WIND LOADING

In accordance with EN1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 and the recommended values

Building data
Type of roof; Flat
Length of building; L = 13310 mm
Width of building; W = 10970 mm
Height to eaves; H = 13200 mm
Eaves type; Parapet
Height of parapet; hp = 400 mm
Total height; h = 13200 mm
Basic values
Fundamental basic wind velocity; vb,0 = 22.0 m/s
Season factor; cseason = 1.00
Direction factor; cdir = 1.00
Shape parameter K; K = 0.2
Exponent n; n = 0.5
Air density;  = 1.250 kg/m3
Probability factor; cprob = [(1 - K  ln(-ln(1-p)))/(1 - K  ln(-ln(0.98)))]n = 1.00
Basic wind velocity (Exp. 4.1); vb = cdir  cseason  vb,0  cprob = 22.0 m/s
Reference mean velocity pressure; qb = 0.5    vb2 = 0.303 kN/m2

Orography
Orography factor not significant; co = 1.0
Terrain category; III
Displacement height (sheltering effect excluded); hdis = 0mm
The velocity pressure for the windward face of the building with a 0 degree wind is to be considered as 2
parts as the height h is greater than b but less than 2b (cl.7.2.2)
The velocity pressure for the windward face of the building with a 90 degree wind is to be considered as
2 parts as the height h is greater than b but less than 2b (cl.7.2.2)
Peak velocity pressure - windward wall (lower part) - Wind 0 deg
Reference height (at which q is sought); z = 13310mm
Displacement height (sheltering effects excluded); hdis = 0 mm
Roughness length (Table 4.1); z0 = 300 mm
Roughness length (Category II); z0,II = 50 mm
Minimum height (Table 4.1); zmin = 5000 mm
Maximum height; zmax = 200000 mm
Terrain factor; kr = 0.19  (z0 / z0,II)0.07 = 0.215
Roughness factor; cr = kr  ln(z / z0) = 0.82
Mean wind; vm = cr  co  vb = 18.0 m/s
Turbulence factor; kI = 1.0
Turbulence intensity; Iv = kI / (co  ln(z / z0)) = 0.264
Peak velocity pressure; qp = (1 + 7  Iv)  0.5    vm2 = 0.57 kN/m2

Structural factor
Building type; Concrete
Structural factor (Annex D); csCd = 0.913
Peak velocity pressure - windward wall (upper part) - Wind 0 deg and roof
Reference height (at which q is sought); z = 13600mm
Displacement height (sheltering effects excluded); hdis = 0 mm
Terrain factor; kr = 0.19  (z0 / z0,II)0.07 = 0.215
Roughness factor; cr = kr  ln(z / z0) = 0.82
Mean wind; vm = cr  co  vb = 18.1 m/s
Turbulence factor; kI = 1.0
Turbulence intensity; Iv = kI / (co  ln(z / z0)) = 0.262
Peak velocity pressure; qp = (1 + 7  Iv)  0.5    vm2 = 0.58 kN/m2
Peak velocity pressure - windward wall (lower part) - Wind 90 deg
Reference height (at which q is sought); z = 10970mm
Displacement height (sheltering effects excluded); hdis = 0 mm
Terrain factor; kr = 0.19  (z0 / z0,II)0.07 = 0.215
Roughness factor; cr = kr  ln(z / z0) = 0.78
Mean wind; vm = cr  co  vb = 17.1 m/s
Turbulence factor; kI = 1.0
Turbulence intensity; Iv = kI / (co  ln(z / z0)) = 0.278
Peak velocity pressure; qp = (1 + 7  Iv)  0.5    vm2 = 0.54 kN/m2
Peak velocity pressure - windward wall (upper part) - Wind 90 deg and roof
Reference height (at which q is sought); z = 13600mm
Displacement height (sheltering effects excluded); hdis = 0 mm
Terrain factor; kr = 0.19  (z0 / z0,II)0.07 = 0.215
Roughness factor; cr = kr  ln(z / z0) = 0.82
Mean wind; vm = cr  co  vb = 18.1 m/s
Turbulence factor; kI = 1.0
 Turbulence intensity; Iv = kI / (co  ln(z / z0)) = 0.262
Peak velocity pressure; qp = (1 + 7  Iv)  0.5    vm2 = 0.58 kN/m2

Peak velocity pressure for internal pressure

Peak velocity pressure – internal (as roof press.); qp,i = 0.58 kN/m2
Pressures and forces
Net pressure; p = csCd  qp  cpe - qp,i  cpi;
Net force; Fw = pw  Aref;

Roof load case 1 - Wind 0, cpi 0.20, -cpe

Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
F (-ve) -2.16 0.58 -1.26 8.86 -11.12
G (-ve) -1.06 0.58 -0.67 8.86 -5.97
H (-ve) -0.70 0.58 -0.49 70.86 -34.41
I (-ve) -0.20 0.58 -0.22 57.43 -12.72
Total vertical net force; Fw,v = -64.23 kN
Total horizontal net force; Fw,h = 0.00 kN
Walls load case 1 - Wind 0, cpi 0.20, -cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
A -1.20 0.58 -0.75 35.14 -26.35
B -0.80 0.58 -0.54 109.67 -59.05
Db 0.80 0.57 0.30 177.16 53.80
Du 0.80 0.58 0.31 -1.46 -0.45
E -0.51 0.58 -0.39 175.69 -67.70
Overall loading
Equiv leeward net force for upper section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE  Aref,wu = 0.6 kN
Net windward force for upper section; Fw = Fw,wu = -0.4 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.86; as h/W is 1.203
Overall loading upper section; Fw,u = fcorr  (Fw - Fl) + Fw,h = -0.9 kN
Equiv leeward net force for bottom section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE  Aref,wb = -68.3 kN
Net windward force for bottom section; Fw = Fw,wb = 53.8 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.86; as h/W is 1.203
Overall loading bottom section; Fw,b = fcorr  (Fw - Fl) = 104.7 kN

