locate and to calculate the volume of the storage points.

18
Fig. 2. Location and volume of the storage points.

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) allow the user to locate the storage points as they work
with spatial data associated to databases. The GIS tool used must be capable of building the
street network and analyzing it in order to define the location points in accordance with the
factors mentioned above. Several authors (Valeo et al., 1998; Kao and Lin, 2002; Gautam and
Kumar, 2005; Zamorano et al., 2009) have used the Location-Allocation tool to locate the
selective collection bins.

In this third stage, the user should distribute the collection points in the area. Fig. 2shows the
maximum recommended distances between the citizen’s home and the disposal point, and the
variables that should be taken into account to define the disposal points at each SL.

Volume of the MSW disposal points and selection of bins:

Once the disposal points have been located the following step consists in defining the bin
volume needed to store the waste until the collection truck arrives.

The definition of the volume of the disposal points consists in calculating the bin volume needed
to receive the waste that will be deposited at each storage point. Afterwards, the number of bins
needed will be calculated according to the bin size that has been chosen. To calculate the storage
volume, the maximum generation days (such as weekends, holidays, etc.) must be taken into
account. In this way, the bin capacity will be oversized compared to the one needed under
normal operating conditions. The disposal volume at each point will be defined by Eq. (1):

(1)Vij=(Hbi∗DGRmsw∗FRj∗Cfj∗Cuj)/Dj
where Vij is the bin volume needed (m3 day−1) at each disposal point i and for each fraction j;
Hbi is the number of inhabitants per disposal point; DGR msw is the daily rate of MSW generation
(kg inh−1 day−1); FRj is the fractioning rate of fraction j; Cfj is the coefficient of the collection
frequency of fraction j. It is the result of dividing the period of time considered (one week, two

19
weeks, etc.) by the number of collection days over that period for each waste fraction; Cu j is the
coefficient of utilization of fraction j; and Dj is the fraction j waste density in the bin (kg m−3).
Coefficient Cf may contribute to increase or decrease the waste volume stored at each disposal
point. When there is daily waste collection in a town, Cf = 1, this means that there would be a
lower volume of waste at the collection point. If Cf = 3.5, it means that waste collection is
performed twice a week and logically the waste volume at the disposal point will be higher.

The Cu is used to increase the bin volume needed in order to take into account the situations
which imply greater generation, and allows the user to control the number of annual overflows.
Hence, a higher value of Cu will lead to a lower number of bin overflows. This coefficient must
be calculated considering the generation of each waste fraction over one year and the maximum
number of overflows selected by the user in that year. For example, Cu can be defined as
follows:

(2)Cuj=Monthly maximum collection of fractionj/Monthly average collection of fractionj

A high value of Cu means that more bins would be needed in the streets, but there would be
fewer bin overflows. Again, waste managers must decide whether to vary this coefficient or not.
For example, if glass generation in the month of August is 20% higher than the annual average
glass generation and the Cu value is defined as 1.2, there will be no bin overflows in the rest of
the months. In these months, however, there will be too many bins. If Cu = 1, the number of bins
needed will be lower but there will be bin overflows in the months when glass generation is
higher than the annual average. Waste managers must decide on the best solution in each
particular case.
The fraction density Dj will vary depending on the size of the bin where it is placed, and
therefore it is necessary to set the bin volume. For this purpose, the waste density is needed and it
can be defined from different sources such as Tanskanen and Kaila (2001), Di Maria and Micale
(2013), Ecovidrio (2010), WRAP (2009), the Spanish Ministry of the Environment
(2004) or Zamorano et al. (2009).

The characteristics and the operation of the green points mean that the way to calculate the
capacity needed to design them is different in each case. Other parameters such as the number of
inhabitants, the type of waste, etc. must also be taken into account.

The selection of the bin size will depend on the characteristics of the streets. Nowadays, the most
frequently used presentation and containers are bags or disposable sacks, garbage bins, two-
wheel containers, four-wheel containers, large-capacity containers, selective collection bins or
buried bins (Mecati and Gros, 2007; Gallardo, 2000). Once the bin size has been selected, the
number of bins for each disposal point must be determined. To do so, the disposal point volume
is divided by the selected bin volume. Nevertheless, different types of bins can be used in a city,
depending on the design requirements.

At this point, and in accordance with the procedure explained above, the bin volume will be
defined, and the number of bins needed at each point and in the entire town will be calculated.

