PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24 SEM: 2

CLASS : T. E. E&TC SUBJECT: CN LAB

EXPT. NO. : 10 Roll No.: DATE :

TITLE:

To study the effect of delay spread on frequency selectivity.

OBJECTIVES:
Cell radios,
Tx power of B.S,
Frequency reuse,
Sectoring,
Shadowing effect,
B.S. height,
Path loss exponent,
Vertical beam tilt

S/W USED:
Vlab IIT Kharagpur
THEORY:
Fading in Wireless Channels
In an urban environment, the height of the mobile antennas is well below the height of the
surrounding structures. As a result, a Line of Sight (LOS) propagation path may or may not exist
between the Base Station (BS) and the Mobile Station (MS). The radio waves transmitted from the
BS, therefore, arrive at the MS after reflection, diffraction and scattering from the natural and man-
made objects situated between the BS and the MS. The incoming radio waves arriving from
different directions have different propagation delays. These multipath components, having
randomly distributed amplitudes, phases and angles of arrival, combine vectorially at the receiver
antenna causing the received signal to distort or fade. Thus, fading is the rapid fluctuations in the
amplitude phase and the multipath delays of a radio signal over a short period of time so that large
scale path loss effects can be neglected. Even when the MS is stationary, fading is caused by the
movement of the surrounding objects. The changes in the environment or the motion of the MS
result in spatial variations of amplitudes and phases manifest themselves as temporal variations.
The mobile radio channel can be modeled as a linear filter having a time varying impulse response
h(t, τ ) . The filtering nature of the channel is caused by the summation of amplitudes and delays of
multiples arriving waves at the same instant of time.
Fig.1 shows different snapshots of h(t,τ) where t varies into the page and the multipath delay axis is
quantized into excess delay bins of width Δt. Excess delay is the relative delay of the ith multipath
component as compared to the first arriving component and is denoted by i. The first arriving
multipath component has an excess time delay τ0=0 the propagation delay between the transmitter
and the τi=iΔt. Any number of multipath signals received within the ith bin is represented by a
single resolvable multipath component having the delay i. The maximum excess delay of the
channel is given by N, where N is the total number of multipath components. The baseband
impulse response of a multipath channel can be expressed as the vector sum of a series of delayed,
phase shifted replicas of the transmitted signal. Hence,

CN LAB E&TC, PICT, PUNE-43

 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24 SEM: 2

h(t,τ)=N−1∑i=0ai(t,τ)exp[j(θt)(t,τ)]δ(t−τi(t))

where
ai(t,τ),τi(t),θi(t,τ) are the real amplitueds, excess delays and the phase shifts of a single multipath
component within the ith excess delay bin. It is interesting to note that depending on the choice
of Δt and the physical channel delay properties, there may be two or more multipath components
arriving within the same excess delay bin. These components combine vectorially to yield the
instantaneous amplitude and the phase of the corresponding multipath component. As a result, the
amplitude of the multipath component within an excess delay bin may fade over the local area.

Power Delay Profile : For small scale channel modeling, the power delay profile gives the average
power at the channel output as a function of the time delay τ. It is obtained by taking the spatial
average of |h(t,τ)|2 over a local area. By making several local area measurements of |h(t,τ)|2in
different locations, it is possible to build an ensemble of power delay profile, each one representing
a possible small-scale multipath channel state.
The power delay profile at time t0�0 for a probing pulse p(t) at the channel input is given by

P(τ0)=|r|2=N−1∑k=0ak2(t0)

Several small scale multipath channel parameters such as mean excess delay , rms delay spread,
and excess delay spread which define the channel's time dispersive properties can be obtained from
the power delay profile .

Mean Excess Delay:Mean Excess Delay is the first moment of the power delay profile and is
defined as

¯τ=∑ka2ktk∑ka2k=∑kP(τk)τk∑kP(τk)

Root Mean Square Delay: The rms delay spread is the square root of the second central moment
of the power delay profile and is defined as

CN LAB E&TC, PICT, PUNE-43

 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24 SEM: 2

στ=√¯¯¯¯τ2−¯τ2

where

¯τ=∑ka2kt2k∑ka2k=∑kP(τk)τ2k∑kP(τk

These delays are measured relative to the first detectable signal arriving at the receiver
at τ0=0�0=0. It is also important to note that rms delay spread and mean excess delay are defined
from a single power delay profile which is the temporal or spatial average of consecutive impulse
response measurements collected and averaged over a local area.

Maximum Excess Delay: The maximum excess delay of the power delay profile is defined as the
time delay during which the multipath energy falls to X dB below the maximum. It is defines
as τx−τ0, where τ0 is the first arriving signal and τx is the maximum delay at which a multipath
component is within X dB of the strongest multipath signal.
Fig.2 illustrates the computation of the time dispersive parameters of the multipath channel.

Coherence Bandwidth: The delay spread parameters are used to characterize the channel in the
time domain. In the frequency domain the channel is characterized by the coherence bandwidth,
Bc which is the range of frequencies over which the signal strength remains more or less
unchanged. This implies that two sinusoids with frequency separation greater than Bc are affected
quite differently by the channel.
If the coherence bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth over which the frequency correlation
function is above 0.9, then it can be mathematically obtained as

Bc≈150στ

The coherence bandwidth for frequency correlation above 0.5 is given by

CN LAB E&TC, PICT, PUNE-43

 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24 SEM: 2

Bc≈15στ

Frequency Selective Fading: The type of fading experienced by a signal propagating through a
mobile radio channel depends on the nature of the transmitted signal with respect to the
characteristics of the channel. If the bandwidth of the transmitted signal has a bandwidth greater
than bandwidth over which the frequency response of a wireless channel has a constant gain and
linear phase, then it undergoes frequency selective fading. In such cases, the multipath delay spread
is greater than the symbol interval. Consequently, the received signal contains multiple versions of
the transmitted waveform which are attenuated and delayed in time and hence the received signal is
distorted. Thus, frequency selective fading is a result of the time dispersion of the transmitted
symbol within the channel. The symbol gets spread out in time resulting in Intersymbol
Interference (ISI). In the frequency domain, it is observed that different components have different
gain than the others. Fig.3 illustrates the characteristics of a frequency selective fading channel.

For frequency selective fading, the spectrum S(f ) of the transmitted signal has a band-width
greater than the coherence bandwidth Bc of the channel. Frequency Selective Fading channels are
also called wideband channels since the symbol bandwidth is greater than the coherence
bandwidth.
Thus, a channel undergoes frequency selective fading if
Bs>Bc
and

Ts<σT

The path geometry for a multipath fading channel is given in Fig.4. Consider only single
reflections, all scatterers that are associated with a particular path length are located on an ellipse
with the transmitter and the receiver located at the foci. Different delays correspond to different
confocal ellipses.

Frequency selective channels have strong scatterers that are located on several ellipses that

CN LAB E&TC, PICT, PUNE-43

 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24 SEM: 2

correspond to differential delays that are significant compared to symbol duration. In urban and
suburban macro cellular systems, these strong scatterers usually correspond to high-rise buildings
or perhaps large distant terrain features such as mountains.
The article is based on [1], [2], [3].

ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES (IF ANY):

CONCLUSION:

CN LAB E&TC, PICT, PUNE-43

 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGG.
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-24 SEM: 2

FACULTY SIGN: REMARK:

CN LAB E&TC, PICT, PUNE-43