Roof load case 2 - Wind 0, cpi -0.3, +cpe

 Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
F (+ve) -2.16 0.58 -0.97 8.86 -8.56
G (+ve) -1.06 0.58 -0.39 8.86 -3.41
H (+ve) -0.70 0.58 -0.20 70.86 -13.90
I (+ve) 0.20 0.58 0.28 57.43 16.04
Total vertical net force; Fw,v = -9.83 kN
Total horizontal net force; Fw,h = 0.00 kN
Walls load case 2 - Wind 0, cpi -0.3, +cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
A -1.20 0.58 -0.46 35.14 -16.18
B -0.80 0.58 -0.25 109.67 -27.31
Db 0.80 0.57 0.59 177.16 105.07
Du 0.80 0.58 0.60 -1.46 -0.87
E -0.51 0.58 -0.10 175.69 -16.85
Overall loading
Equiv leeward net force for upper section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE  Aref,wu = 0.1 kN
Net windward force for upper section; Fw = Fw,wu = -0.9 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.86; as h/W is 1.203
Overall loading upper section; Fw,u = fcorr  (Fw - Fl) + Fw,h = -0.9 kN
Equiv leeward net force for bottom section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE  Aref,wb = -17.0 kN
Net windward force for bottom section; Fw = Fw,wb = 105.1 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.86; as h/W is 1.203
Overall loading bottom section; Fw,b = fcorr  (Fw - Fl) = 104.7 kN

Roof load case 3 - Wind 90, cpi 0.20, -cpe

Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
F (-ve) -2.16 0.58 -1.26 6.02 -7.56
G (-ve) -1.06 0.58 -0.67 6.02 -4.06
H (-ve) -0.70 0.58 -0.49 48.14 -23.38
I (-ve) -0.20 0.58 -0.22 85.84 -19.01
Total vertical net force; Fw,v = -54.00 kN
Total horizontal net force; Fw,h = 0.00 kN
Walls load case 3 - Wind 90, cpi 0.20, -cpe
 Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
A -1.20 0.58 -0.75 28.96 -21.71
B -0.80 0.58 -0.54 115.84 -62.38
C -0.50 0.58 -0.38 30.89 -11.74
Db 0.80 0.54 0.27 120.34 33.05
Du 0.80 0.58 0.31 24.46 7.49
E -0.50 0.58 -0.38 144.80 -54.85
Overall loading
Equiv leeward net force for upper section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE  Aref,wu = -9.3 kN
Net windward force for upper section; Fw = Fw,wu = 7.5 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.85; as h/L is 0.992
Overall loading upper section; Fw,u = fcorr  (Fw - Fl) + Fw,h = 14.2 kN
Equiv leeward net force for bottom section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE  Aref,wb = -45.6 kN
Net windward force for bottom section; Fw = Fw,wb = 33.1 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.85; as h/L is 0.992
Overall loading bottom section; Fw,b = fcorr  (Fw - Fl) = 66.8 kN

Roof load case 4 - Wind 90, cpi -0.3, +cpe

Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
F (+ve) -2.16 0.58 -0.97 6.02 -5.81
G (+ve) -1.06 0.58 -0.39 6.02 -2.32
H (+ve) -0.70 0.58 -0.20 48.14 -9.44
I (+ve) 0.20 0.58 0.28 85.84 23.98
Total vertical net force; Fw,v = 6.40 kN
Total horizontal net force; Fw,h = 0.00 kN
Walls load case 4 - Wind 90, cpi -0.3, +cpe
Ext pressure Peak velocity
Net pressure Area Net force
Zone coefficient pressure
p (kN/m2) Aref (m2) Fw (kN)
cpe qp, (kN/m2)
A -1.20 0.58 -0.46 28.96 -13.33
B -0.80 0.58 -0.25 115.84 -28.85
C -0.50 0.58 -0.09 30.89 -2.80
Db 0.80 0.54 0.56 120.34 67.88
Du 0.80 0.58 0.60 24.46 14.57
E -0.50 0.58 -0.09 144.80 -12.94
Overall loading
Equiv leeward net force for upper section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE  Aref,wu = -2.2 kN
Net windward force for upper section; Fw = Fw,wu = 14.6 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.85; as h/L is 0.992
Overall loading upper section; Fw,u = fcorr  (Fw - Fl) + Fw,h = 14.2 kN
Equiv leeward net force for bottom section; Fl = Fw,wE / Aref,wE  Aref,wb = -10.8 kN
Net windward force for bottom section; Fw = Fw,wb = 67.9 kN
Lack of correlation (cl.7.2.2(3) – Note); fcorr = 0.85; as h/L is 0.992
Overall loading bottom section; Fw,b = fcorr  (Fw - Fl) = 66.8 kN