20
Maps of the distribution of disposal points for each fraction:
Finally, in the last step of the methodology the processed information should be integrated into
maps. A GIS tool can help to analyze and represent the data spatially. This way of showing the
results will help the user of the methodology make decisions to improve MSW management.
Therefore, maps showing features such as the location of doorways in the town and the proposed
location of the disposal point (door-to-door, kerbside, drop-off points or establishments) must
first be represented and then analyzed to ensure successful implementation.

Swage disposal system design:

In the course of many thousands of Sewage Disposal System Designs for the replacement of
failed existing systems, for the expansion of current systems and for new residential and
commercial systems, we at Stamski and McNary, Inc., have experienced situations in which our
clients do not have an understanding of the process of designing and constructing a septic
system. We offer following information to attempt to clarify the process.

Design:
The civil engineer reviews the needs of the client. The approximate size of a system is computed
and a primary location of said system is determined. Locations of wells, property lines, wetlands
and other utilities are considered in the placement of septic systems.

The civil engineer coordinates the design process with the local Board of Health (BOH) and with
the client. Soil evaluations are conducted by the engineer and witnessed by the local BOH. The
actual date and time of said evaluations are dictated by the BOH. Soil evaluations consist of
digging holes to a depth of approximately ten (10) feet to observe soil types and groundwater
depths. A backhoe is utilized to dig these holes. Percolation tests are conducted to determine the
permeability of the soil. In certain instances, the engineer may choose to wait for dryer soil
conditions to conduct the percolation tests.

Based upon the soil data and the topography of the location, a septic system can be designed.
The type and size of the system is determined by estimated sewage flow from the facility being
served, by soil conditions and by groundwater depths. Standards for design are set by the
Commonwealth and are frequently supplemented by local Boards of Health.

Designs are reviewed and approved by the local BOH and in the instances that require variances
from the regulations, the Commonwealth is notified.

21
In addition to the engineer’s design fee, the local BOH usually requires a fee for the witnessing
of soil evaluations and a fee for the review and permitting of designs. The cost of backhoe
services is in addition to the design fee.

Conclusion :
With the approved design plan and permit to install in hand, the client needs to select an installer
of the system. Installers are required to be licensed locally and lists are available at the local
BOH. It is recommended that at least three estimates be obtained. The cost of an installation can
vary significantly between installers depending mostly upon their workloads.

When selecting an installer, the client should be aware of additional cost that may be required
from the designer of the septic system. Some towns require that the location of the septic system
be staked by the designer. All towns require that an as-built plan be prepared by the designer
certifying the location and elevation of the septic system as constructed. The client should
determine who shall be responsible for the cost of these services.

The installation of the septic system is periodically reviewed by a representative of the local
BOH for quality of work issues. The designer is usually responsible for the determination of
compliance with location and elevation issues. The installer should notify the engineer when
certain components are ready to be inspected. We advise that the final grades over the septic
system be verified prior to any final landscaping in case some adjustments are necessary.

When construction is completed in accordance with the design plan and an as-built plan has been
submitted and approved by the local BOH, the BOH then issues a Certificate of Compliance to
the owner of the septic system. We advise that the septic system is not complete until said
Certificate of Compliance is issued and contracts with installers should be structured
accordingly. A Certificate of Compliance must be obtained from the Board of Health prior to the
expiration of the permit to install the septic system.

REFERENCES:
CDA, 2020. Water Supply. [Online] Available at: http://www.cda.gov.pk/eservices/waterbill

Design, E., 2019. EPA. [Online] Available at:

https://applications.deq.ok.gov/superfundweb/download.ashx?
barcode=LPSUPERFUND00002690DEQ&recorddate=2016-02-
02T09:24:19.843&docType=PDF

EPA's Design Criteria for Mechanical, E. a. F. S. a. C. R., 2010. EPA's Design Criteria for
Mechanical, Electric, and Fluid System and Component Reliability. [Online] Available at:

22
https://floridadep.gov/water/domestic-wastewater/documents/epas-design-criteria-mechanical-
electric-and-fluid-system-and

News, i., 2020. Solid Waste Management CDA. [Online] Available at:
https://www.ilaan.com/news/cda-to-improve-garbage-collection-system-to-manage-solid-waste

Punjab, N., 2018. Water for drinking. [Online] Available at:

https://epd.punjab.gov.pk/drinking_water

RDA, 2018. RDA Projects. [Online] Available at: http://www.rda.gop.pk/projects-2/

WASA, 2019. WASA. [Online] Available at: https://wasarwp.punjab

23