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Week 11

This document discusses using the Laplace transform to analyze continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. The Laplace transform represents signals as combinations of exponentials in the complex frequency domain. This allows the response of an LTI system to any input to be determined by finding the system's transfer function, which relates the output to the input in the frequency domain. The inverse Laplace transform can then be used to obtain the time domain output from the frequency response.

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5 views

Week 11

This document discusses using the Laplace transform to analyze continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. The Laplace transform represents signals as combinations of exponentials in the complex frequency domain. This allows the response of an LTI system to any input to be determined by finding the system's transfer function, which relates the output to the input in the frequency domain. The inverse Laplace transform can then be used to obtain the time domain output from the frequency response.

Uploaded by

onuraktas1923
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Continuous-Time System

Analysis Using the Laplace


Transform

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


• In the previous lectures, we used a time-domain approach to obtain the zero-input,
zero-state, and overall response of a system. In this section, we discuss an
alternative approach based on the Laplace transform.
• By Laplace transform, a signal can be express as a linear combination of
everlasting exponentials of the form of (or combination of exponentially
growing sinusoids).
• Using Laplace transform, we solve differential equations in the frequency
domain.

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


Response of an LTIC system to exponential 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝜏 ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 = ℎ 𝜏 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏

• What is the response of the LTI system to an exponential? If we find the response
to an exponential, we can find the response to any arbitrary signal since we can
represent any signal as a sum of exponentials.
• LTIC system's (zero-state) response to everlasting exponential input is also the
same everlasting exponential (within a multiplicative constant).
( )

• If input is , output is same exponential with a coefficient.


• The coefficient is a function of complex variable s ( ).
• is called the transfer function of the system.

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


Laplace transform

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


Unilateral (one-sided) Laplace transform
• In signal processing, most physical systems and signals are causal.
• They have not any value before at time 0. For example
• The Laplace transform for causal signals and systems is referred to as the
unilateral Laplace transform and is defined as follows

where the initial conditions of the system are incorporated by the lower limit ( ).
• In practice, the term Laplace transform means the unilateral Laplace transform.

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


Example
• Determine the Laplace transform of a) b) c)

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi
Some properties of the Laplace transform

Convolution property

• Find

We found system response in frequency domain. We will convert it to time domain.

The inverse transform of this equation yields

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


The time-differentiation property

The time-integration property

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi
Inverse Laplace transform
• Using the formula to find inverse transforms is not easy.

• Instead, we can find the inverse transforms from the table.


• All we need is to express as a sum of simpler functions of the form listed in the
table.
• Most of the transforms of pratical interest are rational functions
• Such functions can be expressed as a sum of simpler functions by using partial fraction
expansion.
• Examples: Find the inverse Laplace transforms of

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


Example

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


Example

Observe that X(s) is an improper function with m=n. We can express X(s) as a sum
of the coefficient of the highest power in the numerator plus partial fractions.

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


Example

. ° ∗ . °

. ° . °

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


Example

Principles of Linear Systems and Signals by Lathi


The Laplace transform to system analysis
• We showed that LTI system response to an everlasting exponential is .

• If we could express every signal as a linear combination of everlasting exponentials


of the form , we could readily obtain the system response to any input.
• The Laplace transform make this.

• Using linearity, the system response to input is


y
𝑥 𝑡 𝑋 𝑠 𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑋 𝑠 𝐻(𝑠) 𝑦(𝑡)
𝐿𝑥 𝑡 𝐻(𝑠) 𝐿 𝑌(𝑠)

Express 𝑥 𝑡 as a System response to an The sum of all exponential


sum of exponentials exponential compenent responses

• Recall that s is the complex frequency of . This explains why the


Laplace transform method is also called the frequency-domain method.

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